Contribution a L'etude De La Synthese De L'alliine De L'ail

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Contribution a L'etude De La Synthese De L'alliine De L'ail CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE DE LA SYNTHESE DE L’ALLIINE DE L’AIL BERENICE DETHIER TRAVAIL DE FIN D’ETUDES PRESENTE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE MASTER BIOINGENIEUR EN CHIMIE ET BIO-INDUSTRIES ANNEE ACADEMIQUE 2009-2010 (CO)-PROMOTEUR(S) : J.-P. WATHELET, E. HANON Toute reproduction du présent document, par quelque procédé que ce soit, ne peut être réalisée qu'avec l'autorisation de l'auteur et de l'autorité académique de Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. Le présent document n'engage que son auteur. CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE DE LA SYNTHESE DE L’ALLIINE DE L’AIL BERENICE DETHIER TRAVAIL DE FIN D’ETUDES PRESENTE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE MASTER BIOINGENIEUR EN CHIMIE ET BIO-INDUSTRIES ANNEE ACADEMIQUE 2009-2010 (CO)-PROMOTEUR(S) : J.-P. WATHELET, E. HANON Remerciements Au terme de ce travail, je souhaite remercier l’ensemble des personnes qui ont contribué, de près ou de loin, à son élaboration. Celui-ci représentant l’aboutissement de mes études à la Faculté, je tiens également à saluer celles et ceux qui m’ont soutenu et encadré durant ces cinq années d’études. Mes remerciements vont dès lors à mes promoteurs, Emilien Hanon pour son intérêt pour mon sujet, ses précieux conseils, son soutien continu et sa sympathie, et Monsieur Jean-Paul Wathelet pour son encadrement, son enseignement et ses remarques constructives. Je remercie également les membres de mon jury pour l’intérêt porté à cette étude. Ma reconnaissance va ensuite à l’ensemble de l’unité de Chimie Générale et Organique pour l’accueil, le soutien, les conseils avisés et la bonne humeur. Le rire de Nadine, notamment, a rythmé mes journées au labo. Merci à Pascal, Aurore et Gaëtan d’avoir partagé leurs savoirs, et à mes co-stagiaires, en particulier Fabio pour sa bonne humeur. Je souhaite également remercier l’unité de Bioindustries pour les quelques jours que j’y ai passé, en particulier Monsieur Jean-Marc Aldrich qui m’a encadré, et le service de Chimie Biologique et Industrielle pour la mise à disposition d’une partie du matériel, ainsi que Monsieur Bernard Wathelet qui a pris le temps de me conseiller. De plus, je salue mes collègues chimistes, binômes des labos en tout genre, avec qui j’ai partagé de bons moments durant ces études. Mes études n’auraient pas eu la même saveur sans la Générale et les excellents moments que j’y ai passé. Je considère que mes engagements dans la vie associative font intégralement partie de ma formation, et remercie tous les copains que je m’y suis faits pour le bout de chemin (de nuit ?) partagé. En passant, je salue mes confrères TFistes au souvenir de toutes les activités vécues et leur souhaite bon vent. Je ne pourrais pas clôturer ce travail sans une grosse pensée pour ma famille : mes parents, pour leur soutien inépuisable, financier comme moral, ma sœur Delou pour longues soirées de travail en parallèle (et le reste), Martin et Colombe pour l’ambiance à la maison. Un énorme Merci va aussi à Sam, pour son appui de tous les jours, sa patience et ses réactions positives lors des passages difficiles. Et si vous ne vous retrouvez pas dans les remerciements ci-dessus, merci pour l’intérêt porté à mon travail. Je vous souhaite à tous une bonne lecture ! Table des matières Chapitre 1 : Introduction _______________________________________________ 1 Chapitre 2 : Bibliographie ______________________________________________ 2 1 L’AIL ET SES COMPOSES _______________________________________________ 2 1.1 Description 2 1.2 Classification 2 1.3 Origine 3 1.4 Production 3 1.5 Composition 4 1.6 Utilisations et propriétés 5 2 LA DIFFERENCIATION ADIPOCYTAIRE ____________________________________ 8 3 L’ALLIINE __________________________________________________________ 9 3.1 Caractéristiques notables 9 3.2 Biosynthèse de l’alliine dans l’ail 11 3.3 Synthèse chimique 13 3.4 Méthodes de dosage 18 4 L’ALLIINASE _______________________________________________________ 22 4.1 Origine 22 4.2 Description 22 4.3 Généralité sur les lyases 23 4.4 Comparaison des alliinases du genre Allium 23 4.5 Structure de l’alliinase de l’ail 23 4.6 Le cofacteur 25 4.7 Extraction et activité enzymatique 25 4.8 Réaction de l’alliinase sur l’alliine 26 Chapitre 3 : Matériel et méthodes _______________________________________ 28 1 GENERALITES ______________________________________________________ 28 2 MISE AU POINT DE METHODES DE SEPARATION ET DE DOSAGE CHROMATOGRAPHIQUES DES DIASTEREOISOMERES DE L’ALLIINE ____________ 28 2.1 Choix d’une longueur d’onde d’absorption en UV 28 2.2 Séparation HPLC 28 3 OBTENTION DE LA (+)ALLIINE PAR PURIFICATION D’UN EXTRAIT D’AIL _______ 29 3.1 Préparation de l’extrait 29 3.2 Séparation sur silice 30 3.3 Séparation sur phase octadécyle (C18) 31 4 OBTENTION DE LA (+)ALLIINE PAR SYNTHESE CHIMIQUE __________________ 32 4.1 Formation de la désoxyalliine 32 4.2 Oxydation 32 5 ANALYSE STRUCTURELLE DES PRODUITS DE SYNTHESE _____________________ 33 5.1 Spectres RMN 33 5.2 Spectres de masse 33 5.3 Spectres infrarouges 33 5.4 Spectres UV 33 5.5 Établissement des pK de l’alliine 34 6 SEPARATION DES DIASTEREOISOMERES D’ALLIINE_________________________ 34 6.1 Par recristallisation 34 6.2 Par chromatographie 34 6.3 Dérivatisation avant séparation chromatographique 35 7 SYNTHESE ENZYMATIQUE STEREOSPECIFIQUE ___________________________ 37 8 EXTRACTION ET MESURE DE L’ACTIVITE ENZYMATIQUE DE L’ALLIINASE ______ 38 8.1 Extraction des protéines de l’ail 38 8.2 Dosage des protéines par la méthode de Folin 39 8.3 Séparation des protéines sur gel de polyacrylamide 40 8.4 Mesure de l’activité enzymatique 42 Chapitre 4 : Résultats et discussion _____________________________________ 43 1 OBJECTIFS ET STRATEGIE _____________________________________________ 43 2 MISE AU POINT DE METHODES DE SEPARATION ET DE DOSAGE CHROMATOGRAPHIQUES DES DIASTEREOISOMERES DE L’ALLIINE ____________ 43 2.1 Choix d’une longueur d’onde d’absorption en UV 43 2.2 Séparation HPLC 44 3 OBTENTION DE LA (+)ALLIINE PAR PURIFICATION A PARTIR D’UN EXTRAIT D’AIL 47 3.1 Analyse de l’extrait 47 3.2 Séparation sur silice 47 3.3 Séparation sur phase octadécyle (C18) 50 4 OBTENTION DE LA (+)ALLIINE PAR SYNTHESE CHIMIQUE __________________ 50 4.1 Pureté en désoxyalliine de la poudre intermédiaire 50 4.2 Pureté en alliine de la poudre oxydée 50 4.3 Rendements 51 4.4 Établissement des pK de l’alliine 52 5 ANALYSE STRUCTURELLE DES PRODUITS DE SYNTHESE _____________________ 53 5.1 Spectres RMN 53 5.2 Spectres de masse 56 5.3 Spectres infrarouge 57 5.4 Spectres UV 58 6 SEPARATION DES DIASTEREOISOMERES D’ALLIINE_________________________ 58 6.1 Par recristallisation 58 6.2 Par chromatographie 58 6.3 Dérivatisation avant séparation chromatographique 62 7 SYNTHESE ENZYMATIQUE STEREOSPECIFIQUE ___________________________ 65 7.1 Choix du microorganisme 65 7.2 Conditionnement des colonies 65 7.3 Oxydation 65 7.4 Analyse des résultats 66 8 EXTRACTION ET MESURE DE L’ACTIVITE ENZYMATIQUE DE L’ALLIINASE ______ 66 8.1 Extraction des protéines de l’ail 66 8.2 Dosage des protéines par la méthode de Folin 67 8.3 Séparation des protéines sur gel de polyacrylamide 67 8.4 Mesure de l’activité enzymatique 68 Chapitre 5 : Conclusion et perspectives __________________________________ 70 Chapitre 6 : Références bibliographiques_________________________________ 73 ANNEXES _________________________________________________________ 81 Liste des figures Figure 1 : Plant d’ail. 2 Figure 2 : Formation de thiosulfinates dans l’ail (cadres supérieurs) et l’oignon (cadres inférieurs) (Lanzotti, 2006)..........................................................................................................................4 Figure 3 : Molécules issues de la dégradation des thiosulfinates (Lanzotti, 2006). ...........................5 Figure 4 : La cycloalliine. ...........................................................................................................................5 Figure 5 : La différenciation adipocytaire (Casteilla et al, 2005)..........................................................8 Figure 6 : Représentation de la molécule d’alliine..................................................................................9 Figure 7 : Structures tridimensionnelles du DMSO et de l’acétone (Allinger, 1976)......................10 Figure 8 : Liaison soufre-oxygène des sulfoxydes : exemple du DMSO (Allinger, 1985). ............10 Figure 9 : Hybrides de résonance des sulfoxydes : exemple du DMSO (Allinger, 1985). .............10 Figure 10 : Synthèse de l’alliine par la voie des peptides γ-glutamyl (Burow et al., 2008)..............11 Figure 11 : Biosynthèse de la méthiine par la voie des peptides γ-glutamyl (A) et la voie de l’alk(en)ylation (B) (Jones et al., 2004). ..............................................................................11 Figure 12 : Localisation des intermédiaires de la biosynthèse et de l’alliinase dans le genre Allium. Dans l’ail, l’alliinase n’est présente que dans les vacuoles des cellules de la gaine périvasculaire (Jones et al., 2004)........................................................................................12 Figure 13 : Schéma de la synthèse chimique de l’alliine......................................................................13 Figure 14 : Inter-conversion des antipodes : lente pour les sulfoxydes, rapide pour les amines (Levisalle et al., 1973). ..........................................................................................................14 Figure 15 : Description des diastéréoisomères de l’alliine. .................................................................15 Figure
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