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Metamorfoses.Pdf Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Literaturas e Culturas Modernas, Área de Especialização em Estudos Ingleses e Norte-Americanos, realizada sob a orientação científica de João Paulo Ascenso Pereira da Silva AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar, gostaria de agradecer ao Professor João Paulo Ascenso Pereira da Silva, pelo constante apoio e dedicação ao presente trabalho, pelos muitos empréstimos de bibliografia acerca das temáticas abordadas, pela revisão atenta dos capítulos e também pelas numerosas conversas sobre estes e os temas neles explorados (especialmente quanto à literatura romântica e gótica). Agradeço aos meus pais pelo pagamento de propinas e de outras despesas relativas à faculdade e pela sua ajuda com a revisão do trabalho. Agradeço também à minha avó materna pelo contributo no pagamento. Por último, agradeço a todos com os quais falei sobre a dissertação pelas palavras encorajadoras. AS METAMORFOSES DO VAMPIRO: DO VAMPIRO NO FOLCLORE A LORD RUTHVEN Rafael Peres Marques RESUMO PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Literatura Inglesa, Romantismo, Literatura Gótica, Vampiros, John William Polidori (1795-1821) A presente dissertação tem por objectivo um estudo do desenvolvimento do vam- piro enquanto arquétipo literário romântico (sobretudo na literatura inglesa). Realizou-se inicialmente uma abordagem pouco exaustiva às representações desta criatura no âmbito folclórico, que mais adiante se revelou fundamental na análise do corpus textual escolhi- do. São seguidamente abordados e comentados textos setecentistas acerca dos vampiros, bem como das suas supostas aparições em diversas regiões europeias, textos que se reve- lariam decisivos para o desenvolvimento desta figura na literatura e imaginário europeus nos séculos XVIII e XIX. Concluídas estas secções iniciais, procedeu-se ao estudo de um vasto corpus literário, constituído sobretudo por poemas alusivos a vampiros ou criaturas similares. Somente uma destas obras foi analisada aprofundadamente: a narrativa fantás- tica intitulada The Vampyre (1819) de John William Polidori. Será através da análise dos textos escolhidos que se poderá cumprir a mais importante finalidade do trabalho: desco- brir como os escritores românticos recriaram aquela que viria a figurar entre as mais cele- bradas figuras da ficção e imaginário fantásticos. ABSTRACT KEYWORDS: English Literature, Romanticism, Gothic Literature, Vampires, John William Polidori (1795-1821) The present dissertation aims at an analysis of the development of the vampire as a literary and Romantic archetype (primarily in English literature). A fairly succinct app- roach was made to the various representations of this being in folklore, something which proved fundamental while analysing the literary corpus. Several eighteenth-century texts on vampires and their rumoured sightings in various European regions are here summari- sed and discussed, texts which would eventually prove essential for this creature’s evolu- tion within both eighteenth and nineteenth-century literatures and thought. Following the initial chapters is the analysis of a large corpus, which consists mostly of poems in regard to either a vampire or a similar being. One of these texts is analysed in depth, namely the supernatural tale entitled The Vampyre (1819) by the writer John William Polidori. Thus, through an analysis of the texts, the chief objective of this dissertation shall be accompli- shed: that is, to discover how Romantic writers rewrote that which would become one of the most well-known creatures in fantastic fiction and culture. ÍNDICE Introdução ......................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo I: Origens do Vampiro no Folclore .................................................................... 4 I.1: A Versatilidade do Vampiro .......................................................................... 4 I.2: Vampirismo e Criaturas Vampíricas .............................................................. 7 Capítulo II: Do Mito Popular ao Assunto Académico ................................................... 14 Capítulo III: Primeiras Representações Literárias do Vampiro...................................... 24 III.1: Primórdios da Literatura Gótica ................................................................ 24 III.2: O Vampiro na Poesia Alemã Setecentista ................................................. 29 III.3: O Vampiro na Poesia Romântica Inglesa .................................................. 34 Capítulo IV: Lord Ruthven: Precursor do Vampiro Moderno ....................................... 42 IV.1: Polidori e a Génese de The Vampyre ......................................................... 42 IV.2: Lord Ruthven e o Vampirismo .................................................................. 47 IV.3: A Vampirização de Aubrey ....................................................................... 56 IV.4: Recepção e Expansão de The Vampyre na Europa .................................... 62 Conclusão ....................................................................................................................... 67 Bibliografia ..................................................................................................................... 70 Apêndice 1: “Der Vampir” de Ossenfelder ...................................................................... i Apêndice 2: Lenore de Gottfried August Bürger ............................................................ ii INTRODUÇÃO O presente estudo visa estabelecer uma análise comparativa entre o vampiro como representado nos mitos europeus (especialmente na Europa de Leste, Central e balcânica), e o muito mais tardio vampiro literário, desenvolvido por alguns autores durante o período romântico, e prevalecente ainda no imaginário e indústrias de entretenimento actuais. Mas apesar de todos os elementos arquetípicos normalmente associados aos vampiros, podere- mos observar através deste estudo que vários textos (poéticos, narrativos e até alguns não- literários) remodelaram esta criatura substancialmente, ao dar-lhe características e signifi- cados inovadores. É com vista a determinar essas inovações literárias que nos propusemos proceder ao estudo de vários textos centrados nesta personagem. Procuraremos confrontar o vampiro estritamente folclórico com as suas manifestações literárias. Principiaremos justamente por uma abordagem panorâmica às muitas encarnações desta criatura nas narrativas folclóricas, sobretudo na tradição europeia (embora também consideremos algumas criaturas oriundas de regiões diferentes). Procuraremos primeira- mente chegar a uma definição possível da palavra “vampiro” (recusando uma mera con- cepção simplista desta figura versátil). Na verdade, o vampiro trata-se claramente de uma entidade multifacetada, mesmo considerando somente as suas variantes tipicamente fol- clóricas, algumas das quais nomearemos ainda nesse capítulo. Outras temáticas associa- das ao vampiro serão exploradas (entre elas a simbologia bíblica do sangue). O segundo capítulo encontra-se associado ao primeiro, mas deixa a intemporali- dade do anterior de modo a centrar-se no período e escritores setecentistas: vários autores deste período escreveram artigos, dissertações, panfletos e outras monografias acerca do vampiro e dos boatos relativos aos ataques vampíricos. Desta forma, enquanto o primeiro capítulo se refere a estas criaturas como se fossem verídicas (uma ideia que não tentare- mos nem defender nem contestar nesta tese), o segundo coloca o foco no intenso debate epistemológico travado entre vários escritores de renome em torno destas. Muitos destes autores consideravam a crença nos vampiros uma superstição, e acabariam por desvalo- rizá-los como tal. Mas simultaneamente, o fascínio que os vampiros despertaram na im- prensa ocidental propiciou o posterior desenvolvimento destes como motivo e persona- gem literários durante os séculos seguintes. Será precisamente deste desenvolvimento do vampiro enquanto arquétipo literário que falaremos nos capítulos seguintes. Primeiramente, faremos uma breve abordagem aos 1 aspectos e primórdios da literatura gótica, dando particular ênfase aos primeiros romances góticos ingleses. O subcapítulo não incidirá sobre os vampiros literários, tratando-se ba- sicamente de um prelúdio aos conteúdos tratados noutros subcapítulos (mais particular- mente a narrativa que analisaremos no quarto capítulo). Entraremos seguidamente no do- mínio da poesia lírica: ao longo dos dois subcapítulos seguintes, serão apresentados al- guns poemas centrados em entidades vampíricas, escritos por autores alemães e ingleses. Foram seleccionados poemas com base não apenas na qualidade estética ou na fama dos autores (quase todos poetas canónicos), mas também de acordo com um corpus literário proposto por James Twitchell, Melton e ainda outros críticos. As passagens dos poemas alemães serão dadas no Alemão (incluiremos em apêndice traduções inglesas). E finalmente, avançaremos para o quarto e último capítulo, que incidirá particu- larmente sobre a narrativa The Vampyre (1819), habitualmente considerada o primeiro conto na ficção inglesa centrado num vampiro. Antes de principiarmos o comentário à narrativa, há que dar a conhecer o seu autor e as circunstâncias em que a história foi redigida. Assim, começaremos por apresentar o escritor e médico John Polidori (1795- 1821), normalmente recordado como autor da narrativa supracitada e como médico
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