Perspectives Realizing Utopia Ecovillage Endeavors and Academic Approaches Edited by MARCUS ANDREAS FELIX WAGNER 2012 / 8 RCC Perspectives Realizing Utopia Ecovillage Endeavors and Academic Approaches Edited by Marcus Andreas and Felix Wagner 2012 / 8 2 RCC Perspectives Contents 05 Introduction Marcus Andreas and Felix Wagner On the Ground 11 The Ecovillage: A Model for a More Sustainable, Future-Oriented Lifestyle? Michael Würfel 18 We Never Lock Our Doors Diana Leafe Christian 21 Utopian Struggle: Preconceptions and Realities of Intentional Communities Bill Metcalf 31 Ideals and Practices of European Ecovillages Louise Meijering Toward the Future 45 Realizing Utopia? Reconstructing its Normative Potential Mara-Daria Cojocaru 57 A Culture of Sustainability Felix Wagner, with commentary by Marcus Andreas 73 Ecovillages: Islands of the Future? Geseko von Lüpke Realizing Utopia 3 From the Field 81 Ecovillage Research Review Felix Wagner 95 Research in Community: Collaborating for a Culture of Sustainability Felix Wagner, Marcus Andreas, and Sandra Mende 99 The Built Ecovillage: Exploring the Processes and Practices of Eco-Housing Jenny Pickerill 111 An Overview of Research on Ecovillage at Ithaca Richard W. Franke 125 Collaborative Research: Examples and Lessons from a Baltic Sea Project Anna Kovasna 135 “For Whom? For the Future!” Ecovillage Sieben Linden as a Model and Research Project Marcus Andreas and Felix Wagner The rights to all photos in the following essays are held by the contributing authors. Realizing Utopia 5 Marcus Andreas and Felix Wagner Introduction The German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU) recently predicted that, in the face of climate change, resource scarcity, and radical social change, we will see a profound and far-reaching “Great Transformation”1 in our economies, our lifestyles, and our communities. Since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the concept of sustainable development has been central to both imagining and realizing this new future. Among the many places where sustainability has emerged as a force for shaping the future are ecovillages, which can offer a unique window into the grassroots origins and de- velopment of the concept. The WBGU points in particular to the important role of “pioneers of change” in driving wider society towards the Great Transformation. The role of pioneers is both to show us what life could be like beyond the horizon and to inspire us get on board with their utopian2 journey. As pioneers of real change, ecovillages reveal the materials, mecha- nisms, and ideals behind the Great Transformation. They demonstrate that a good life with a low ecological footprint is possible, even in industrialized countries.3 This issue of RCC Perspectives examines ecovillages from a variety of perspectives and works to fill a gap in the literature, as ecovillages have been rather uncharted terri- tory for academic research thus far. Moreover, the volume addresses the long-held aim of sustainability research: inter- and transdisciplinary cooperation. In fact, the essays emerged from an effort to open up interdisciplinary space for discussion: a workshop called “Realizing Utopia: Ecovillage Endeavors and Explorations,” organized by the volume editors and held at the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society (RCC) in Munich in October 2011. In this particular space were gathered academics, 1 German Advisory Council on Global Change (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Um- weltveränderungen, WBGU), Welt im Wandel: Gesellschaftsvertrag für eine Große Transformation (Berlin: WBGU, 2011), accessed 08 October 2012, http://www.wbgu.de/hauptgutachten/hg-2011-transformation/. 2 The term “utopian” is not meant negatively; instead, it is a guideline for a better society and alludes to an improved quality of life. In his analysis of Earthaven Ecovillage, the anthropologist Joshua Lockyer points out that the journey toward utopia, not the destination, unlocks the transformative potential. This is the sense in which we ascribe a utopian horizon to the endeavour to achieve sustainability. “Utopian thinking today requires no apologies,” as Lockyer put it. 3 Cf. S. Tinsley and H. George, Ecological Footprint of the Findhorn Foundation and Community (Forres, UK: Sustainable Development Research Centre, 2006). 6 RCC Perspectives Figure 1: Workshop participants John Oleani, Felix Wagner, and Anna Kovasna working together in the “world café“ format. ecovillage representatives, a journalist, and other interested participants. The work- shop took the form of a “world café,”4 and the participants worked together to address the question of how future collaborative research on ecovillages should look. While answers were manifold, participants emphasized the importance of bridge-building, as well as the creation of a win-win-win situation for research, activism, and society as a whole. One point in particular was met with consensus: the need to produce “mutu- ally enjoyable and relevant collaborative research.” This volume reflects the topics discussed at this workshop, with a primary focus on the cultural contribution of ecovillages. The essays are organized into three sections: those that provide a glimpse of ecovillages on the ground, those that offer insights for moving toward a (utopian) future, and those that examine ecovillages from the (research) field. Part I takes us on a tour of what ecovillages look like in reality. The first contribution, by Michael Würfel, presents an authentic insight into life in his ecovillage, Sieben Linden, 4 A style of conducting workshops that enables an open and creative conversation in order to surface collective knowledge, share ideas and insights, and gain a deeper understanding of the subject and the issues involved. Realizing Utopia 7 and raises the question as to whether this can be considered a model. Then, journalist and ecovillage resident Diana Leafe Christian gives a lively and highly personal glimpse of life in her community, Earthaven. Next, Bill Metcalf, a renowned historian of intenti- onal communities, illuminates, albeit briefly, the history of intentional communities and clarifies some common preconceptions about them. Finally, geographer Louise Meije- ring gives us an overview of the ideals and practices of ecovillages in Europe, offering a brief bird’s-eye view of the landscape, followed by a closer look at three case studies. In Part II, the essays present some takes on the potentiality of ecovillages and the utopia they are working towards. First, Mara-Daria Cojocaru provides a philosophi- cal examination of the concept of utopia. Volume editor Felix Wagner then proposes what it could mean and take to develop a culture of sustainability, a proposal to which his fellow volume editor, Marcus Andreas, responds in a subsequent commentary. Journalist Geseko von Lüpke concludes the section with an elaboration of the idea of the “Great Turning” and suggests the role that ecovillages, as “islands of the future,” could play in its realization. Finally, Part III looks at contemporary research on ecovillages. Felix Wagner begins the section with a review of studies concerned with ecovillages, giving us a panoramic snapshot of the research landscape to date. In the following essay, he and his col- leagues Sandra Menda and Marcus Andreas explain their own initiative to foster trans- disciplinary research and education to achieve a culture of sustainability, Research in Community. The next contribution, by geographer Jenny Pickerill, takes a look at the relationship between buildings and eco-culture. Richard Franke’s contribution com- plements Wagner’s research review in providing us with an overview of studies spe- cifically pertaining to the venerable Ecovillage at Ithaca, as well as interesting insights into the impact of research on village life. Then, Anna Kovasna reflects on her dual position as an academic and an activist within what is currently the world’s largest ecovillage study, “Ecovillages for Sustainable Rural Development,” an investigation of ecovillages in the Baltic Sea region. The final contribution, by the volume editors, takes us back to where we started, with Sieben Linden and its potential as a model for similar projects and as a hub for testing out utopian ideas. As a whole, this issue is an invitation into the world of ecovillages. We welcome readers aboard—let us combine our efforts and sail together toward the Great Transformation. On the Ground Realizing Utopia 11 Michael Würfel The Ecovillage: A Model for a More Sustainable, Future-Oriented Lifestyle?1 Sieben Linden (“Seven Lindens”) is an intentional community. Roughly 135 people, a third of them children, live in this place and share in making decisions about many matters that affect their lives together. They don’t do everything as a group, and they do not pool their money or earnings, but they adhere to mutual agreements and have provided assurance that they value and respect each other. Figure 1: A shot of Sieben Linden. When visiting Sieben Linden—by taking part in seminars, information days, or by volunteering—you find a settlement of both wooden trailers and rather large houses. Many houses have solar panels, and signs explain the techniques of straw bale in- sulation and innovative heating systems. Groups of children dart busily between the houses or romp about on the playground; teenage girls are so absorbed in their con- versation that they don’t even glance at the guests; adults on bicycles avoid the pot- holes in the gravel path, maybe with a