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Chapter 1: Introduction UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ They Said What About Women?!: An Ethnographic Content Analysis of Mainstream Rap and R&B Lyrics, 2002-2005 A Thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment for the degree of Master’s of Arts In the Department of Communication Of the College of Arts and Sciences 2007 by Brian Alan Singson B.A. University of Cincinnati, 2004 Committee Chair: Dr. Nancy Jennings 2 ABSTRACT Women have been marginalized in our society for years. Even as they have begun making strides towards equality, they are still being marginalized in one of our society’s most popular and highly influential facets, hip hop culture, but more specifically rap music. This study examines the use of stereotypes within the content of misogynous rap lyrics and then compared and contrasted with their use in misogynous R&B lyrics. This study found that the stereotypes most commonly used by rap artists include the Freak, the Gold Digger, and the Stripper, while only the Freak stereotype was used often by R&B artists. Further research is necessary to determine if the use of these misogynistic stereotypes might be one of the reasons that there are fewer women rappers than there are men rappers. 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I’d like to give an extra special thanks to my beautiful, loving, awesome, amazing, funny, smart, precious wife for supplying me with the love, support, and motivation through this process as well as all of life’s trials. Without her pushing me along, this paper would never have been completed. It’s finally done my Little One – let’s move on to the next chapter of our lives…OUR NEW HOUSE!!! Next I’d like to thank my family: Mom, for your unconditional love and support through everything during the last 25 years. I can’t put into words how much I appreciate all you’ve done for me; Rebecca aka Di$Re$Pecky, my little sis, the only person to remotely share the same passion and interest in this music as I do (fa’sho); Dad, for your continuous love and support; my dogs, Toby and Lily, for being my source of peace during these stressful times; my extended family – Barb and Fred, the greatest in-laws a guy could ask for. Thanks for your continued encouragement for the last 7½ years. Sara and Kristy – you’re like sisters to me. John, Pat – thank you for all you have done in making me the person I am today. Thank you to Mrs. Dr. Jennings – I couldn’t have done this without your guidance and positive reinforcement. Thank you to Mr. Dr. Jennings and Dr. Berryman-Fink (CBF) – Your fresh eyes and comments pushed this paper to perfection. To all of my friends and family not mentioned here – everyone has a part in my life to get me where I am and where I’m going. You know who you are and I thank every one of you! For those who could not be here with me – Grandma Ludwig, Grandpa Ludwig, Grandma Singson, Mamo, Poppop Wetzel, Poppop Charlie, Mommom Holman. I hope this makes all of you proud. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract..........................................................................................................................................2 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................4 Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................6 Literature Review.......................................................................................................7 Historical Background of Rap.........................................................................7 Misogyny..........................................................................................................11 Concerns of Media’s Influence......................................................................15 Parents Music Resource Center and Heavy Metal...........................15 Parents Music Resource Center and Rap..........................................17 Rap Music Videos and Their Effects..................................................18 Previous Research on Rap Lyrics..................................................................22 Connection to Pornography Research...............................................23 Rap Music and Gender-Stereotyped Images of Women..................29 Research Questions...................................................................................................33 Chapter 2: Methodology..............................................................................................................35 Chapter 3: Results........................................................................................................................40 The Freak...................................................................................................................40 The Gold Digger........................................................................................................44 The Stripper..............................................................................................................46 Chapter 4: Discussion..................................................................................................................50 Limitations.................................................................................................................55 Conclusion.................................................................................................................57 Future Research........................................................................................................59 Appendix A...................................................................................................................................61 Appendix B...................................................................................................................................84 References...................................................................................................................................110 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Women have been marginalized throughout American history, from being excluded from holding position in the government and not having the right to vote to not being equally compensated for similar employment positions as men. Blacks have also been marginalized throughout American history, from being slaves to only being worth three-fifths of a person, also not having the right to vote to being segregated in every aspect of American society. In time, segregation was overturned (with the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas court ruling), black men earned the right to vote (unofficially with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment – passed in 1870 – and officially with the Voting Rights Act of 1965), and eventually, so did women (with the 1920 ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment). Today, women are slowly but surely earning an equal place among men in governmental and employment positions. According to a study on women’s economic status done by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research (Caiazza, Shaw, & Werschkul, 2004), in 1999, the ratio between white men’s wages and white women’s wages was seventy percent, only second to Asian American women at seventy-five percent, compared to lower rate in previous study years. In contrast, the ratio between white men’s wages and black men’s wages was seventy-five percent (“The Wage Gap,” 2007). Popular culture provides another forum through which gender status can be compared. Similarly, black men are earning more notoriety in American society through their role in popular culture. The majority of professional football and basketball players are black athletes. In the 2003 season, the majority of professional football (69%) and basketball players (76%) were black athletes (Lapchick, 2004, d & c). Similar patterns can be seen in Division I collegiate 7 sports. During the 2004 season, 44.3% of football players and 58.2% of basketball players were black athletes. Music is another avenue in popular culture in which comparisons may be made regarding gender status. Rap, a predominately black music genre, consistently holds a top three ranking in sales within the music industry, only second place to rock music (The Recording Industry Association of America, 2005). Rap remained second to rock music for many years up until 2004, when country music edged rap for the number two spot, but jumped back to second place in 2005 (The Recording Industry Association of America, 2005). To further demonstrate rap’s popularity, since 2000 male rap artists have made several great advances in permeating the upper echelons of popular culture. In 2003, Eminem became the first rap artist to win the Oscar for Best Original Song for his song “Lose Yourself” from the movie 8 Mile (Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 2006). In 2004, Outkast became the first rap artists to win the Grammy for Album of the Year (The Recording Academy, 2006). In 2006, Three
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