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History of the Christian Church

VOLUME 8

Modern Christianity, The Swiss Reformation

By Philip Schaff

CH804

Chapter 4: Spread of the Reformation in

History of the Christian Church Volume 8 Modern Christianity, The Swiss Reformation

CH804 Table of Contents

Chapter 4. Spread of the Reformation in Switzerland ...... 2 8.30. The Swiss Diet and the Conference at Baden, 1526 ...... 2 8.31. The Reformation in Berne ...... 4 8.32. The Reformation in Basel. Ecolampadius ...... 6 8.33. The Reformation in Glarus...... 11 8.34. The Reformation in St. Gall, Toggenburg, and ...... 14 8.35. Reformation in Schaffhausen ...... 16 8.36. The (Graubünden) ...... 17 8.37. The Reformation in the Grisons ...... 19 8.38. The Reformation in the Italian Valleys of the Grisons ...... 23 8.39. in and the , and its Suppression. The Valtellina Massacre ...... 28 8.40. The Congregation of Locarno ...... 30 8.41. Zwinglianism in ...... 31

Chapter 4. Spread of the The Diet of Switzerland took the same stand against the Zwinglian Reformation as the Diet Reformation in Switzerland of the German Empire against the Lutheran 8.30. The Swiss Diet and the Conference at movement. Both Diets consisted only of one Baden, 1526 house, and this was composed of the hereditary nobility and aristocracy. The THOMAS MURNER: Die Disputacion vor den XII people were not directly represented by Orten einer loeblichen Eidgenossenschaft … zu delegates of their own choice. The majority of Baden gehalten. Luzern, 1527. This is the official Catholic report, which agrees with four voters were conservative, and in favor of the other protocols preserved in . (Mueller- old faith; but the majority of the people in the Hottinger, VII. 84.) Murner published also a larger and most prosperous cantons and in Latin edition, Causa Helvetica orthodoxae fidei, the free imperial cities favored progress and etc. Lucernae, 1528. BULLINGER, I. 331 sqq. The reform, and succeeded in the end. writings of ZWINGLI, occasioned by the The question of the Reformation was Disputation in Baden, in his Opera, vol. II. B. repeatedly brought before the Swiss Diet, and 396–522. not a few liberal voices were heard in favor of HOTTINGER: Geschichte der Eidgenossen waehrend der Zeit der Kirchentrennung, pp. abolishing certain crying abuses; but the 77–96. MOERIKOFER: Zw., II. 34–43. MERLE: majority of the cantons, especially the old Reform., bk. XI. ch. 13. HERZOG: Oekolampad, forest-cantons around the lake of , vol. II. ch. 1. HAGENBACH: Oekolampad, pp. 90– resisted every innovation. Berne was anxious 98. A. BAUR: Zw.’s Theol., I. 501–518. to retain her political supremacy, and

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 3 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course vacillated. Zwingli had made many enemies The arrangements for the disputation and the by his opposition to the foreign military local sympathies were in favor of the papal service and pensions of his countrymen. Dr. party. Mass was said every morning at five, Faber, the general vicar of the diocese of and a sermon preached; the pomp of Constance, after a visit to Rome, openly ritualism was displayed in solemn turned against his former friend, and made processions. The presiding officers and every effort to unite the interests of the leading secretaries were Romanists; nobody aristocracy with those of the hierarchy. besides them was permitted to take notes. “Now,” he said, “the priests are attacked, the The disputation turned on the real presence, nobles will come next.” the sacrifice of the mass, the invocation of the At last the Diet resolved to settle the difficulty Virgin Mary and of saints, on images, by a public disputation. Dr. Eck, well known purgatory, and original sin. Dr. Eck was the to us from the disputation at Leipzig for his champion of the Roman faith, and behaved learning, ability, vanity and conceit, offered with the same polemical dexterity and his services to the Diet in a flattering letter of overbearing and insolent manner as at Aug. 13, 1524. He had then just returned from Leipzig: robed in damask and silk, decorated a third visit to Rome, and felt confident that with a golden ring, chain and cross; he could crush the Protestant heresy in surrounded by patristic and scholastic folios, Switzerland as easily as in Germany. He spoke abounding in quotations and arguments, contemptuously of Zwingli, as one who “had treating his opponents with proud contempt, no doubt milked more cows than he had read and silencing them with his stentorian voice books.” About the same time the Roman and final appeals to the authority of Rome. counter-reformation had begun to be Occasionally he uttered an oath, “Potz organized at the convent of Regensburg (June, Marter.” A contemporary poet, Nicolas 1524), under the lead of Bavaria and . Manuel, thus described his conduct:— The disputation was opened in the Catholic “Eck stamps with his feet, and claps his hands, city of Baden, in Aargau, May 21, 1526, and He raves, he swears, he scolds; lasted eighteen days, till the 8th of June. The ‘I do,’ cries he, ‘what the Pope commands, cantons and four bishops sent deputies, and And teach whatever he holds.’ ” many foreign divines were present. The Ecolampadius of Basle and Haller of Berne, Protestants were a mere handful, and both plain and modest, but able, learned and despised as “a beggarly, miserable rabble.” earnest men, defended the Reformed Zwingli, who foresaw the political aim and opinions. Ecolampadius declared at the outset result of the disputation, was prevented by that he recognized no other rule of judgment the Council of Zurich from leaving home, than the Word of God. He was a match for Eck because his life was threatened; but he in patristic learning, and in solid arguments. influenced the proceedings by daily His friends said, “Ecolampadius is correspondence and secret messengers. No vanquished, not by argument, but by one could doubt his courage, which he vociferation.” Even one of the Romanists showed more than once in the face of greater remarked, “If only this pale man were on our danger, as when he went to Marburg through side!” His host judged that he must be a very hostile territory, and to the battlefield at pious heretic, because he saw him constantly Cappel. But several of his friends were sadly engaged in study and prayer; while Eck was disappointed at his absence. He would have enjoying rich dinners and good wines, which equaled Eck in debate and excelled him in occasioned the remark, “Eck is bathing in biblical learning. Erasmus was invited, but Baden, but in wine.” politely declined on account of sickness.

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The papal party boasted of a complete Elberfeld, 1861. The monographs on Niclaus victory. All innovations were forbidden; Manuel by GRUENEISEN, Stuttgart, 1837, and by Zwingli was excommunicated; and Basle was BAECHTHOLD, Frauenfeld, 1878. HUNDESHAGEN: called upon to depose Ecolampadius from the Die Conflicte des Zwinglianismus, Lutherthums pastoral office. Faber, not satisfied with the und Calvinismus in der Bernischen Landeskirche von 1532–’58. , 1842. F. burning of heretical books, advocated even TRECHSEL: articles Berner Disputation and the burning of the Protestant versions of the Berner Synodus, and Haller, in Herzog, II. 313– Bible. Thomas Murner, a Franciscan monk 324, and V 556–561. Berner Beitraege, etc., and satirical poet, who was present at Baden, 1884, quoted on p. 15. See also the Lit. by heaped upon Zwingli and his adherents such NIPPOLD in his Append. to Hagenbach’s Reform. epithets as tyrants, liars, adulterers, church Gesch., p. 695 sq. robbers, fit only for the gallows! He had III. KARL LUDWIG VON HALLER (a distinguished formerly (1512) chastised the vices of priests Bernese and convert to Romanism, expelled and monks, but turned violently against the from the Protestant Council of Berne, 1820; d. Saxon Reformer, and earned the name of 1854): Geschichte der kirchlichen Revolution “Luther-Scourge” (Lutheromastix). He was oder protestantischen Reform des Kantons Bern und umliegender Gegenden. Luzern, 1836 now made lecturer in the Franciscan convent (346 pages). French translation, Histoire de la at Lucerne, and authorized to edit the acts of revolution religieuse dans la Swiss occidentale. the Baden disputation. Paris, 1839. This is a reactionary account The result of the Baden disputation was a professedly drawn from Protestant sources temporary triumph for Rome, but turned out and represents the Swiss Reformation as the in the end, like the Leipzig disputation of mother of the Revolution of 1789. To the 1519, to the furtherance of the Reformation. French version of this book Archbishop Spalding of Baltimore (he does not mention the Impartial judges decided that the Protestants original) confesses to be “indebted for most of had been silenced by vociferation, intrigue the facts” in his chapter on the Swiss and despotic measures, rather than refuted Reformation which he calls a work established by sound and solid arguments from the “by intrigue, chicanery, persecution, and open Scriptures. After a temporary reaction, violence!” Hist. of the Prot. Ref. in Germany and several cantons which had hitherto been Switzerland, I. 181, 186 (8th ed., Baltimore, vacillating between the old and the new faith, 1875). came out in favor of reform. Berne, the largest, most conservative and aristocratic of the Swiss cantons, which 8.31. The Reformation in Berne contains the political capital of the I. The acts of the disputation of Berne were Confederacy, was the first to follow Zurich, published in 1528 at Zurich and Strassburg, after considerable hesitation. This was an afterwards repeatedly at Berne, and are event of decisive importance. contained, together with two sermons of Zwingli, in Zwingli’s Werke, II. A. 63–229. The Reformation was prepared in the city and : Berner Chronik, new ed. by throughout the canton by three ministers, Stierlin and Wyss, Bern, 1884, ’86, 2 vols. Sebastian Meyer, Berthold Haller, and Francis Stuerler: Urkunden der Bernischen Kolb, and by a gifted layman, Niclaus Kirchenreform. Bern, 1862. Strickler: Manuel,—all friends of Zwingli. Meyer, a Aktensammlung, etc. Zurich, 1878 (I. 1). Franciscan monk, explained in the convent II. KUHN: Die Reformatoren Berns. Bern, 1828. the Epistles of Paul, and in the pulpit, the SAM. FISCHER: Geschichte der Disputation zu Apostles’ Creed. Haller, a native of Bern. Zuerich, 1828. MELCH. KIRCHHOFER: Berthold Haller oder die Reformation zu Bern. Wuertemberg, a friend and fellow-student of Zuerich, 1828. C. PESTALOZZI: B. Haller, nach Melanchthon, an instructive preacher and handschriftl. und gleichzeitigen Quellen. cautious reformer, of a mild and modest

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 5 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course disposition, settled in Berne as teacher in party was strongly represented by delegates 1518, was elected chief pastor at the from Zurich, Basel, and St. Gall, and several cathedral 1521, and labored there faithfully cities of South Germany. Zurich sent about till his death (1536). He was often in danger, one hundred ministers and laymen, with a and wished to retire; but Zwingli encouraged strong protection. The chief speakers on the him to remain at the post of duty. Reformed side were Zwingli, Haller, Kolb, Without brilliant talents or great learning, he Ecolampadius, Capito, and Bucer from proved eminently useful by his gentle piety Strassburg; on the Roman side, Grab, Huter, and faithful devotion to duty. Manuel, a poet, Treger, Christen, and Burgauer. Joachim von painter, warrior and statesman, helped the Watt of St. Gall presided. Popular sermons cause of reform by his satirical dramas, which were preached during the disputation by were played in the streets, his exposure of Blaurer of Constance, Zwingli, Bucer, Eck and Faber after the Baden disputation, Ecolampadius, Megander, and others. and his influence in the council of the city (d. The Reformers carried an easy and complete 1530). His services to Zwingli resemble the victory, and reversed the decision of Baden. services of Hutten to Luther. The Great The ten Theses or Conclusions, drawn up by Council of the Two Hundred protected the Haller and revised by Zwingli, were fully ministers in preaching the pure gospel. discussed, and adopted as a sort of confession The Peasants’ War in Germany and the of faith for the Reformed Church of Berne. excesses of the Radicals in Switzerland They are as follows:— produced a temporary reaction in favor of 1. The holy Christian Church, whose only Romanism. The government prohibited Head is Christ, is born of the Word of God, and religious controversy, banished Meyer, and abides in the same, and listens not to the ordered Haller, on his return from the Baden voice of a stranger. disputation, to read Roman mass again; but 2. The Church of Christ makes no laws and he declined, and declared that he would commandments without the Word of God. rather give up his position, as he preferred Hence human traditions are no more binding the Word of God to his daily bread. The on us than as far as they are founded in the elections in 1527 turned out in favor of the Word of God. party of progress. The Roman measures were 3. Christ is the only wisdom, righteousness, revoked, and a disputation ordered to take redemption, and satisfaction for the sins of place Jan. 6, 1528, in Berne. the whole world. Hence it is a denial of Christ The disputation at Berne lasted nineteen days when we confess another ground of salvation (from Jan. 6 to 26). It was the Protestant and satisfaction. counterpart of the disputation at Baden in 4. The essential and corporal presence of the composition, arrangements and result. It had body and blood of Christ cannot be the same effect for Berne as the disputations demonstrated from the Holy Scripture. of 1523 had for Zurich. The invitations were general; but the Roman Catholic cantons and 5. The mass as now in use, in which Christ is the four bishops who were invited refused, offered to God the Father for the sins of the with the exception of the bishop of Lausanne, living and the dead, is contrary to the to send delegates, deeming the disputation of Scripture, a blasphemy against the most holy Baden final. sacrifice, passion, and death of Christ, and on account of its abuses an abomination before Dr. Eck, afraid to lose his fresh laurels, was God. unwilling, as he said, “to follow the heretics into their nooks and corners”; but he severely 6. As Christ alone died for us, so he is also to attacked the proceedings. The Reformed be adored as the only Mediator and Advocate

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 6 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course between God the Father and the believers. in due time also draw our dear neighbors and Therefore it is contrary to the Word of God to fellow-confederates to him, so that we may live propose and invoke other mediators. together in true friendship. May God, who created and redeemed us all, grant this to us 7. Scripture knows nothing of a purgatory and to them. Amen.” after this life. Hence all masses and other By a reformation edict of the Council, dated offices for the dead are useless. Feb. 7, 1528, the ten Theses were legalized, 8. The worship of images is contrary to the jurisdiction of the bishops abolished, and Scripture. Therefore images should be the necessary changes in worship and abolished when they are set up as objects of discipline provisionally ordered, subject to adoration. fuller light from the Word of God. The 9. Matrimony is not forbidden in the Scripture parishes of the city and canton were to any class of men; but fornication and separately consulted by delegates sent to unchastity are forbidden to all. them Feb. 13 and afterwards, and the great 10. Since, according to the Scripture, an open majority adopted the reformation by popular fornicator must be excommunicated, it vote, except in the highlands where the follows that unchastity and impure celibacy movement was delayed. are more pernicious to the clergy than to any After the catastrophe of Cappel the other class. reformation was consolidated by the so- All to the glory of God and his holy Word. called “Berner Synodus,” which met Jan. 9–14, Zwingli preached twice during the 1532. All the ministers of the canton, two disputation. He was in excellent spirits, and at hundred and twenty in all, were invited to the height of his fame and public usefulness. attend. Capito, the reformer of Strassburg, In the first sermon he explained the Apostles’ exerted a strong influence by his addresses. Creed, mixing in some Greek and Hebrew The Synod adopted a book of church polity words for his theological hearers. In the and discipline; the Great Council confirmed it, second, he exhorted the Bernese to persevere and ordered annual synods. Hundeshagen after the example of Moses and the heroes of pronounces this constitution a “true faith. Perseverance alone can complete the masterpiece even for our times,” and Trechsel triumph. (Ferendo vincitur fortuna.) Behold characterizes it as excelling in apostolic these idols conquered, mute, and scattered unction, warmth, simplicity and practical before you. The gold you spent upon them wisdom. must henceforth be devoted to the good of Since that time Berne has remained faithful to the living images of God in their poverty. the Reformed Church. In 1828 the Canton by “Hold fast,” he said in conclusion, “to the order of the government celebrated the third liberty wherewith Christ has set us free (Gal. centenary of the Reformation. 5:1). You know how much we have suffered in 8.32. The Reformation in Basel. our conscience, how we were directed from one false comfort to another, from one Ecolampadius commandment to another which only I. The sources are chiefly in the Bibliotheca burdened our conscience and gave us no rest. Antistitii and the University Library of Basel, But now ye have found freedom and peace in and in the City Library of Zuerich; letters of the knowledge and faith of Jesus Christ. From ECOLAMPADIUS to Zwingli, in Bibliander’s this freedom let nothing separate you. To hold Epistola Joh. Oecolampadii et Huldr. Zwinglii it fast requires great fortitude. You know how (Basel, 1536, fol.); in Zwingli’s Opera, vols. VII. our ancestors, thanks to God, have fought for and VIII.; and in HERMINJARD, Correspondance our bodily liberty; let us still more zealously des Réformateurs, passim. Several letters of guard our spiritual liberty; not doubting that ERASMUS, and his Consilium Senatui Basiliensi God, who has enlightened and drawn you, will in negotio Lutherano anno 1525 exhibitum.

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Antiquitates Gernlerianae, Tom. I. and II. An The example of Berne was followed by Basel, important collection of letters and documents the wealthiest and most literary city in prepared by direction of Antistes LUKAS Switzerland, an episcopal see since the GERNLER of Basel (1625–1676), who took part middle of the eighth century, the scene of the in the Helvetic Consensus Formula. The reformatory Council of 1430–1448, the seat Athenae Rauricae sive Catalogus Professorum Academics Basiliensis, by Herzog, Basel, 1778. of a University since 1460, the center of the The Basler Chroniken, publ. by the Hist. Soc. of Swiss book trade, favorably situated for Basel, ed. with comments by W. VISCHER (son), commerce on the banks of the and on Leipz. 1872. the borders of Germany and France. The soil II. PET. OCHS: Geschichte der Stadt und was prepared for the Reformation by scholars Landschaft Basel. Berlin and Leipzig, 1786– like Wittenbach and Erasmus, and by 1822. 8 vols. The Reformation is treated in evangelical preachers like Capito and Hedio. vols. V. and VI., but without sympathy. JAK. Had Erasmus been as zealous for religion as BURCKHARDT: Kurze Geschichte der he was for letters, he would have taken the Reformation in Basel. Basel, 1819. R. R. lead, but he withdrew more and more from HAGENBACH: Kirchliche Denkwuerdigkeiten zur the Reformation, although he continued to Geschichte Basels seit der Reformation. Basel, 1827 (pp. 268). The first part also under the reside in Basel till 1529 and returned there to special title: Kritische Geschichte und die (1536). Schicksale der ersten Basler Confession. By the The chief share in the work fell to the lot of same: Die Theologische Schule Basels und Ecolampadius (1482–1531). He is the second ihrer Lehrer von Stiftung der Hochschule 1460 in rank and importance among the Reformers bis zu De Wette’s Tod 1849 (pp. 75). JARKE (R. in German Switzerland. His relation to Cath.): Studien und Skizzen zur Geschichte der Zwingli is similar to that sustained by Reformation. Schaffhausen (HURTER), 1846 (pp. Melanchthon to Luther, and by Beza to 576). FRIED. FISCHER: Der Bildersturm in der Schweiz und in Basel insbesondere. In the Calvin,—a relation in part subordinate, in “Basler Jahrbuch” for 1850. W. VISCHER: part supplemental. He was inferior to Zwingli Actenstuecke zur Geschichte der Reformation in originality, force, and popular talent, but in Basel. In the “Basler Beitraege zur surpassed him in scholastic erudition and had vaterlaendischen Geschichte,” for 1854. By the a more gentle disposition. He was, like same: Geschichte der Universitaet Basel von Melanchthon, a man of thought rather than of der Gruendung 1460 bis zur Reformation action, but circumstances forced him out of 1529. Basel, 1860. Boos: Geschichte der Stadt his quiet study to the public arena. Basel. Basel, 1877 sqq. The first volume goes to 1501; the second has not yet appeared. Johann Ecolampadius was born at Weinsberg III. Biographical. S. HESS: Lebensgeschichte Joh. in the present kingdom of Wuertemberg in Oekolampads. Zuerich, 1798 (chiefly from 1482, studied law in Bologna, philology, Züerich sources, contained in the Simler scholastic philosophy, and theology in collection). J. J. HERZOG (editor of the well- Heidelberg and Tuebingen with unusual known “Encyclopedia” d. 1882): Das Leben Joh. success. He was a precocious genius, like Oekolampads und die Reformation der Kirche Melanchthon. In his twelfth year he composed zu Basel. Basel, 1843. 2 vols. Comp. his article (according to Capito) Latin poems. In 1501 he in HERZOG, Vol. X. 708–724. K. R. HAGENBACH: became Baccalaureus, and soon afterwards Johann Oekolampad und Oswald Myconius, die Master of Arts. He devoted himself chiefly to Reformatoren Basels. Leben und ausgewaehlte Schriften. Elberfeld, 1859. His the study of the Greek and Hebrew Reformationsgesch., 5th ed., by Nippold, Scriptures. Erasmus gave him the testimony Leipzig, 1887, p. 386 sqq. On Ecolampadius’ of being the best Hebraist (after Reuchlin). At connection with the Eucharistic Controversy Tuebingen he formed a friendship with and part in the Marburg Colloquy, see SCHAFF, Melanchthon, his junior by fifteen years, and vol. VI. 620, 637, and 642. continued on good terms with him

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 8 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course notwithstanding their difference of opinion is vanity under the sun. They saw the net being on the Eucharist. He delivered at Weinsberg a drawn everywhere and the near approach of series of sermons on the Seven Words of the judge of the world.” Christ on the Cross, which were published by After a short residence at Weinsberg and Zasius in 1512, and gained for him the Augsburg, Ecolampadius surprised his friends reputation of an eminent preacher of the by entering a convent in 1520, but left it in gospel. 1522 and acted a short time as chaplain for In 1515 he received a call, at Capito’s Franz von Sickingen at Ebernburg, near suggestion, from Christoph von Utenheim, Creuznach, where he introduced the use of bishop of Basel (since 1502), to the pulpit of the in the mass. the cathedral in that city. In the year By the reading of Luther’s writings, he following he acquired the degree of licentiate, became more and more fixed in evangelical and later that of doctor of divinity. Christoph convictions. He cautiously attacked von Utenheim belonged to the better class of transubstantiation, Mariolatry, and the prelates, who desired a reformation within abuses of the confessional, and thereby the Church, but drew back after the Diet of attracted the favorable attention of Luther, Worms, and died at Delsberg in 1522. His who wrote to Spalatin (June 10, 1521): “I am motto was: “The cross of Christ is my hope; I surprised at his spirit, not because he fell seek mercy, not works.” upon the same theme as I, but because he has Ecolampadius entered into intimate relations shown himself so liberal, prudent, and with Erasmus, who at that time took up his Christian. God grant him growth.” permanent abode in Basel. He rendered him In June, 1523, Luther expressed to important service in his Annotations to the Ecolampadius much satisfaction at his New Testament, and in the second edition of lectures on Isaiah, notwithstanding the the Greek Testament (concerning the displeasure of Erasmus, who would probably, quotations from the Septuagint and Hebrew). like Moses, die in the land of Moab. “He has The friendship afterwards cooled down in done his part,” he says, “by exposing the bad; consequence of their different attitude to the to show the good and to lead into the land of question of reform. promise, is beyond his power.” Luther and In 1518 Ecolampadius showed his moral Ecolampadius met personally at Marburg in severity and zeal for a reform of the pulpit by 1529, but as antagonists on the doctrine of an attack on the prevailing custom of the Lord’s Supper, in which the latter stood entertaining the people in the Easter season on the side of Zwingli. with all kinds of jokes. In Nov. 17, 1522, Ecolampadius settled “What has,” he asks, “a preacher of repentance permanently in Basel and labored there as to do with fun and laughter? Is it necessary for preacher of the Church of St. Martin and us to yield to the impulse of nature? If we can professor of theology in the University till his crush our sins by laughter, what is the use of death. Now began his work as reformer of the repenting in sackcloth and ashes? What is the church of Basel, which followed the model of use of tears and cries of sorrow?… No one Zurich. He sought the friendship of Zwingli in knows that Jesus laughed, but every one knows a letter full of admiration, dated Dec. 10, that he wept. The Apostles sowed the seed 1522. They continued to co-operate in weeping. Many as are the symbolic acts of the prophets, no one of them lowers himself to fraternal harmony to the close of their lives. become an actor. Laughter and song were Ecolampadius preached on Sundays and week repugnant to them. They lived righteously days, explaining whole books of the Bible before the Lord, rejoicing and yet trembling, after the example of Zwingli, and attracted and saw as clear as the sun at noonday that all crowds of people. With the consent of the

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Council, he gradually abolished crying abuses, against Rome and attacked what he regarded distributed the Lord’s Supper under both as the idolatry of the mass. The triumph of the kinds, and published in 1526 a German Reformation in Berne in 1528 gave the final liturgy, which retained in the first editions impetus. several distinctively Catholic features such as On the 9th of February, 1529, an unbloody priestly absolution and the use of lights on revolution broke out. Aroused by the the altar. intrigues of the Roman party, the Protestant In 1525 he began to take an active part in the citizens to the number of two thousand came unfortunate Eucharistic controversy by together, broke to pieces the images still left, defending the figurative interpretation of the and compelled the reactionary Council to words of institution: “This is (the figure of) introduce everywhere the form of religious my body,” chiefly from the writings of the service practised in Zurich. fathers, with which he was very familiar. He Erasmus, who had advised moderation and agreed in substance with Zwingli, but differed quiet waiting for a general Council, was from him by placing the metaphor in the disgusted with these violent measures, which predicate rather than the verb, which simply he describes in a letter to Pirkheimer of denotes a connection of the subject with the Nuremberg, May 9, 1529. predicate whether real or figurative, and “The smiths and workmen,” he says, “removed which was not even used by our Lord in the pictures from the churches, and heaped Aramaic. He found the key for the such insults on the images of the saints and the interpretation in John 6:63, and held fast to crucifix itself, that it is quite surprising there the truth that Christ himself is and remains was no miracle, seeing how many there always the true bread of the soul to be partaken of by used to occur whenever the saints were even faith. slightly offended. Not a statue was left either in the churches, or the vestibules, or the porches, At the conference in Marburg (1529) he was, or the monasteries. The frescoes were next to Zwingli, the chief debater on the obliterated by means of a coating of lime; Reformed side. By this course he alienated his whatever would bum was thrown into the fire, old friends, Brentius, Pirkheimer, Billican, and and the rest pounded into fragments. Nothing Luther. Even Melanchthon, in a letter to him was spared for either love or money. Before (1529), regretted that the “horribilis long the mass was totally abolished, so that it dissensio de Coena Domini” interfered with was forbidden either to celebrate it in one’s the enjoyment of their friendship, though it own house or to attend it in the neighboring did not shake his good will towards him villages.” (“benevolentiam erga te meam”). He The great scholar who had done so much concluded to be hereafter “a spectator rather preparatory work for the Reformation, than an actor in this tragedy.” stopped half-way and refused to identify Ecolampadius had also much trouble with the himself with either party. He reluctantly left Anabaptists, and took the same conservative Basel (April 13, 1529) with the best wishes and intolerant stand against them as Luther for her prosperity, and resided six years at at Wittenberg, and Zwingli at Zurich. He made Freiburg in Baden, a sickly, sensitive, and several fruitless attempts in public discontented old man. He was enrolled disputations to convince them of their error. among the professors of the University, but did not lecture. He returned to Basel in The civil government of Basel occupied for a August, 1535, and died in his seventieth year, while middle ground, but the disputation of July 12, 1536, without priest or sacrament, Baden, at which Ecolampadius was the but invoking the mercy of Christ, repeating champion of the Reformed doctrines, brought again and again, “O Lord Jesus, have mercy on on the crisis. He now took stronger ground me!” He was buried in the Minster of Basel.

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Glareanus and Beatus Rhenanus, humanists, laymen for each of the four parishes of the and friends of Zwingli and Erasmus, likewise city; two to be selected by the Council, and withdrew from Basel at this critical moment. one by the congregation, who, in connection Nearly all the professors of the University with the clergy, were to watch over the emigrated. They feared that science and morals, and to discipline the offenders, if learning would suffer from theological necessary, by excommunication.—In quarrels and a rupture with the hierarchy. accordance with the theocratic idea of the The abolition of the mass and the breaking of relation of Church and State, dangerous images, the destruction of the papal authority heresies which denied any of the twelve and monastic institutions, would have been a articles of the Apostles’ Creed, and blasphemy great calamity had they not been followed by of God and the sacrament, were made the constructive work of the evangelical faith punishable with civil penalties such as which was the moving power, and which confiscation of property, banishment, and alone could build up a new Church on the even death. Those, it is said, “shall be ruins of the old. The Word of God was punished according to the measure of their preached from the fountain. Christ and the guilt in body, life, and property, who despise, Gospel were put in the place of the Church spurn, or contemn the eternal, pure, elect and tradition. German service with queen, the blessed Virgin Mary, or other congregational singing and communion was beloved saints of God who now live with substituted for the Latin mass. The Christ in eternal blessedness, so as to say that theological faculty was renewed by the the mother of God is only a woman like other appointment of Simon Grynaeus, Sebastian women, that she had more children than Muenster, Oswald Myconius, and other able Christ, the Son of God, that she was not a and pious scholars to professorships. virgin before or after his birth,” etc. Such severe measures have long since passed Ecolampadius became the chief preacher of away. The mixing of civil and ecclesiastical the Minster and Antistes, or superintendent, punishments caused a good deal of trouble. of the clergy of Basel. Ecolampadius opposed the supremacy of the On the 1st of April, 1529, an order of liturgical State over the Church. He presided over the service and church discipline was published first synods. by the Council, which gave a solid foundation After the victory of the Reformation, to the Reformed Church of the city of Basel Ecolampadius continued unto the end of his and the surrounding villages. This document life to be indefatigable in preaching, teaching, breathes the spirit of enthusiasm for the and editing valuable commentaries (chiefly revival of apostolic Christianity, and aims at a on the Prophets). He took a lively interest in reformation of faith and morals. It contains French Protestant refugees, and brought the the chief articles which were afterwards Waldenses, who sent a deputation to him, formulated in the Confession of Basel (1534), into closer affinity with the Reformed and rules for a corresponding discipline. It churches. He was a modest and humble man, retains a number of Catholic customs such as of a delicate constitution and ascetic habits, daily morning and evening worship, weekly and looked like a church father. He lived with communion in one of the city churches, the his mother; but after her death, in 1528, he observance of the great festivals, including married, at the age of forty-five, Wilibrandis those of the Virgin Mary, the Apostles, and the Rosenblatt, the widow of Cellarius (Keller), Saints. who afterwards married in succession two To give force to these institutions, the ban other Reformers (Capito and Bucer), and was introduced in 1530, and confided to a survived four husbands. This tempted council of three pious, honest, and brave Erasmus to make the frivolous joke (in a

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 11 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course letter of March 21, 1528), that his friend had 8.33. The Reformation in Glarus lately married a good-looking girl to crucify VALENTIN TSCHUDI: Chronik der his flesh, and that the Lutheran Reformation Reformationsjahre 1521–1533. Mit Glossar was a comedy rather than a tragedy, since the und Commentar von Dr. Joh. Strickler. Glarus, tumult always ended in a wedding. 1888 (pp. 258). Publ. in the “Jahrbuch des He afterwards apologized to him, and historischen Vereins des Kantons Glarus,” Heft disclaimed any motive of unkindness. XXIV., also separately issued. The first edition of Tschudi’s Chronik (Beschryb oder Erzellung, Ecolampadius had three children, whom he etc.) was published by Dr. J. J. Blumer, in vol. IX. named Eusebius, Alitheia, and Irene of the “Archiv fuer schweizerische Geschichte,” (Godliness, Truth, Peace), to indicate what 1853, pp. 332–447, but not in the original were the pillars of his theology and his spelling and without comments. household. His last days were made sad by BLUMER and HEER: Der Kanton Glarus, the news of Zwingli’s death, and the historisch, geographisch und topographisch conclusion of a peace unfavorable to the beschrieben. St. Gallen, 1846. DR. J. J. BLUMER: Reformed churches. The call from Züerich to Die Reformation im Lande Glarus. In the become Zwingli’s successor he declined. A “Jahrbuch des historischen Vereins des few weeks later, on the 24th of November, Kantons Glarus.” Züerich and Glarus, 1873 and 1531, he passed away in peace and full of 1875 (Heft IX. 9–48; XI. 3–26). H. G. SULZBERGER: Die Reformation des Kant. Glarus faith, after having partaken of the holy und des St. Gallischen Bezirks . communion with his family, and admonished Heiden, 1875 (pp. 44). his colleagues to continue faithful to the cause HEINRICH SCHREIBER: Heinrich Loriti Glareanus, of the Reformation. He was buried behind the gekroenter Dichter, Philolog und Minster. Mathematiker aus dem 16ten Jahrhundert. His works have never been collected, and Freiburg, 1837. OTTO FRIDOLIN FRITZSCHE (Prof. have only historical interest. They consist of of Church Hist. in Zuerich): Glarean, sein Leben commentaries, sermons, exegetical and und seine Schriften. Frauenfeld, 1890 (pp. 136). Comp. also GEIGER: und polemical tracts, letters, and translations Humanismus (1882), pp. 420–423, for a good from Chrysostom, Theodoret, and Cyril of estimate of Glarean as a humanist. Alexandria. The canton Glarus with the capital of the Basel became one of the strongholds of the same name occupies the narrow Linththal Reformed Church of Switzerland, together surrounded by high mountains, and borders with Zuerich, Geneva, and Berne. The Church on the territory of Protestant Züerich and of passed through the changes of German Catholic Schwyz. It wavered for a good while Protestantism, and the revival of the between the two opposing parties and tried nineteenth century. She educates evangelical to act as peacemaker. Landammann Hans ministers, contributes liberally from her great Aebli of Glarus, a friend of Zwingli and an wealth to institutions of Christian enemy of the foreign military service, benevolence and the spread of the Gospel, prevented a bloody collision of the and is (since 1816) the seat of the largest Confederates in the first war of Cappel. This is Protestant missionary institute on the characteristic of the position of that canton. Continent, which at the annual festivals forms Glarus was the scene of the first public labors a center for the friends of missions in of Zwingli from 1506 to 1516. He gained great Switzerland, Wuertemberg, and Baden. The influence as a classical scholar, popular neighboring Chrischona is a training school of preacher, and zealous patriot, but made also German ministers for emigrants to America. enemies among the friends of the foreign military service, the evils of which he had seen in the Italian campaigns. He established

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 12 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course a Latin school and educated the sons of the them now to adhere exclusively to the Word best families, including the Tschudis, who of God. traced their ancestry back to the ninth Valentin Tschudi adopted a middle way, and century. Three of them are connected with was supported by his deacon, Jacob Heer. He the Reformation,—Aegidius and Peter, and pleased both parties by reading mass early in their cousin Valentin. the morning for the old believers, and Aegidius (Gilg) Tschudi, the most famous of afterwards preaching an evangelical sermon this family, the Herodotus of Switzerland for the Protestants. He is the first example of (1505–1572), studied first with Zwingli, then a latitudinarian or comprehensive broad- with Glarean at Basel and Paris, and occupied churchman. In 1530 he married, and ceased important public positions, as delegate to the to read mass, but continued to preach to both Diet at Einsiedeln (1529), as governor of parties, and retained the respect of Catholics Sargans, as Landammann of Glarus (1558), by his culture and conciliatory manner till his and as delegate of Switzerland to the Diet of death, in 1555. He defended his moderation Augsburg (1559). He also served a short time and reserve in a long Latin letter to Zwingli, as officer in the French army. He remained March 15, 1530. He says that the controversy true to the old faith, but enjoyed the arose from external ceremonies, and did not confidence of both parties by his moderation. touch the rock of faith, which Catholics and He expressed the highest esteem for Zwingli Protestants professed alike, and that he in a letter of February, 1517. His History of deemed it his duty to enjoin on his flock the Switzerland extends from A.D. 1000 to 1470, advice of Paul to the Romans 14, to exercise and is the chief source of the period before mutual forbearance, since each stands or falls the Reformation. He did not invent, but he to the same Lord. The unity of the Spirit is the embellished the romantic story of Tell and of best guide. He feared that by extreme Gruetli, which has been relegated by modern measures, more harm was done than good, criticism to the realm of innocent poetic and that the liberty gained may degenerate fiction. He wrote also an impartial account of into license, impiety, and contempt of the Cappeler War of 1531. authority. He begs Zwingli to use his influence His elder brother, Peter, was a faithful for the restoration of order and peace, and follower of Zwingli, but died early, at Coire, signs himself “forever yours” (semper futurus 1532. tuus). The same spirit of moderation characterizes his Chronicle of the Valentin Tschudi also joined the Reformation, Reformation period, and it is difficult to find but showed the same moderation to the out from this colorless and unimportant Catholics as his cousin Egidius showed to the narrative, to which of the two parties he Protestants. After studying several years belonged. under Zwingli, he went, in 1516, with his two cousins to the classical school of Glarean at It is a remarkable fact that the influence of Basel, and followed him to Paris. From that Tschudi’s example is felt to this day in the city he wrote a Greek letter to Zwingli, Nov. peaceful joint occupation of the church at 15, 1520, which is still extant and shows his Glarus, where the sacrifice of the mass is progress in learning. On Zwingli’s offered by a priest at the altar, and a sermon recommendation, he was elected his preached from the pulpit by a Reformed successor as pastor at Glarus, and was pastor in the same morning. installed by him, Oct. 12, 1522. Zwingli told Another distinguished man of Glarus and the congregation that he had formerly taught friend of Zwingli in the earlier part of his them many Roman traditions, but begged career, is Heinrich Loriti, or Loreti, better known as Glareanus, after the humanistic

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 13 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course fashion of that age. He was born at Mollis, a free vent to his disgust with Protestantism, small village of that canton, in 1488, studied and yet lamented the evils of the Roman at Cologne and Basel, sided with Reuchlin in Church, the veniality and immorality of the quarrel with the Dominican obscurantists, priests who cared more for Venus than for travelled extensively, was crowned as poet- Christ. A fearful charge. laureate by the Emperor Maximilian (1512), He received a Protestant Student from taught school and lectured successively at Züerich with the rude words: “You are one of Basel (1514), Paris (1517), again at Basel those who carry the gospel in the mouth and (1522), and Freiburg (since 1529). He the devil in the heart;” but when reminded acquired great fame as a philologist, poet, that he did not show the graces of the muses, geographer, mathematician, musician, and he excused himself by his old age, and treated successful teacher. Erasmus called him, in a the young man with the greatest civility. He letter to Zwingli (1514), the prince and became a pessimist, and expected the speedy champion of the Swiss humanists, and in collapse of the world. His friendship with other letters he praised him as a man pure Erasmus was continued with interruptions, and chaste in morals, amiable in society, well and at last suffered shipwreck. He charged versed in history, mathematics, and music, him once with plagiarism, and Erasmus less in Greek, averse to the subtleties of the ignored him in his testament. It was a schoolmen, bent upon learning Christ from misfortune for both that they could not the fountain, and of extraordinary working understand the times, which had left them power. He was full of wit and quaint humor, behind. The thirty works of Glarean (twenty- but conceited, sanguine, irritable, suspicious, two of them written in Freiburg) are chiefly and sarcastic. philological and musical, and have no bearing Glarean became acquainted with Zwingli in on theology. They were nevertheless put on 1510, and continued to correspond with him the Index by Pope Paul IV., in 1559. He till 1523. He bought books for him at Basel bitterly complained of this injustice, caused (e.g. the Aldine editions of Lactantius and by ignorance or intrigue, and did all he could, Tertullian) and sought a place as canon in with the aid of Tschudi, to have his name Zurich. In his last letter to him he called him removed, which was done after the seven “the truly Christian theologian, the bishop of Catholic cantons had testified that Glarean the Church of Zurich, his very great friend.” was a good Christian. He read Luther’s book on the Babylonian The Reformation progressed in Glarus at first Captivity three times with enthusiasm. But without much opposition. Fridolin Brunner, when Erasmus broke both with Zwingli and pastor at Mollis, wrote to Zwingli, Jan. 15, Luther, he withdrew from the Reformation, 1527, that the Gospel was gaining ground in and even bitterly opposed Zwingli and all the churches of the canton. Johann Ecolampadius. Schindler preached in Schwanden with great He left Basel, Feb. 20, 1529, for Catholic effect. The congregations decided for the Freiburg, and was soon followed by Erasmus Reformed preachers, except in Naefels. The and Amerbach. Here he labored as an reverses at Cappel in 1531 produced a esteemed professor of poetry and fruitful reaction, and caused some losses, but the author, until his death (1563). He was Reformed Church retained the majority of the surrounded by Swiss and German students. population to this day, and with it the He corresponded, now, as confidentially with preponderance of intelligence, enterprise, Aegidius Tschudi as he had formerly wealth, and prosperity, although the corresponded with Zwingli, and co-operated numerical relation has recently changed in with him in saving a portion of his favor of the Catholics, in consequence of the countrymen for the Catholic faith. He gave emigration of Protestants to America, and the

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 14 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course immigration of Roman-Catholic laborers, who reprinted from the “Appenzeller are attracted by the busy industries (as is the Sonntagablatt,” 1872 sqq. case also in Zuerich, Basel, and Geneva). III. THEOD. PRESSEL: . In the ninth volume of the “Leben und ausgewaehlte 8.34. The Reformation in St. Gall, Schriften der Vaeter und Begruender der Toggenburg, and Appenzell reformirten Kirche.” Elberfeld, 1861 (pp. 103).—RUD. STAEHELIN: Die reformatorische The sources and literature in the City Library Wirksamkeit des St. Galler Humanisten Vadian, of St. Gall which bears the name of Vadian in “Beitraege zur vaterlaendischen Geschichte,” (Watt) and contains his MSS. and printed Basel, 1882, pp. 193–262; and his art. “Watt” in works. Herzog, XVI. (1885), pp. 663–668. Comp. also I. The historical works of VADIANUS, especially MEYER VON KNONAU, “St. Gallen,” In Herzog, IV. his Chronicle of the Abbots of St. Gall from 725–735. 1200–1540, and his Diary from 1629–’33, edited by Dr. E. Goetzinger, St. Gallen, 1875– The Reformation in the northeastern parts of ’79, 3 vols.—Joachimi Vadiani Vita per Switzerland—St. Gall, Toggenburg, Joannem Kesslerum conscripta. Edited from Schaffhausen, Appenzell, Thurgau, Aargau— the MS. by Dr. Goetzinger for the Historical followed the course of Zurich, Berne, and Society of St. Gall, 1865.—JOHANNES KESSLER’S Basel. It is a variation of the same theme, on Sabbata. Chronik der Jahre 1523–1539. the one hand, in its negative aspects: the Herausgegeben von Dr. Ernst Goetzinger. St. destruction of the papal and episcopal Gallen, 1866. In “Mittheilungen zur authority, the abolition of the mass and vaterlaendischen Geschichte” of the Historical Society of St. Gall, vols. V. and VI. The MS. of superstitious rites and ceremonies, the 532 pages, written in the Swiss dialect by breaking of images and relics as symbols of KESSLER’S own hand, is preserved in the Vadian idolatry, the dissolution of convents and library. confiscation of Church property, the marriage II. J. V. ARX (Rom. Cath., d. 1833): Geschichte of priests, monks, and nuns; on the other des Kant. St. Gallen. St. Gallen, 1810–’13, 3 hand, in its positive aspects: the introduction vols.—J. M. FELS: Denkmal Schweizerischer of a simpler and more spiritual worship with Reformatoren. St. Gallen, 1819.—JOH. FR. abundant preaching and instruction from the FRANZ: Die schwarmerischen Graeuelscenen open Bible in the vernacular, the restoration der St. Galler Wiedertaeutfer zu Anfang der of the holy communion under both kinds, as Reformation. Ebnat in Toggenberg, 1824.—JOH. celebrated by the congregation, the direct JAKOB BERNET: Johann Kessler, genannt Ahenarius, Buerger und Reformator zu Sankt approach to Christ without priestly Gallen. St. Gallen, 1826.—K. WEGELIN: mediation, the raising of the laity to the Geschichte der Grafschaft Toggenburg. St. privileges of the general priesthood of Gallen, 1830–’33, 2 Parts.—FR. WEIDMANN: believers, care for lower and higher Geschichte der Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallens. education. These changes were made by the 1841.—A. NAEF: Chronik oder civil magistracy, which assumed the episcopal Denkwuerdigkeiten der Stadt und Landschaft authority and function, but acted on the St. Gallen. Zuerich, 1851.—J. K. BUECHLER: Die initiative of the clergy and with the consent of Reformation im Lande Appenzell. Trogen, the majority of the people, which in 1860. In the “Appenzellische Jahrbuecher.”—G. democratic Switzerland was after all the JAK. BAUMGARTNER: Geschichte des Schweizerischen Freistaates und Kantons St. sovereign power. An Antistes was placed at Gallen. Zuerich, 1868, 2 vols.—H. G. the head of the ministers as a sort of bishop SULZBERGER: Geschichte der Reformation in or general superintendent. Synods attended Toggenburg; in St. Gallen; im Rheinthal; in den to legislation and administration. The eidgenoessischen Herrschaften Sargans und congregations called and supported their own Gaster, sowie in Rapperschwil; in Hohensax- pastors. Forsteck; in Appenzell. Several pamphlets

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St. Gall—so-called from St. Gallus (Gilian), an at the height of its prosperity under the Irish missionary and pupil of Columban, who teaching of Celtes and Cuspinian, two famous with several hermits settled in the wild forest humanists and Latin poets. He acquired also a on the Steinach about 613—was a center of good knowledge of philosophy, theology, law, Christianization and civilization in Alemannia and medicine. After travelling through and Eastern Switzerland. A monastery was Poland, Hungary, and , he returned to founded about 720 by St. Othmar and became and taught classical literature and a royal abbey exempt from episcopal rhetoric. He was crowned poet and orator by jurisdiction, and very rich in revenues from Maximilian (March 12, 1514), and elected landed possessions in Switzerland, Swabia, rector of the University in 1516. He published and Lombardy, as well as in manuscripts of several classical authors and Latin poems, classical and ecclesiastical learning. Church orations, and essays. He stood in friendly poetry, music, architecture, sculpture, and correspondence with Reuchlin, Hutten, Hesse, painting flourished there in the ninth and Erasmus, and other leaders of the new tenth centuries. Notker Balbulus, a monk of learning, and especially also with Zwingli. St. Gall (d. c. 912), is the author of the In 1518 Watt returned to St. Gall and sequences or hymns in rhythmical prose practised as physician till his death, but took (prosae), and credited with the mournful at the same time an active part in all public meditation on death (“Media vita in morte affairs of Church and State. He was repeatedly sumus”), which is still in use, but of later and elected burgomaster. He was a faithful co- uncertain origin. With the increasing wealth worker of Zwingli in the cause of reform. of the abbey the discipline declined and Zwingli called him “a physician of body and worldliness set in. The missionary and soul of the city of St. Gall and the whole literary zeal died out. The bishop of confederacy,” and said, “I know no Swiss that Constance was jealous of the independence equals him.” Calvin and Beza recognized in and powers of the abbot. The city of St. Gall him “a man of rare piety and equally rare grew in prosperity and longed for learning.” He called evangelical ministers and emancipation from monastic control. The teachers to St. Gall. He took a leading part in clergy needed as much reformation as the the religious disputations at Züerich (1523– monks. Many of them lived in open 1525), and presided over the disputation at concubinage, and few were able to make a Berne (1528). sermon. The high festivals were profaned by St. Gall was the first city to follow the example scurrilous popular amusements. The sale of of Züerich under his lead. The images were indulgences was carried on with impunity. removed from the churches and publicly The Reformation was introduced in the city burnt in 1526 and 1528; only the organ and and district of St. Gall by Joachim von Watt, a the bones of St. Othmar (the first abbot) and layman (1484–1551), and John Kessler, a Notker were saved. An evangelical church minister (1502–1574). The co-operation of order was introduced in 1527. At the same the laity and clergy is congenial to the spirit time the Anabaptists endangered the of Protestantism which emancipated the Reformation by strange excesses of Church from hierarchical control. fanaticism. Watt had no serious objection to Joachim von Watt, better known by his Latin their doctrines, and was a friend and brother- name Vadianus, excelled in his day as a in-law of Grebel, their leader, but he opposed humanist, poet, historian, physician, them in the interest of peace and order. statesman, and reformer. He was descended The death of the abbot, March 21, 1529, from an old noble family, the son of a wealthy furnished the desired opportunity, at the merchant, and studied the humanities in the advice of Züerich and Zwingli, to abolish the (1502), which was then

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 16 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course abbey and to confiscate its rich domain, with religion. His portrait in oil adorns the City the consent of the majority of the citizens, but Library of St. Gall. in utter disregard of legal rights. This was a The county of Toggenburg, the home of great mistake, and an act of injustice. Zwingli, was subject to the abbot of St. Gall The disaster of Cappel produced a reaction, since 1468, but gladly received the Reformed and a portion of the canton returned to the preachers under the influence of Zwingli, his old church. A new abbot was elected, relatives and friends. In 1524 the council of Diethelm Blaurer; he demanded the property the community enjoined upon the ministers of the convent and sixty thousand guilders to teach nothing but what they could prove damages for what had been destroyed and from the sacred Scriptures. The people sold. The city had to yield. He held a solemn resisted the interference of the abbot, the entry. He attended the last session of the bishop of Constance, and the canton Schwyz. Council of Trent and took a leading part in the In 1528 the Reformation was generally counter-Reformation. introduced in the towns of the district. With Watt showed, during this critical period, the help of Züerich and Glarus, the courage and moderation. He retained the Toggenburgers bought their freedom from confidence of his fellow-citizens, who elected the abbot of St. Gall for fifteen hundred him nine times to the highest civil office. He guilders, in 1530; but were again subjected to did what he could, in co-operation with his authority in 1536. The county was Kessler and Bullinger, to save and consolidate incorporated in the canton St. Gall in 1803. the Reformed Church during the remaining The majority of the people are Protestants. years of his life. He was a portly, handsome, The canton Appenzell received its first and dignified man, and wrote a number of Protestant preachers—John Schurtanner of geographical, historical, and theological Teufen, John Dorig of Herisau, and Walter works. Klarer of Hundwil—from the neighboring St. John Kessler (Chessellius or Ahenarius), the Gall, through the influence of Watt. The son of a day-laborer of St. Gall, studied Reformation was legally ratified by a majority theology at Basel, and Wittenberg. He was vote of the people, Aug. 26, 1523. The one of the two students who had an congregations emancipated themselves from interesting interview with Dr. Luther in the the jurisdiction of the abbot of St. Gall, and hotel of the Black Bear at Jena in March, 1522, elected their own pastors. The Anabaptist on his return as Knight George from the disturbances promoted the Roman-Catholic Wartburg. It was the only friendly meeting of reaction. The population is nearly equally Luther with the Swiss. Had he shown the divided,—Innerrhoden, with the town of same kindly feeling to Zwingli at Marburg, the Appenzell, remained Catholic; Ausserrhoden, cause of the Reformation would have been with Herisau, Trogen, and Gais, is Reformed, the gainer. and more industrious and prosperous. Kessler supported himself by the trade of a The Reformation in Thurgau and Aargau saddler, and preached in the city and presents no features of special interest. surrounding villages. He was also chief 8.35. Reformation in Schaffhausen teacher of the Latin school. In 1571, a year MELCHIOR KIRCHOFER: Schaffhauserische before his death, he was elected Antistes or Jahrbuecher von 1519–1539, oder Geschichte head of the clergy of St. Gall. He had a wife der Reformation der Stadt und Landschaft and eleven children, nine of whom survived Schaffhausen. Schaffhausen, 1819; 2d ed. him. He was a pure, amiable, unselfish, and Frauenfeld, 1838 (pp. 152). By, the same: useful man and promoter of evangelical Sebastian Wagner, genannt Hofmeister. Zuerich, 1808.—EDW. IM-THURM und HANS W.

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HARDER: Chronik der Stadt Schaffhausen (till I. ULRICI CAMPELLI Raetiae Alpestris 1790). Schaffhausen, 1844.—H. G. SULZBERGER: Topographica Descriptio, edited by CHR. J. KIND, Geschichte der Reformation des Kant. Basel (Schneider), 1884, pp. 448, and Historia Schaffhausen. Schaffhausen, 1876 (pp. 47). Raetica, edited by PLAC. PLATTNER, Basel, tom. I., Schaffhausen on the Rhine and the borders of 1877, pp. 724, and tom. II., 1890, pp. 781. Wuerttemberg and Baden followed the These two works form vols. VII., VIII., and IX. of Quellen zur Schweizer-Geschichte, published example of the neighboring canton Zurich, by the General Historical Society of under the lead of Sebastian Hofmeister Switzerland. They are the foundation for the (1476–1533), a Franciscan monk and doctor topography and history of the Grisons in the and professor of theology at Constance, sixteenth century. Campell was Reformed where the bishop resided. He addressed pastor at Sues in the Lower , and is Zwingli, in 1520, as “the firm preacher of the called “the father of the historians of .” truth,” and wished to become his helper in De Porta says that all historians of Raetia have healing the diseases of the Church of ploughed with his team. An abridged German Switzerland. He preached in his native city of translation from the Latin manuscripts was Schaffhausen against the errors and abuses of published by Conradin von Mohr: ULR. CAMPELL’S Zwei Buecher raetischer Geschichte, Rome, and attended as delegate the religious (Hitz), 1849 and 1851, 2 vols., pp. 236and disputations at Züerich (January and October, 566. 1523), which resulted in favor of the R. AMBROSIUS EICHHORN (Presbyter Reformation. Congregationis S. Blasii, in the Black Forest): He was aided by Sebastian Meyer, a Episcopatus Curiensis in Rhaetia sub metropoli Franciscan brother who came from Berne, Moguntina chronologice et diplomatice and by Ritter, a priest who had formerly illustratus. Typis San-Blasianis, 1797 (pp. 368, opposed him. 40). To which is added Codex Probationum ad Episcopatum Curiensem ex proecipuis The Anabaptists appeared from Züerich with documentis omnibus ferme ineditis collectus, their radical views. The community was 204 pp. The Reformation period is described thrown into disorder. The magistracy held pp. 139 sqq. Eichhorn was a Roman Catholic Hofmeister and Myer responsible, and priest, and gives the documents relating to the banished them from the canton. A reaction episcopal see of Coire from A.D. 766–1787. On followed, but the Reformation triumphed in “Zwinglianisms in Raetia,” see pp. 142, 146, 1529. The villages followed the city. Some 248. (I examined a copy in the Episcopal noble families remained true to the old faith, Library at Coire.) and emigrated. II General works on the history of the Grisons by JOH. GULER (d. 1637), FORTUNATUS SPRECHER A Schaffhausen was favored by a succession of BERNEGG (d. 1647), FORTUNATUS JUVALTA (d. able and devoted ministers, and gave birth to 1654). TH. VON MOHR AND CONRADIN VON MOHR some distinguished historians. (or MOOR): Archiv fuer die Geschichte der Republik Graubuenden. Chur, 1848–’86. 9 vols. 8.36. The Grisons (Graubünden) A collection of historical works on Colonel Landammann Theofil Sprecher a Graubuenden, including the Codex Bernegg at , Graubuenden, has a diplomaticus, Sammlung der Urkunden zur complete library of the history of the Grisons, Geschichte Chur-Rhaetiens und der Republik including some of the manuscripts of Campell Grauebunden. The Codex was continued by and De Porta. I was permitted to use it for this JECKLIN, 1883–’86. CONRADIN VON MOOR: and the following two sections under his Buendnerische Geschichtschreiber und hospitable roof in June, 1890. I have also Chronisten. Chur, 1862–277. 10 parts. By the examined the Kantons-Bibliothek of same: Geschichte von Curraetien und der Graubünden in the “Raetische Museum” at Republ. Graubuenden. Chur, 1869.—JOH. ANDR. Coire, which is rich in the (Romanic) literature VON SPRECHER: Geschichte der Republik der drei of the Grisons. Buende im 18 Jahrh. Chur, 1873–’75.2 vols.—A

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good popular summary: Graubuendnerische plains of the vine, the fig, and the lemon. In Geschichten erzaehlt fuer die reformirten territorial extent it is the largest canton, and Volksschulen (by P. KAISER). Chur, 1852 (pp. equal to any in variety and beauty of scenery 281). Also J. K. VON TSCHARNER: Der Kanton and healthy climate. It is the fatherland of the Graubuenden, historisch, statistisch, Rhine and the Inn. The Engadin is the highest geographisch dargestellt. Chur, 1842. inhabited valley of Switzerland, and The Reformation literature see in 8.37. unsurpassed for a combination of attractions III. On the history of Valtellina, Chiavenna, and , which until 1797 were under the for admirers of nature and seekers of health. jurisdiction of the Grisons, the chief writers It boasts of the healthiest climate with nine are:— months of dry, bracing cold and three months FR. SAV. QUADRIO: Dissertazioni critico-storiche of delightfully cool weather. intorno alla Rezia di qua dalle Alpi, oggi detta The inhabitants are descended from three Valtellina. Milano, 1755. 2 vols., especially the nationalities, speak three languages,— second vol., which treats la storia German, Italian, and Romansh (Romanic),— ecclesiastica.—ULYSSES VON SALIS: StaatsGesch. and preserve many peculiarities of earlier des Thals Veltlin und der Graftschaften Clefen ages. The German language prevails in Coire, und Worms. 1792. 4 vols.—LAVIZARI: Storia della Valtellina. Capolago, 1838. 2 vols. along the Rhine, and in the Praettigau, and is ROMEGIALLI: Storia della Valtellina e delle già purer than in the other cantons. The Italian is contee di Bormio e Chiavenna. Sondrio, 1834– spoken to the south of the Alps in the valleys ’39. 4 vols.—WIEZEL: Veltliner Krieg, edited by of and (as also in the Hartmann. Strassburg, 1887. neighboring canton ). The Romansh The canton of the Grisons or Graubünden was language is a remarkable relic of prehistoric at the time of the Reformation an times, an independent sister of the Italian, independent democratic republic in friendly and is spoken in the Upper and Lower alliance with the Swiss Confederacy, and Engadin, the Muenster valley, and the continued independent till 1803, when it was Oberland. It has a considerable literature, incorporated as a canton. Its history had little mostly religious, which attracts the attention influence upon other countries, but reflects of comparative philologists. the larger conflicts of Switzerland with some The Grisonians (Graubuendtner) are a sober, original features. Among these are the industrious, and heroic race, and have Romanic and Italian conquests of maintained their independence against the Protestantism, and the early recognition of armies of Spain, Austria, and France. They the principle of religious liberty. Each have a natural need and inclination to congregation was allowed to choose between emigrate to richer countries in pursuit of the two contending churches according to the fortune, and to return again to their mountain will of the majority, and thus civil and homes. They are found in all the capitals of religious war was prevented, at least during Europe and America as merchants, hotel the sixteenth century. keepers, confectioners, teachers, and soldiers. Graubünden is, in nature as well as in history, The institutions of the canton are thoroughly a Switzerland in miniature. It is situated in democratic and exemplify the good and evil the extreme south-east of the republic, effects of popular sovereignty. “Next to God between Austria and Italy, and covers the and the sun,” says an old Engadin proverb, principal part of the old Roman province of “the poorest inhabitant is the chief Raetia. It forms a wall between the north and magistrate.” There are indeed to this day in the south, and yet combines both with a the Grisons many noble families, descended network of mountains and valleys from the in part from medieval robber-chiefs and regions of the eternal snow to the sunny despots whose ruined castles still look down

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 19 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course from rocks and cliffs, and in greater part from Years’ War by Austro-Spanish and French distinguished officers and diplomatists in armies. After varied fortunes, the Italian foreign service; but they have no more provinces were lost to Graubuenden through influence than their personal merits and , who, by a stroke of the pen, Oct. 10, prestige warrant. In official relations and 1797, annexed the Valtellina, Bormio, and transactions the titles of nobility are Chiavenna to the new . The forbidden. transferred them to Let us briefly survey the secular history Austria in 1814, and since 1859 they belong before we proceed to the Reformation. to the united Kingdom of Italy. The Grisons were formed of three loosely 8.37. The Reformation in the Grisons connected confederacies or leagues, that is, BARTHOLOMAEUS ANHORN: Heilige Wiedergeburt voluntary associations of freemen, who, der evang. Kirche in den gemeinen drei during the fifteenth century, after the Buendten der freien hohen Rhaetien, oder example of their Swiss neighbors, associated Beschreibung ihrer Reformation und for mutual protection and defence against Religionsverbesserung, etc. Brugg, 1680 (pp. domestic and foreign tyrants. These three 246). A new ed. St. Gallen, 1860 (pp. 144, 8°). leagues united in 1471 at Vatzerol in an By the same: Puentner Aufruhr im Jahr 1607, eternal covenant, which was renewed in ed. from MSS. by Conradin von Mohr, Chur, 1524, promising to each other by an oath 1862; and his Graw-Puentner [Graubuendner]- Krieg, 1603–1629, ed. by Conr. von Mohr, Chur, mutual assistance in peace and war. The three 1873. confederacies sent delegates to the Diet *PETRUS DOMINICUS ROSIUS DE PORTA (Reformed which met alternately at Coire, , and minister at Scamff, or Scanfs, in the Upper . Engadin): Historia Reformationis Ecclesiarum At the close of the fifteenth century two Raeticarum, ex genuinis fontibus et adhuc leagues of the Grisons entered into a maximam partem numquam impressis sine defensive alliance with the seven old cantons partium studio deducta, etc. Curiae Raetorum. of Switzerland. The third league followed the Tom. I., 1771 (pp. 658, 4°); Tom. II., 1777 (pp. 668); Tom. Ill., Como, 1786. Comes down to example. 1642. Next to Campell, the standard authority In the beginning of the sixteenth century the and chief source of later works. Grisonians acquired by conquest from the LEONHARD TRUOG (Reformed pastor at Thuais): duchy of Milan several beautiful and fertile Reformations-Geschichte von Graubuenden districts south of the Alps adjoining the aus zuverlaessigen Quellen sorgfaeltig Milanese and Venetian territories, namely, geschoepft. Denkmal der dritten Sekular- the Valtellina and the counties of Bormio Jubelfeier der Buendnerischen Reformation. (Worms) and Chiavenna (Cleven), and Chur (Otto), 1819 (pp. 132).— Reformationsbuechlein. Ein Denkmal des im annexed them as dependencies ruled by Jahr 1819 in der Stadt Chur gefeierten bailiffs. It would have been wiser to have Jubelfestes. Chur (Otto), 1819. (pp. 304). received them as a fourth league with equal *CHRISTIAN IMMANUEL KIND (Pfarrer und rights and privileges. These Italian Cancellarius der evang. rhaetischen Synode, possessions involved the Grisons in the afterward Staats-Archivarius of the Grisons, d. conflict between Austria and Spain on the one May 23, 1884): Die Reformation in den hand, which desired to keep them an open Bisthuemern Chur und Como. Dargestellt nach pass, and between France and on the den besten aelteren und neueren other, which wanted them closed against Huelfsmitteln. Chur, 1858 (Grubenmann), pp. their political rivals. Hence the Valtellina has 310, 8°. A popular account based on a careful been called the Helena of a new Trojan War. study of the sources. By the same: Die Stadt Chur in ihrer aeltesten Geschichte, Chur, 1859; Graubuenden was invaded during the Thirty Philipp Gallicius, 1868; Georg Jenatsch, in “Allg.

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Deutsche Biogr.,” Bd. XIII. GEORG LEONHARDI and burnt by the Catholics in the Tyrol (pastor in , Poschiavo): Philipp Gallicius, (1529). Reformator Graubuendens. Bern, 1865 (pp. The Reformers abolished the indulgences, the 103). The same also in Romansch.—H. G. SULZBERGER (in Sevelen, St. Gallen, d. 1888): sacrifice of the mass, the worship of images, Geschichte der Reformation im Kanton sacerdotal celibacy and concubinage, and a Graubuenden. Chur, 1880. pp. 90 (revised by number of unscriptural and superstitious Kind).—FLORIAN PEER: L’église de Rhétie au XVI ceremonies, and introduced instead the Bible XVII siècles. Genève, 1888.—HEROLD: J. and Bible preaching in church and school, the Komander, in Meili’s Zeitschrift, Zurich, 1891. holy communion in both kinds, clerical family The Christianization of the Grisons is traced life, and a simple evangelical piety, animated back by tradition to St. Lucius, a royal prince by an active faith in Christ as the only Saviour of Britain, and Emerita, his sister, in the latter and Mediator. Where that faith is wanting the part of the second century. A chapel on the service in the barren churches is jejune and mountain above Coire perpetuates his chilly. memory. A bishop of Coire (Asimo) appears The chief Reformers of the Grisons were first in the year 452, as signing by proxy the Comander, Gallicius, Campell, and Vergerius, creed of Chalcedon. The bishops of Coire and next to them Alexander Salandronius acquired great possessions and became (Salzmann), Blasius, and John Travers. The temporal princes. The whole country of the last was a learned and influential layman of Grisons stood under the jurisdiction of the the Engadin. Comander labored in the bishops of Coire and Como. German, Gallicius and Campell in the The state of religion and the need of a Romansh, Vergerius in the Italian sections of reformation were the same as in the other the Grisons. They were Zwinglians in . The first impulse to theology, and introduced the changes of the Reformation came from Züerich with Züerich and Basel. Though occupying only a which Coire had close connections. Zwingli second or third rank among the Reformers, sent an address to the “three confederacies in they were the right men in the right places, Rhaetia,” expressing a special interest in them faithful, self-denying workers in a poor as a former subject of the bishop of Coire, country, among an honest, industrious, exhorting them to reform the Church in liberty-loving but parsimonious people. With alliance with Zuerich, and recommending to small means they accomplished great and them his friend Comander (Jan. 16, 1525). permanent results. Several of his pupils preached in Flaesch, JOHN COMANDER (DORFMANN), formerly a Malans, Maienfeld, Coire, and other places as Roman priest, of unknown antecedents, early as 1524. After his death Bullinger preached the Reformed doctrines in the showed the same interest in the Grisons. The church of St. Martin at Coire from 1524. He Reformation passed through the usual learned Hebrew in later years, to the injury of difficulties first with the Church of Rome, his eyes, that he might read the Old then with Anabaptists, Unitarians, and the Testament in the original. Zwingli sent him followers of the mystical Schwenkfeld, all of Bibles and commentaries. The citizens whom found their way into that remote protected him against violence and corner of the world. One of the leading accompanied him to and from church. The Anabaptists of Zuerich, Georg Blaurock, was bishop of Coire arraigned him for heresy an ex-monk of Coire, and on account of his before the Diet of the three confederacies in eloquence called “the mighty Joerg,” or “the 1525. second Paul.” He was expelled from Zuerich, The Diet, in spite of the remonstrance of the bishop, ordered a public disputation at Ilanz,

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 21 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course the first town on the Rhine. The disputation were empowered to elect and to dismiss their was begun on Sunday after Epiphany, Jan. 7, own priests or pastors. 1526, under the presidency of the civil Thus the episcopal monarchy was abolished authorities, and lasted several days. It and congregational independency introduced, resembled the disputations of Zurich, and but without the distinction made by the ended in a substantial victory of the English and American Congregationalists Reformation. The conservative party was between the church proper, or the body of represented by the Episcopal Vicar, the abbot converted believers, and the congregation of of St. Lucius, the deans, and a few priests and hearers or mere nominal Christians. monks; the progressive party, by several This legislation was brought about by the aid young preachers, Comander, Gallicius, of liberal Catholic laymen, such as John Blasius, Pontisella, Fabricius, and Hartmann. Travers and John Guler, who at that time had Sebastian Hofmeister of Schaffhausen was not yet joined the Reformed party. The strict present as a listener, and wrote an account of Catholics were dissatisfied, but had to submit. the speeches. In 1553 the Pope sent a delegate to Coire and Comander composed for the occasion demanded the introduction of the Inquisition; eighteen theses,—an abridgment of the sixty- but Comander, Bullinger, and the French seven conclusions of Zwingli. The first thesis ambassador defeated the attempt. was: “The Christian Church is born of the Comander, aided by his younger colleague, Word of God and should abide in it, and not Blasius, and afterwards by Gallicius, listen to the voice of a stranger” (John 10:4, continued to maintain the Reformed faith 5). He defended this proposition with a against Papists, Anabaptists, and also against wealth of biblical arguments which the foreign pensioners who had their champions of Rome were not able to refute. headquarters at Coire, and who punished him There was also some debate about the rock- for his opposition by a reduction of his scanty passage in Matt. 16:18, the mass, purgatory, salary of one hundred and twenty guilders. and sacerdotal celibacy. The Catholics He was at times tempted to resign, but brought the disputation to an abrupt close. Bullinger urged him to hold on. He stood at In the summer of the same year (June 26, the head of the Reformed synod till his death 1526), the Diet of Ilanz proclaimed religious in 1557. freedom, or the right of all persons in the He was succeeded by Fabricius, who died of Grisons, of both sexes, and of whatever the pestilence in 1566. condition or rank, to choose between the Catholic and the Reformed religion. Heretics, PHILIP GALLICIUS (SALUZ) developed a more who after due admonition adhered to their extensive activity. He is the Reformer of the error, were excluded and subjected to Engadin, but labored also as pastor and banishment (but not to death). This evangelist in , , and Coire. remarkable statute was in advance of the He was born on the eastern frontier of intolerance of the times, and forms the Graubuenden in 1504, and began to preach charter of religious freedom in the Grisons. already in 1520. He had an irresistible eloquence and power of persuasion. When he The Diet of Ilanz ordered the ministers to spoke in Romansh, the people flocked from preach nothing but what they could prove every direction to hear him. He was the chief from the Scriptures, and to give themselves speaker at two disputations in Sues, a town of diligently to the study of the same. The the Lower Engadin, against the Papists political authority of the bishop of Coire was (1537), and against the Anabaptists (1544). curtailed, appeals to him from the civil He also introduced the Reformation in Zuz in jurisdiction were forbidden, and the parishes the Lower Engadin, 1554, with the aid of JOHN

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TRAVERS, a distinguished patriot, statesman, became the chief agency in promoting the soldier, and lay-preacher, who was called “the evangelical faith in those regions. The people, steelclad Knight in the service of the Lord.” who knew only the , says a Gallicius suffered much persecution and contemporary, “were amazed like the poverty, but remained gentle, patient, and lsraelites of old at the sight of the manna.” faithful to the end. When preaching in the The result of the labors of the Reformers and Domleschg he had not even bread to feed his their successors in Graubünden was the firm large family, and lived for weeks on establishment of an evangelical church which vegetables and salt. And yet he educated a numbered nearly two-thirds of the son for the ministry at Basel, and dissuaded population; while one-third remained Roman him from accepting a lucrative offer in Catholic. This numerical relation has another calling. He also did as much as he substantially remained to this day with some could for the Italian refugees. He died of the change in favor of Rome, though not by pestilence with his wife and three sons at conversion, but by emigration and Coire, 1566. immigration. The two churches live He translated the Lord’s Prayer, the Apostles’ peacefully together. The question of religion Creed, and the Ten Commandments, and was decided in each community by a majority several chapters of the Bible, into the vote, like any political or local question. The Romansh language, and thus laid the principle of economy often gave the decision foundation of the Romansh literature. He also either for the retention of the Roman priest, wrote a catechism and a Latin grammar, or the choice of a Reformed preacher. Some which were printed at Coire. He prepared the stingy congregations remained vacant to get Confession of Raetia, in 1552, which was rid of all obligations, or hired now a priest, afterwards superseded by the Confession of now a preacher for a short season. Gallicius Bullinger in 1566. complained to Bullinger about this independence which favored license under ULRICH CAMPELL (b. c. 1510, d. 1582) was the name of liberty. Not unfrequently pastor at Coire and at Sues, and, next to congregations are deceived by foreign Gallicius, the chief reformer of the Engadin. adventurers who impose themselves upon He is also the first historian of Raetia and one them as pastors. of the founders of the religious literature in Romanic Raetia. His history is written in good The democratic autonomy explains the Latin, and based upon personal observation, curious phenomenon of the mixture of the accounts of the ancient Romans, the religion in the Grisons. The traveler may pass researches of Tschudi, and communications in a few hours through a succession of of Bullinger and Vadian. It begins A.D. 100 and villages and churches of different creeds. At ends about 1582. Coire the city itself is Reformed, and the Catholics with their bishop form a separate The Romansh literature was first cultivated town on a hill, called the Court (of the during the Reformation. Gallicius, Campell, bishop). and Biveroni (Bifrun) are the founders of it. Campell prepared a metrical translation of There is in Graubünden neither a State the Psalter, with original hymns and a church nor a free church, but a people’s catechism (1562). Jacob Biveroni, a lawyer of church. Every citizen is baptized, confirmed, Samaden, published a translation of and a church member. Every congregation is Comander’s Catechism, which was printed at sovereign, and elects and supports its own Poschiavo, 1552, and (with the aid of Gallicius pastor. In 1537 a synod was constituted, and Campell) the entire New Testament, which meets annually in the month of June. It which appeared first in 1560 at Basel, and consists of all the ministers and three

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 23 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course representatives of the government, and the sixteenth century, but may as well be attends to the examination and ordination of anticipated here. candidates, and the usual business of administration. The civil government watches 8.38. The Reformation in the Italian Valleys over the preservation of the church property, of the Grisons and prevents a collision of ecclesiastical and I. P. DOM. ROSIUS DE PORTA: Dissertatio civil legislation, but the administration of historico-ecclesiastica qua ecclesiarum church property is in the hands of the local colloquio Vallis Praegalliae et Comitatiis congregations or parishes. The Second Clavennae olim comprehensarum Reformatio et status … exponitur. Curiae, 1787 (pp. 56, 4°). Helvetic Confession of Bullinger was formally His Historia Reformations Eccles. Rhaeticarum, accepted as the creed of the Church in 1566, bk. II. ch. v. pp. 139–179 (on Vergerio).—DAN. but has latterly gone out of use. Ministers are GERDES (a learned Reformed historian, 1698– only required to teach the doctrines of the 1765): Specimen Italiae Reformatae. L. Batav. Bible in general conformity to the teaching of 1765.—*THOMAS MCCRIE (1772–1835, author the Reformed Church. Pastors are at liberty to of the Life of John Knox, etc.): History of the use any catechism they please. The cultus is Progress and Suppression of the Reformation very simple, and the churches are devoid of in Italy. Edinburgh, 1827. 2d ed. 1833. all ornament. Many pious customs prevail Republished by the Presbyterian Board of among the people. A Protestant college was Publication, Philadelphia, 1842. Ch. VI., pp. 291 sqq., treats of the foreign Italian churches and opened at Coire in the year 1542 with the Reformation in the Grisons.—F. TRECHSEL: Pontisella, a native of Bregaglia, as first Die protest. Antitrinitarier, Heidelberg, 1844, rector, who had been gratuitously educated at vol. II. 64 sqq.)—G. LEONHARDI: Ritter Johannes Züerich by the aid of Bullinger. With the Guler von Weineck, Lebensbild eines Rhaetiers college was connected a theological seminary aus dem 17 Jahrh. Bern, 1863. By the same: for the training of ministers. This was Puschlaver Mord. Veltiner Mord. Die abolished in 1843, and its funds were Ausrottung des Protestantismus im converted into scholarships for candidates, Misoxerthal. In the Zeitschrift “der Wahre who now pursue their studies at Basel and Protestant,” Basel, 1852–’54.—B. REBER: Georg Züerich or in German universities. In 1850 Jenatsch, Graubuendens Pfarrer und Held waehrend des dreissigjaehrigen Kriegs. In the the Reformed college at Coire and the “Beitaege zur vaterlaendischen Geschichte,” Catholic college of St. Lucius have been Basel, 1860.—E. LECHNER: Das Thal Bergell consolidated into one institution (Bregaglia) in Graubuenden, Natur, Sagen, (Cantonsschule) located on a hill above Coire, Geschichte, Volk, Sprache, etc. Leipzig, 1865 near the episcopal palace. (pp. 140).—Y. F. FETZ (Rom. Cath.): Geschichte During the sixteenth and seventeenth der kirchenpolitischen Wirren im Freistaat der centuries the Reformed clergy were orthodox drei Buende vom Anfang des 17 Jahrh. bis auf in the sense of moderate Calvinism; in the die Gegenwart. Chur, 1875 (pp. 367).—*KARL BENRATH: Bernardino Ochino von Siena. eighteenth century Pietism and the Moravian Leipzig, 1875 (English translation with preface community exerted a wholesome influence on by William Arthur, London, 1876). Comp. his the revival of spiritual life. In the present Ueber die Quellen der italienischen century about one-half of the clergy have Reformationsgeschichte. Bonn, 1876.—*JOH. been brought up under the influence of KASPAR MOERIKOFER: Geschichte der German Rationalism, and preach Christian evangelischen Fluechtlinge in der Schweiz. morality without supernatural dogmas and Zuerich, 1876.—JOHN STOUGHTON: Footprints of miracles. Italian Reformers. London, 1881 (pp. 235, 267 sqq.).—EM. COMBA (professor of church history The Protestant movement in the Italian in the Waldensian Theological College at valleys of the Grisons began in the middle of Florence): Storia della Riforma in Italia.

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Firenze, 1881 (only l vol. so far). Biblioteca wine, and culture of silk. A Protestant della Riforma Italiana Sec. XVI. Firenze, 1883– congregation was also organized at Locarno ’86. 6 vols. Visita ai Grigioni Riformati Italiani. in the Canton Ticino (Tessin), which then was Firenze, 1885. Vera Narrazione del Massacro di a dependency of the Swiss Confederacy. This Valtellina. Zuerich, 1621. Republished in Italian chapter of the history of Swiss Florence, 1886. Comp. literature on p. 131. Protestantism is closely connected with the II. The Vergerius literature. The works of rise and suppression of the Reformation in VERGERIUS, Latin and Italian, are very rare. Niceron gives a list of fifty-five, Sixt (pp. 595– Italy and the emigration of many Protestant 601) of eighty-nine. He began a collection of confessors, who, like the French Huguenots of his Opera adversus Papatum, of which only the a later period, were driven from their native first volume has appeared, at Tuebingen, 1563. land, to enrich with their industry and virtue Recently EMIL COMBA has edited his Trattacelli foreign countries where they found a e sua storia di Francesco Spiera in the first two hospitable home. volumes of his “Biblioteca della Riforma The first impulse to the Reformation in the Italiana,” Firenze, 1883, and the Parafrasi sopra l’ Epistola ai Romani, 1886. SIXT has Italian Grisons came from Gallicius and published, from the Archives of Koenigsberg, Campell, who labored in the neighboring forty-four letters of Vergerius to Albert, Duke Engadin, and knew Italian as well as of Prussia (pp. 533 sqq.), and KAUSLER and Romansh. The chief agents were Protestant SCHOTT (librarian at Stuttgart), his refugees who fled from the Inquisition to correspondence with Christopher, Duke of Northern Italy and found protection under Wuertemberg (Briefwechsel zwischen the government of the Grisons. Many of them Christoph Herzog von Wuert. und P. P. settled there permanently; others went to Vergerius, Tuebingen, 1875).—WALTER Zurich, Basel, and Geneva. In the year 1550 FRIEDENSBURG: Die Nunciaturen des Vergerio, the number of Italian refugees was about two 1533–’36. Gotha, 1892 (615 pp.). From the papal archives. hundred. Before 1559 the number had CHR. H. SIXT: Petrus Paulus Vergerius, increased to eight hundred. One fourth or paepstlicher Nuntius, katholischer Bischof und fifth of them were educated men. Some Vorkaempfer des Evangeliums. Braunschweig, inclined to Unitarian and Anabaptist opinions, 1855 (pp. 601). With a picture of Vergerius. 2d and prepared the way for Socinianism. (title) ed. 1871. The labors in the Grisons are Among the latter may be mentioned described in ch. III. 181 sqq.—Scattered Francesco Calabrese (in the Engadin); Tiriano notices of Vergerius are found in Sleidan, (at Coire); Camillo Renato, a forerunner of Seckendorf, De Porta, Sarpi, Pallavicini, Socinianism (at Tirano in the Valtellina); Raynaldus, Maimburg, Bayle, Niceron, Ochino, the famous Capuchin pulpit orator Schelhorn, Salig, and Meyer (in his monograph on Locarno. I. 36, 51; II. 236–255). A good (who afterwards went to Geneva, England, article by SCHOTT in Herzog, XVI. 351–357. and Zuerich); Lelio Sozini (who died at (Less eulogistic than Sixt.) Zuerich, 1562); and his more famous nephew, Fausto Sozini (1539–1604), the proper The evangelical Reformation spread in the founder of Socinianism, who ended his life in Italian portions of the Grisons; namely, the Poland. valleys of Pregell or Bregaglia, and Poschiavo (Puschlav), which still belong to the Canton, The most distinguished of the Italian and in the dependencies of the Valtellina evangelists in the Grisons, is Petrus Paulus (Veltlin), Bormio (Worms), and Chiavenna Vergerius (1498–1565). He labored there (Cleven), which were ruled by governors (like four years (1549–1553), and left some the Territories of the United States), but were permanent traces of his influence. He ranks lost to the Grisons in 1797. The Valtellina is among the secondary Reformers, and is an famous for its luxuriant vegetation, fiery interesting but somewhat ambiguous and unsatisfactory character, with a changeful

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 25 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course career. He held one of the highest positions at diplomatic rather than theological, he urged a the papal court, and became one of its most General Council as a means to restore the decided opponents. unity and peace of the Church on the traditional basis. PETRUS PAULUS VERGERIUS. His conversion was gradually brought about Vergerio was at first a prominent lawyer at by a combination of several causes,—the Venice. After the death of his wife (Diana reading of Protestant books which he Contarini), he entered the service of the undertook with the purpose to refute them, Church, and soon rose by his talents and his personal intercourse with Lutheran attainments to influential positions. He was divines and princes in Germany, the sent by Clement VII., together with Campeggi intolerance of his Roman opponents, and the and Pimpinelli, to the Diet of Augsburg, 1530, fearful death of Spiera. He acquired an where he associated with Faber, Eck, and experimental knowledge of the evangelical Cochlaeus, and displayed great zeal and skill doctrine of justification by faith, which at that in attempting to suppress the Protestant time commended itself even to some Roman heresy. He was made papal secretary and divines of high standing, as Cardinal Contarini domestic chaplain, 1532. He was again sent and Reginald Pole, and which was advocated by Paul III. to Germany, in 1535, to negotiate by Paleario of Siena, and by a pupil of Valdés with the German princes about the proposed in an anonymous Italian tract on “The Benefit General Council at Mantua. He had a personal of Christ’s Death.” He began to preach interview with Luther in Wittenberg (Nov. 7), evangelical doctrines and to reform abuses. and took offence at his bad Latin, blunt His brother, bishop of Pola, fully sympathized speech, and plebeian manner. He could not with him. He roused the suspicion of the decide, he said in his official report to the Curia and the Inquisition. He went to Trent in papal secretary (Nov. 12), whether this February, 1546, to justify himself before the German “beast” was possessed by an evil Council, but was refused admittance, and demon or not, but he certainly was the forbidden to return to his diocese. He retired embodiment of arrogance, malice, and to Riva on the Lago di Garda, not far from unwisdom. He afterwards spoke of Luther as Trent. “a man of sacred memory,” and “a great instrument of God,” and lauded him in verses In 1548 he paid a visit to to take some which he composed on a visit to Eisleben in of his nephews to college. He found the city 1559. On his return to Italy, he received as excited by the fearful tragedy of Francesco reward for his mission the archbishopric of Spiera, a lawyer and convert from Romanism, Capo d’ Istria, his native place (not far from who had abjured the evangelical faith from Trieste). He aspired even to the cardinal’s hat. fear of the Inquisition, and fell into a hell of He attended—we do not know precisely in tortures of conscience under the conviction what capacity, whether in the name of the that he had committed the unpardonable sin Pope, or of Francis I. of France—the by rejecting the truth. He was for several Colloquies at Worms and Regensburg, in weeks a daily witness, with many others, of 1540 and 1541, where he met Melanchthon the agonies of this most unfortunate of and Calvin. Melanchthon presented him on apostates, and tried in vain to comfort him. that occasion with a copy of the Augsburg He thought that we must not despair of any Confession and the Apology. At that time he sinner, though he had committed the crimes was, according to his confession, still as blind of Cain and Judas. He prepared himself for his and impious as Saul. In the address De visits by prayer and the study of the Unitate et Pace Ecclesicae, which he delivered comforting promises of the Scriptures. But at Worms, Jan. 1, 1541, and which is Spiera had lost all faith, all hope, all comfort; he insisted that he had committed the sin

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 26 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course against the Holy Spirit which cannot be Züerich or Geneva or Bern, but Bullinger and forgiven in this world nor in the world to Calvin did not trust him. come; he was tormented by the remembrance In November, 1553, he gladly accepted a call of the sins of his youth, the guilt of apostasy, to Wuertemberg as counsellor of Duke the prospect of eternal punishment which he Christopher, one of the best princes of the felt already, and died in utter despair with a sixteenth century, and spent his remaining heart full of hatred and blasphemy. His death twelve years in the Duke’s service. He resided was regarded as a signal judgment of God, a in Tuebingen, but had no official connection warning example, and an argument for the with the University. He continued to write truth of the evangelical doctrines. with his rapid pen inflammatory tracts Vergerio was overwhelmed by this against popery, promoted the translation and experience, and brought to a final decision. distribution of the Bible in the South Slavonic He wrote an apology in which he gives an dialect, maintained an extensive account of the sad story, and renounces his correspondence, and was used in various connection with Rome at the risk of diplomatic and evangelical missions to the persecution, torture, and death. He sent it to Emperor Maximilian at Vienna, to the kings of the suffragan bishop of Padua, Dec. 13, 1548. Bohemia, and Poland. On his first journey to He was deposed and excommunicated by the Poland he made the personal acquaintance of pope, July 3, 1549, and fled over Bergamo to Albert, Duke of Prussia, who esteemed him the Grisons. He remained there till 1553, with highly and supplied him with funds. He occasional journeys to the Valtellina, entered into correspondence with Queen Chiavenna, Zuerich, Bern, and Basel. He was Elizabeth, in the vain hope of an invitation to hospitably received, and developed great England. He desired to be sent as delegate to activity in preaching and writing. People of all the religious conference at Poissy in France, classes gathered around him, and were 1561, but was again disappointed. He paid impressed by his commanding presence and four visits to the Grisons (November, 1561; eloquence. He founded a printing-press in March, 1562; May, 1563; and April, 1564), to Poschiavo in 1549, and issued from it his counteract the intrigues of the Spanish and thunderbolts against popery. He preached at papal party, and to promote the harmony of Pontresina and Samaden in the Upper the Swiss Church with that of Wuertemberg. Engadin, and effected the abolition of the On his second visit he went as far as the mass and the images. He labored as pastor Valtellina. He received an informal invitation three years (1550–53) at Vicosoprano in to attend the Council of Trent in 1561 from Bregaglia. He travelled through the greater Delfino, the papal nuncio, in the hope that he part of Switzerland, and made the might be induced to recant; he was willing to acquaintance of Bullinger, Calvin, and Beza. go at the risk of meeting the fate of Hus at Constance, but on condition of a safe conduct, But the humble condition of the Grisons did which was declined. At last he wished to unite not satisfy his ambition. He felt isolated, and with the Bohemian Brethren, whom he complained of the inhospitable valleys. He admired for their strict discipline combined disliked the democratic institutions. He with pure doctrine; he translated and quarrelled with the older Reformers, published their Confession of Faith. He was in Comander and Gallicius. He tried to get the constant need of money, and his many whole Synod of the Grisons under his control, begging letters to the Dukes of Wuertemberg and, failing in this, to organize a separate and of Prussia make a painful impression; but synod of the Italian congregations. Then he we must take into account the printing aspired to a more prominent position at expenses of his many books, his frequent journeys, and the support of three nephews

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 27 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course and a niece. In his fifty-ninth year he Vergerio was hardly less severe on the conceived the plan of contracting a marriage, cardinals and bishops, although he allowed and asked the Duke to double his allowance some honorable exceptions. He attacked and of two hundred guilders, but the request was ridiculed the Council of Trent, then in session, declined and the marriage given up. and tried to show that it was neither general, He died Oct. 4, 1565, at Tuebingen, and was nor free, nor Christian. He used the same buried there. Dr. Andreae, the chief author of arguments against it as the Old Catholics used the Lutheran Formula of Concord, preached against the Vatican Council of 1870. He the funeral sermon, which the learned repelled the charge of heresy and turned it Crusius took down in Greek. Duke against his former co-religionists. The Christopher erected a monument to his Protestants who follow the Word of God are memory with a eulogistic inscription. orthodox, the Romanists who follow the traditions of men are the heretics. The very numerous Latin and Italian books and fugitive tracts of Vergerio are chiefly His anti-popery writings were read with great polemical against the Roman hierarchy of avidity by his contemporaries, but are now which he had so long been a conspicuous forgotten. Bullinger was unfavorably member. He exposed, with the intemperate impressed, and found in them no solid zeal of a proselyte, the chronique scandaleuse substance, but only frivolous mockery and of the papacy, including the mythical woman- abuse. pope, Johanna (John VIII.), who was then As regards the differences among Protestants, generally believed to have really existed. He Vergerio was inconsistent. He first held the agreed with Luther that the papacy was an Calvinistic theory of the Lord’s Supper, and invention of the Devil; that the pope was the expressed it in his own Catechism, in a letter very Antichrist seated in the temple of God as to Bullinger of Jan. 16, 1554, and even later, in predicted by Daniel (11:36) and Paul (2 June, 1556, at Wittenberg, where he met Thess. 2:3 sq.), and the beast of the Melanchthon and Eber. But in Wuertemberg Apocalypse; and that he would soon be he had to subscribe the Augsburg Confession, destroyed by a divine judgment. He attacked and in a letter to the Duke of Wuertemberg, all the contemporary popes, except Adrian Oct. 23, 1557, he confessed the ubiquitarian VI., to whom he gives credit for honesty and theory of Luther. He also translated the earnestness. He is especially severe on “Saul Catechism of Brenz and the Wuertemberg IV.” (Paul IV.), who as Cardinal Caraffa had Confession into Italian, and thereby offended made some wise and bold utterances on the the Swiss Zwinglians, but told them that he corruption of the clergy, but since his was merely the translator. He never elevation to the “apostate chair, which attributed much importance to the difference, corrupts every one who ascends it,” had and kept aloof from the Eucharistic become the leader of the Counter- controversy. He was not a profound Reformation with its measures of violence theologian, but an ecclesiastical politician and and blood. Such monsters, he says, are the diplomatist, after as well as before his popes. One contradicts the other, and yet they conversion. are all infallible, and demand absolute Vergerio left the Roman Church rather too submission. Rather die a thousand times than late, when the Counter-Reformation had have any communion with popery and fall already begun to crush Protestantism in Italy. away from Christ, the Son of God, who was He was a man of imposing personality, crucified for us and rose from the dead. considerable learning and eloquence, wit and Popery and the gospel are as incompatible as irony, polemic dexterity, and diplomatic darkness and light, as Belial and Christ. No experience, but restless, vain, and ambitious. compromise is possible between them.

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He had an extravagant idea of his own of predestination, which he defended with importance. He could not forget his former logical rigor. In 1563 he returned to episcopal authority and pretensions, nor his Chiavenna as pastor. He had much trouble commanding position as the representative of with restless Italian refugees and with the the pope. He aspired to the dignity and incipient heresy of Socinianism. In 1568 he influence of a sort of Protestant internuncio left for Heidelberg, as professor of theology at all the courts of Europe, and of a mediator on the basis of the Palatinate Catechism, between the Lutheran and Reformed which in 1563 had been introduced under the Churches. Pallavicino, the Jesuit historian of pious Elector Frederick III. He prepared the the Council of Trent, characterizes him as a way for Calvinistic scholasticism. A complete lively and bold man who could not live edition of his works appeared at Geneva, without business, and imagined that business 1619, in three folio volumes. could not get along without him. Calvin found Chiavenna had several other able pastors,— in him much that is laudable, but feared that Simone Florillo, Scipione Lentulo of Naples, he was a restless busybody. Gallicius wrote to Ottaviano Meio of Lucca. Bullinger: “I wish that Vergerio would be Small Protestant congregations were founded more quiet, and persuade himself that the in the Valtellina, at Caspan (1546), Sondrio heavens will not fall even if he, as another (the seat of government), Teglio, Tirano, and Atlas, should withdraw his support.” other towns. Dr. McCrie says: “Upon the Nevertheless, Vergerio filled an important whole, the number of Protestant churches to place in the history of his times. He retained the south of the Alps appears to have the esteem of the Lutheran princes and exceeded twenty, which were all served, and theologians, and he is gratefully remembered continued till the end of the sixteenth century for his missionary services in the two Italian to be for the most part served, by exiles from valleys of the Grisons, which have remained Italy.” faithful to the evangelical faith to this day. But Protestantism in Chiavenna, Bormio, and 8.39. Protestantism in Chiavenna and the the Valtellina was at last swept out of Valtellina, and its Suppression. The existence. We must here anticipate a bloody Valtellina Massacre page of the history of the seventeenth We pass now to the Italian dependencies of century. the Grisons, where Protestantism has had Several causes combined for the destruction only a transient existence. of Protestantism in Upper Italy. The Catholic At Chiavenna the Reformed worship was natives were never friendly to the heretical introduced in 1544 by Agostino Mainardi, a refugees who settled among them, and called former monk of Piedmont, under the them banditi, which has the double meaning protection of Hercules von Salis, governor of of exile and outlaw. They reproached the the province. He was succeeded by Jerome Grisons for receiving them after they had Zanchi (1516–1590), an Augustinian monk been expelled from other Christian countries. who had been converted by reading the They were kept in a state of political works of the Reformers under the direction of vassalage, instead of being admitted to equal Vermigli at Lucca, and became one of the rights with the . The provincial most learned and acute champions of the governors were often oppressive, sold the Calvinistic system. He fled to the Grisons in subordinate offices to partisans, and enriched 1551, and preached at Chiavenna. Two years themselves at the expense of the inhabitants. later he accepted a call to a Hebrew The Protestants were distracted by internal professorship at Strassburg. There he got into feuds. The Roman Counter-Reformation was a controversy with Marbach on the doctrine begun with great zeal and energy in Upper

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Italy and Switzerland by the saintly Cardinal Catholic friend, but was sought out and killed; Charles Borromeo, archbishop of Milan. the head of the Protestant minister, Anton Jesuits and Capuchins stirred up the hatred of Bassa of Poschiavo, was posted on the pulpit the ignorant and superstitious people against of the church. The murderers proceeded to the Protestant heretics. In the Grisons Teglio, and shot down about the same themselves the Roman Catholic party under number of persons in the church, together the lead of the family of Planta, and the with the minister, who was wounded in the Protestants, headed by the family of Salis, pulpit, and exhorted the hearers to persevere; strove for the mastery. The former aimed at a number of women and children, who had the suppression of the Reformation in the taken refuge in the tower of the church, were leagues as well as the dependencies, and were burnt. The priest of Teglio took part in the suspected of treasonable conspiracy with bloody business, carrying the cross in the left, Spain and Austria. The Protestant party held a and the sword in the right hand. At Sondrio, court (Strafgericht, a sort of tribunal of the massacre raged for three days. Seventy- inquisition) at in 1618, which included one Protestants, by their determined stand, nine preachers, and condemned the were permitted to escape to the Engadin, but conspirators. The aged Zambra, who in the one hundred and forty fell victims to the torture confessed complicity with Spain, was bandits; a butcher boasted of having beheaded; Nicolaus Rusca, an esteemed murdered eighteen persons. Not even the priest, leader of the Spanish Catholic interests dead were spared; their bodies were in the Valtellina, called the hammer of the exhumed, burnt, thrown into the water, or heretics, was cruelly tortured to death; exposed to wild beasts. Paula Baretta, a noble Bishop John Flugi was deposed and outlawed; Venetian lady of eighty years, who had left a the brothers Rudolf and Pompeius Planta, the nunnery for her religious conviction, was Knight Jacob Robustelli, and other influential shamefully maltreated and delivered to the Catholics were banished, and the property of Inquisition at Milan, where a year afterward the Plantas was confiscated. she suffered death at the stake. Anna of Libo These unrighteous measures created general fled with a child of two years in her arms; she indignation. The exiles fostered revenge, and was overtaken and promised release on were assured of Spanish aid. Robustelli condition of abjuring her faith. She refused, returned, after his banishment, to the saying, “You may kill the body, but not the Valtellina, and organized a band of about soul;” she pressed her child to her bosom, and three hundred desperate bandits from the received the death-blow. When the people Venetian and Milanese territories for the saw the stream of blood on the market-place overthrow of the government of the Grisons before the chief church, they exclaimed: “This and the extermination of Protestantism. is the revenge for our murdered arch-priest Rusca!” He was henceforth revered as a holy This is the infamous “Valtellina Massacre” martyr. At Morbegno the Catholics behaved (Veltliner Mord) of July, 1620. It may be well, and aided the Protestants in making called an imitation of the Sicilian Vespers, and their escape. The fugitives were kindly of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. It was the received in the Grisons and other parts of fiendish work of religious fanaticism Switzerland. From the Valtellina Robustelli combined with political discontent. The proceeded to Poschiavo, burnt the town of tragedy began in the silence of the night, from Brusio, and continued there the butchery of July 18th to 19th, by the murder of sixty Protestants till he was checked. defenceless adult Protestants of Tirano; the Podesta Enderlin was shot down in the street, The Valtellina declared itself independent and mutilated, and thrown into the Adda; Anton elected the Knight Robustelli military chief. von Salis took refuge in the house of a The canons of the Council of Trent were

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 30 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course proclaimed, papal indulgences introduced, freedom guaranteed by the constitution of the evangelical churches and cemeteries 1848. reconsecrated for Catholic use, the corpses of In this wild episode of the Thirty Years’ War, Protestants dug up, burnt, and cast into the a Protestant preacher, Colonel Georg river. Addresses were sent to the Pope and Jenatsch, plays a prominent figure as a the kings of Spain and France, explaining and romantic hero. He was born at Samaden in excusing the foul deeds by which the rebels the Upper Engadin, 1590, studied for the claimed to have saved the Roman religion and Protestant ministry at Zuerich, successively achieved political freedom from intolerable served the congregations at Scharans and at tyranny. Berbenno in the Valtellina, and narrowly Now began the long and bloody conflicts for escaped the massacre at Sondrio by making the recovery of the lost province, in which his flight through dangerous mountain several foreign powers took part. The passes. He was an eloquent speaker, an question of the Valtellina (like the Eastern ardent patriot, a shrewd politician, and a question in modern times) became a brave soldier, but ambitious, violent, European question, and was involved in the unscrupulous, extravagant, and unprincipled. Thirty Years’ War. Spain, in possession of He took part in the cruel decision of the court Milan, wished to join hands with Austria of Thusis (1618), and killed Pompeius Planta across the Alpine passes of the Grisons; while with an axe (1621). He served as guide and France and Venice had a political motive to counsellor of the Duke de Rohan, and by his keep them closed. Austrian and Spanish knowledge, pluck, and energy, materially troops conquered and occupied the Valtellina aided him in the defeat of Austria. Being and the three leagues, expelled the Protestant disappointed in his ambition, he turned preachers, and inflicted unspeakable misery traitor to France, joined the Austrian party upon the people. France, no less Catholic and the Roman Church (1635), but educated under the lead of Cardinal Richelieu, but his children in the Protestant religion. He was jealous of the , came to the murdered at a banquet in Coire (1639) by an support of the Protestants in the Grisons, as unknown person in revenge for the murder of well as the Swedes in the north, and sent an Pompeius Planta. He is buried in the Catholic army under the command of the noble church, near the bishop’s palace. A Capuchin Huguenot Duke Henri de Rohan, who monk delivered the funeral oration. defeated the Austrians and Spaniards, and conquered the Valtellina (1635). 8.40. The Congregation of Locarno FERDINAND MEYER: Die evangelische Gemeinde The Grisons with French aid recovered the von Locarno, ihre Auswanderung nach Züerich Valtellina by the stipulation of Chiavenna, und ihre weiteren Schicksale. Zuerich, 1836. 2 1636, which guaranteed to the three leagues vols. An exhaustive monograph carefully all the rights of sovereignty, but on condition drawn from MS. sources, and bearing more of tolerating no other religion in that province particularly on the Italian congregation at but the Roman Catholic. Rohan, who had the Zuerich, to which the leading Protestant best intentions for the Grisons, desired to families of Locarno emigrated. save Protestant interests, but Catholic France Locarno, a beautiful town on the northern would not agree. He died in 1638, and was end of the Lago Maggiore, was subject to the buried at Geneva. Swiss Confederacy and ruled by bailiffs. It had The Valtellina continued to be governed by in the middle of the sixteenth century a bailiffs till 1797. It is now a part of the Protestant congregation of nearly two kingdom of Italy, and enjoys the religious hundred members. Chief among them were Beccaria, Taddeo Duno, Lodovico Ronco, and

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 31 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course

Martino Muralto. A religious disputation was with Bullinger, generally esteemed and held there in 1549, about the authority of the beloved. He was one of the most pope, the merit of good works, justification, distinguished and useful Italian converts, and, auricular confession, and purgatory. It ended like Zanchi, an orthodox Calvinist. in a tumult. Wirz, the presiding bailiff, who The Italian congregation was enlarged by new knew neither Latin nor Italian, gave a fugitives from Locarno and continued to the decision in favor of the Roman party. Beccaria end of the sixteenth century. The principal refused to submit, escaped, and went to families of Duno, Muralto, Orelli, Pestalozzi, Zurich, where he was kindly received by and others were received into citizenship, Bullinger. He became afterwards a member of took a prominent position in the history of the Synod of Graubuenden, and was sent as Zuerich, and promoted its industry and an evangelist to Misocco, but returned to prosperity, like the exiled Huguenots in Zurich. Brandenburg, Holland, England, and North The faithful Protestants of Locarno, who America. preferred emigration to submission, wandered with wives and children on foot 8.41. Zwinglianism in Germany and on horseback over snow and ice to The principles of the Helvetic Reformation Graubuenden and Zurich, in 1556. Half of spread also to some extent in Germany, but in them remained in the Grisons, and mingled a modified form, and prepared the way for with the evangelical congregations. The rest the mediating (Melanchthonian) character of organized an Italian congregation in Züerich the German Reformed Church. Although under the fostering care of Bullinger. It was Luther overshadowed every other served for a short time by Vergerio, who personality in Germany, Zwingli had also his came from Tuebingen for the purpose, and friends and admirers, especially the then by Bernardino Ochino, who had fled Landgrave, Philip of Hesse, who labored very from England to Basel after the accession of zealously, though unsuccessfully, for a union Queen Mary. Ochino was a brilliant genius of the Lutherans and the Reformed. Bucer and and an eloquent preacher, then already sixty- Capito at Strassburg, Cellarius at Augsburg, eight years old, but gave offence by his Arian Blaurer at Constance, Hermann at Reutlingen, and other heretical opinions, and was and Somius at Ulm, strongly sympathized required to leave in 1563. He went to Basel, with the genius and tendency of the Züerich Strassburg, Nuernberg, Krakau; was expelled Reformer. His influence was especially felt in from Poland, Aug. 6, 1564; and died in those free cities of Southern Germany where poverty in Moravia, 1565, a victim of his the democratic element prevailed. subtle speculations and the intolerance of his Four of these cities, Strassburg, Constance, times. He wrote an Italian catechism for the Memmingen, and Lindau, handed to the Diet Locarno congregation in the form of a of Augsburg, 11th July, 1530, a special dialogue (1561). confession (Confessio Tetrapolitana) drawn The most important accession to the exiles up by Bucer, with the assistance of Hedio, and was Pietro Martire Vermigli, who had answered by the Roman divines, Faber, Eck, likewise fled from England, first to Strassburg and Cochlaeus. It is the first symbolical book (1553), then to Züerich (1555). He was of the German Reformed Church (Zwingli’s received as a member into the council of the writings having never acquired symbolical Locarno congregation, presented with the authority), but was superseded by the citizenship of Zurich, and elected professor of Heidelberg Catechism (1563) and the Second Hebrew in place of Conrad Pellican (who died Helvetic Confession (1566). It strikes a in 1556). He labored there till his death, in middle course between the Augsburg 1562, in intimate friendship and harmony Confession of Melanchthon and the private

History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 32 CH804: Volume 8, Chapter 4 a Grace Notes course

Confession sent in by Zwingli during the same Diet, and anticipates Calvin’s view on the Lord’s Supper by teaching a real fruition of the true body and blood of Christ, not through the mouth, but through faith, for the nourishment of the soul into eternal life. The Zwinglian Reformation was checked and almost destroyed in Germany by the combined opposition of Romanism and Lutheranism. The four cities could not maintain their isolated position, and signed the Augsburg Confession for political reasons, to join the Smalcaldian League. The Reformed Church took a new start in the Palatinate under the combined influence of Zwingli, Melanchthon, and Calvin (1563), gained strength by the accession of the reigning dynasty of Prussia (since 1614), and was ultimately admitted to equal rights with the Roman Catholic and Lutheran Churches in the German Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia (1648).