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o Milan DCB Enrico Banfi , Maria Laura Colombo, Franca Davanzo, Chiara Falciola, Gabriele Galasso, Emanuela Martino e Sandro Perego art.1 comma 2, Piante velenose della fl ora italiana nell’esperienza del Centro Antiveleni di Milano . in L.24/02/2004 n° 46) Milano, Giugno 2012 - Volume 102 - Fascicolo 1 Poste Italiane S.p.A. - Spedizione in abbonamento postale D.L. 353/2003 (conv Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano VOLUME 102 - FASCICOLO 1 VOLUME 102 - FASCICOLO NATURA Civico Planetario GIUGNO “Ulrico2012 Hoepli” Acquario Civico di Milano ISSN 0369-6243 Direttore responsabile - Editor: Anna Alessandrello (Milano) Redazione - Editorial staff: Alessandro Garassino (Milano) Grafi ca editoriale - Graphic design: Michela Mura (Milano) Editore - Publisher: Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali Corso Venezia, 55 – 20121 Milano Tel., Fax e Ø 02795965 e-mail: [email protected] © 2012 Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Corso Venezia, 55 - 20121 Milano In copertina: Atropa bella-donna, foto di Giuliano Campus. Autorizzazione 1112 Tribunale di Milano del 3 febbraio 1949 Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 50% Milano Finito di stampare nel mese di giugno 2012. Stampa: Litografi a Solari, Via Lambro 7/15, Peschiera Borromeo (Milano) Natura, rivista di scienze naturali fondata nel 1909, esce in fascicoli illustrati destinati a contenere articoli originali di divulgazione scientifi ca. La rivista è distribuita gratuitamente ai Soci della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, associazione senza scopo di lucro istituita nel 1857 per diffondere e promuovere la conoscenza delle discipline naturalistiche. La Società pubblica inoltre i periodici: Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano, Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia, nonché Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano e Paleontologia Lombarda, senza fi ssa periodicità. Le pubblicazioni della Società vengono anche inviate in cambio ad analoghe istituzioni italiane e straniere. La biblioteca della Società è aperta al pubblico con gli stessi orari di quella del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, presso la quale è ospitata. Chiunque può diventare Socio della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e scegliere di ricevere le riviste di suo interesse. Per informazioni rivolgersi alla Segreteria della Società, presso il Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Corso Venezia 55, 20121 Milano. Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali Corso Venezia 55, 20121 MILANO Tel. e Fax 02-795965 e-mail: [email protected] CONSIGLIO DIRETTIVO PER IL 2012 Presidente: Carlo Violani Vice-presidente: Mami Azuma Fausto Barbagli Segretario: Claudio Bellante Vice-Segretario: Carlo Biancardi Tesoriere: Giorgio Chiozzi Consiglieri: Anna Alessandrello Roberta Castiglioni Alessandro Garassino Carlo Pesarini Gianluca Ranzini Bianca Maria Venturi Revisori dei conti: Lamberto Laureti Teresita Liso Federico Oriani Enrico Banfi , Maria Laura Colombo, Franca Davanzo, Chiara Falciola, Gabriele Galasso, Emanuela Martino e Sandro Perego Piante velenose della fl ora italiana nell’esperienza del Centro Antiveleni di Milano Enrico Banfi : Sezione di Botanica, Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, corso Venezia 55, 20121 Milano, Italia. E-mail: enrbanfi @yahoo.it Maria Laura Colombo: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italia. E-mail: [email protected] Franca Davanzo: Centro Antiveleni di Milano, A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milano, Italia. E-mail: [email protected] Chiara Falciola: Centro Antiveleni di Milano, A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milano, Italia. E-mail: [email protected] Gabriele Galasso: Sezione di Botanica, Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, corso Venezia 55, 20121 Milano, Italia. E-mail: [email protected] Emanuela Martino: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via San Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italia. E-mail: [email protected] Sandro Perego: Gruppo Botanico Milanese, c/o Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, corso Venezia 55, 20121 Milano, Italia. E-mail: [email protected] © 2012 Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano Impaginazione: Michela Mura - Stampa: Tipografi a Solari, Peschiera Borromeo - Giugno 2012 Questa pubblicazione fa capo a un progetto condiviso tra il Museo di Storia Na- turale di Milano (MSNM), il Centro Antiveleni (CAV) di Milano dell’Ospedale “Ca’ Granda”di Niguarda e il Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco dell’Università degli Studi di Torino (DSTF). Il progetto trae la propria ispira- zione dal contatto instaurato oltre 30 anni fa da †Marialuisa Bozza Marrubini e †Rita Ghezzi Laurenzi, tossicologi di riferimento nazionale e internazionale presso l’Ospedale di Niguarda per la diagnosi e la cura delle intossicazioni acute, con la Sezione di Botanica del Museo Storia Naturale di Milano, nelle persone di Enrico Banfi e Gabriele Galasso. Tale contatto si sviluppò consolidandosi quando Franca Davanzo subentrò alla direzione del CAV; ricordiamo che il CAV era stato istituito presso la Ca’ Granda nel 1967, grazie all’illuminata intuizione di †Marialuisa Boz- za Marrubini. Al gruppo di lavoro si era aggiunto già da tempo il DSTF nella fi gura di Maria Laura Colombo. Si trattava, come tuttora si tratta, di effettuare o confermare l’identifi cazione bo- tanica della specie vegetale responsabile di ogni singolo episodio di esposizione potenzialmente tossica, nell’intento di risolvere, portare alla luce e documentare scientifi camente i numerosi casi di esposizione a vegetali, non di rado fatali, per i quali fi n dal 1967 venivano richieste le consulenze al CAV di Milano. A terzo millennio ormai pienamente avviato sembrerebbe di trovarsi di fronte a un fatto quasi anacronistico: nonostante i progressi della comunicazione, gli avvelenamenti accidentali da piante continuano a permanere consistentemente sulla scena sanitaria mondiale, ma ciò non è affatto strano se si tiene presente che la perdita della conoscenza delle piante e delle loro proprietà è proporzionale al grado di civilizzazione e industrializzazione della comunità umana. Ecco dunque come l’esperienza fi n qui conseguita, a parte il peculiare interesse scientifi co dei casi d’intossicazione inediti o clinicamente nuovi, sia servita a mettere in luce lo zoccolo duro del problema, la completa e generale assenza di una cultura scientifi co- naturalistica e biosanitaria di base, unico strumento in grado di colmare la lacuna delle antiche conoscenze “sciamaniche”, perdutesi irrimediabilmente in ogni area civilizzata del Pianeta. Con queste premesse il progetto del volume non poteva che prendere le mosse dal naturale confl uire delle competenze afferenti alle tre principali discipline scienti- fi che chiamate in causa: la botanica, la fi tofarmacognosia e la tossicologia clinica. L’intento è quello di fornire a coloro che raccolgono e consumano tutto ciò che di commestibile cresce selvatico -insalate, frutti, radici, “asparagi”, “spinaci” ecc...- i criteri di comportamento da mettere attentamente in atto a ogni incontro con una pianta, rinunciando alla raccolta in caso di inesperienza o di benché minimo dubbio, oppure sottoponendo il materiale raccolto a personale competente e qualifi cato. 3 Lo scopo di questa pubblicazione non si esaurisce qui. Con la presentazione dei soggetti vegetali tossici e della controparte commestibile, gli autori si augurano di contribuire a stimolare nel pubblico la comprensione e il fascino per una diversità che va rispettata ed è il risultato di milioni e milioni di anni di evoluzione biologica sul Pianeta, di farne comprendere l’insostituibile valore e la poesia stessa contenuta nella molteplicità delle espressioni viventi e delle loro interazioni. Tutto ciò cer- cando inoltre di far intuire la vera posizione della nostra specie, Homo sapiens, nel quadro planetario della vita, perfettamente alla pari delle altre e senza privilegi di sorta o presunte destinazioni teleologiche. 4 Introduzione Quali piante scegliere per un libro come questo? Non è cosa facile anche perché, se volessimo esaminare il problema con attenzione, qualsiasi pianta, in circo- stanze e quantitativi particolari, potrebbe rivelarsi tossica (per esempio, il prez- zemolo). Ma la domanda è: quali piante sono effettivamente responsabili di in- tossicazioni e quali, pur velenose, rappresentano un pericolo remoto più teorico che reale? La risposta si ricava facilmente dall’esame dei dati raccolti ormai in più di 40 anni di attività dal Centro Antiveleni (CAV) di Milano, che ha sede presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda in Milano. Le piante che, sulla base dell’esperienza clinica, causano effetti avversi, sono in buona parte quelle del mercato fl oricolo e, in particolare, le ben note “piante d’appartamento”. Si tratta per lo più di piante che non appartengono al nostro clima e devono essere neces- sariamente tenute in casa, almeno durante la cattiva stagione. I sintomi che si manifestano a seguito dell’ingestione, di norma accidentale (so- prattutto bambini), di parti di queste piante possono rivelarsi anche gravi; tuttavia è sempre relativamente facile per il medico risalire, attraverso le fonti competen- ti, all’identità botanica della causa intossicante.
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  • Allium (Česnek)

    Allium (Česnek)

    Allium (Česnek) čeleď: Alliaceae Vyskytuje se v mírném pásu severní polokoule. Kromě kuchyňského česneku v tomto rodě naleznete např. i cibuli, pažitku a pór, ale ne všechny druhy jsou jedlé. Může se jednat o dvouletky nebo trvalky. Dorůstá výšky 0,1 - 1,5m. Pod zemí vytváří cibuli. Listy při mnutí vydávají charakteristické aroma. Existuje vnitrodruhový taxon: - 'Purple Sensation' - výška 1m; květenstvím je kulovitý lichookolík o průměru 8cm, vlastní květy tmavě růžovofialové Vyhovuje jim plné slunce a sušší lehčí dobře propustná půda. Druhy s většími listy ale uvítají na jaře vlhko. Hnojení by mělo obsahovat síru, díky které vytváří své typické aroma. Množí se semeny, dceřinými cibulkami nebo pacibulkami. Allium aaseae oblasti: Idaho, Severní Amerika, Střední Severní Amerika, SZ USA, USA Allium abbasii Allium abdelkaderi Allium ablyanthum Existuje vnitrodruhový taxon: - var. striolatum Allium abramsii synonyma: A. fimbriatum var. abramsii oblasti: JZ USA, Kalifornie, Severní Amerika, Střední Severní Amerika, USA Allium achaium Allium acidoides Allium aciphyllum Allium acre Allium acuminatum synonyma: A. acuminatum var. cuspidatum, A. cuspidatum, A. elwesii, A. murrayanum, A. wallichianum oblasti: Arizona, Britská Kolumbie, Idaho, J USA, JZ USA, Kalifornie, Kanada, Kolorado, Montana, Nevada, Nové Mexiko, Oregon, S Severní Amerika, S USA, Severní Amerika, Střední Severní Amerika, Střední USA, SZ USA, USA, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Z Kanada, Z USA Allium acutiflorum synonyma: A. multiflorum var. acutiflorum, A. rotundum oblasti: Evropa, Iberský poloostrov, Itálie, J Evropa, JZ Evropa, Katalánsko, SV Španělsko, Španělsko Allium adzharicum Allium aegaeum Allium aegilicum Allium aeginiense Allium aemulans Allium aestivale Allium aetenense oblasti: Sicílie, Střední středozemí, Středozemí Allium aethusanum Allium affine synonyma: A. artvinense, A. margaritaceum var.