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Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala Facultad De Ciencias Quimicas Y Farmacia

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Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala Facultad De Ciencias Quimicas Y Farmacia UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS Y FARMACIA Diversidad de especies de la familia Arecaceae en dos Biotopos Protegidos del departamento de Petén: Cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas INFORME DE TESIS Presentado por María del Mar Velásquez Azurdia Bióloga Guatemala Octubre del 2016 1 INDICE No. pág. 1 Resumen……………………………………................................................. 7 2 Introducción………………………………………………………………... 9 3 Antecedentes………………………………………………………………. 11 3.1 Marco Conceptual…………………………………………………... 11 3.1.1 Descripción y distribución de la familia 11 Arecaceae………………………………………………….. 3.1.2 Importancia ecológica y económica……………………….. 13 3.1.3 Amenazas que afronta la familia Arecaceae……………….. 14 3.1.4 Factores que afectan a la familia Arecaceae……………….. 15 3.2 Marco Referencial…………………………………………………... 17 3.2.1 Estudios de la ecología de Arecaceae a nivel 17 mundial…………………………………………………….. 3.2.2 Ecología de Arecaceae en Guatemala……………………… 18 3.3 Marco Contextual…………………………………………………… 19 3.3.1 Biotopo Naachtún Dos Lagunas…………………………… 19 3.3.2 Biotopo Cerro Cahuí………………………………………. 21 4 Justificación……………………………………………………………….. 23 5 Objetivos…………………………………………………………………… 25 5.1 Objetivo general……………………………………………………. 25 5.2 Objetivos específicos……………………………………………….. 25 6 Hipótesis…………………………………………………………….. 26 7 Materiales y métodos………………………....................................... 27 7.1 Universo……………………………………...................................... 27 7.2 Materiales…………………………………………………………… 28 7.3 Metodología………………………………………………………… 29 7.3.1 Técnicas de colectas para la familia 29 Arecaceae…………………………………………………… 7.4 Métodos……………………………………………………………… 30 7.4.1 Variables independientes…………………………………… 30 7.4.2 Co-Variables……………………………………………….. 30 7.4.2.1 Variables estructurales del terreno………………... 31 7.4.2.2 Variables estructurales de la vegetación………….. 31 7.4.2.3 Variables dependientes…………………………… 31 7.5 Análisis estadístico………………………………………………….. 32 8 Resultado…………………………………………………………………… 33 8.1 Diversidad de especies de la familia Arecaceae en los biotopos 33 protegidos Cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas, departamento de Petén…………………………………………………………………. 8.1.1 Riqueza y composición de la familia Arecaceae en los 35 biotopos protegidos cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas……………………………………………………… 2 No. pág. 8.1.2 Distribución y abundancia de la familia Arecaceae en los 37 biotopos protegidos Cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas………….................................................................... 8.1.3 Variables estructurales del terreno y de la vegetación 43 asociadas a la distribución de la familia Arecaceae en los biotopos protegidos Cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas……………………………………………………… 8.1.3.1 Variables estructurales del terreno……….............. 43 8.1.3.2 Variables estructurales de la vegetación…............. 45 8.1.3.3 Análisis de Correspondencia Rectificado –DCA- 47 8.2 Mapas de distribución potencial…………............................................ 50 8.2.1 Distribución potencial de las especies de Arecaceae 50 colectadas en los biotopos protegidos Naachtún Dos Lagunas y Cerro Cahuí………………………………............ 8.2.2 Descripción de las especies de la familia Arecaceae 51 registradas en los Biotopos protegidos Cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas…………………………………........ 9 Discusión de Resultados…………………...................................................... 60 9.1 Diversidad y, composición de la familia Arecaceae en los biotopos 60 Cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas, departamento de Petén…………………………………………………………………. 9.2 Variables que determinan la distribución de especies de la familia 62 Arecaceae en los Biotopos Protegidos Cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas, departamento de Peten…………………………………...... 9.3 Distribución potencial e implicaciones para la Conservación de las 64 Especies de Arecaceae en los Biotopos Protegidos Cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas, Departamento de Petén……………………. 10 Conclusiones………………………………………………………………… 67 11 Recomendaciones…………………………………………………………… 69 12 Referencias………………………………....................................................... 70 13 Anexos……………………………………..................................................... 76 3 INDICE DE CUADROS, FOTOS, FIGURAS Y GRÁFICAS Cuadros No. Pág. No. 1 Número de especies reportadas en Flora de Guatemala (1958) y Guía de Palmas de América para Guatemala (1995)…………………………………………………… 12 No. 2 Variables del terreno de las parcelas para el muestreo de Arecaceae en el biotopo protegido Cerro Cahuí………... 33 No. 3 Variables del terreno de las parcelas para el muestreo de Arecaceae en el Biotopo Protegido Naachtún Dos Lagunas…………………………………………………. 34 No. 4 Especies presentes en los biotopos protegidos Naachtún Dos Lagunas (Lagu) y Cerro Cahuí (Cahu)……………. 35 No. 5 Número de individuos por parcela contabilizados en el biotopo protegido Cerro Cahuí…………………………. 38 No. 6 Número de individuos por parcela contabilizados en el biotopo protegido Naachtún Dos Lagunas……………… 39 No. 7 Área basal, cobertura y densidad de árboles por parcela en el biotopo protegido Cerro Cahuí……………………. 46 No. 8 Área basal, cobertura y densidad de árboles por parcela en el biotopo Protegido Naachtún Dos Lagunas………... 46 Fotos No. 1 Hojas de Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebm es. 51 Mart…………………………………………………… No. 2 Hojas de Attalea cohune Mart……………………….. 52 No. 3 Planta de Chamaedorea elegans Mart………………. 53 No. 4 Hojas de Chamaedorea oblongata Mart……………. 54 No. 5 Planta de Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. Ex Mart…... 56 No. 6 Hojas y frutos de Cryosophyla stauracantha (Heynh) 57 R. Evans………………………………………………. No. 7 Hojas y fruto de Desmoncus orthacanthos Mart……… 58 No. 8 Planta de Sabal mexicana Mart……………………….. 59 4 Figuras No. Pág. No. 1 Mapa de ubicación de los biotopos protegidos Naachtún Dos Lagunas y Cerro Cahuí………………... 22 No. 2 Disposición de las parcelas para el muestreo de especies de Arecaceae en el área de estudio…………... 27 No. 3 Mapa de localización de las parcelas para el muestreo de Arecaceae en el biotopo protegido Cerro Cahuí…… 43 No. 4 Mapa de distribución de las parcelas para el muestreo de Arecaceae en el biotopo protegido Naachtún Dos Lagunas………………………………………………… 45 No. 5 Mapa de distribución potencial de la especie Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebm es. 51 Mart……………………………………………………. No. 6 Mapa de distribución potencial de la especie Attalea cohune Mart……………………………………………. 52 No. 7 Mapa de distribución potencial de la especie Chamaedorea elegans Mart…………………………… 53 No. 8 Mapa de distribución potencial de la especie Chamaedorea oblongata Mart………………………... 54 No. 9 Mapa de distribución potencial de la especie Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret………………………….. 55 No. 10 Mapa de distribución potencial de la especie Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. Ex Mart……………… 56 No. 11 Mapa de distribución potencial de la especie Cryosophyla stauracantha (Heynh) R. Evans…………. 57 No. 12 Mapa de distribución potencial de la especie Desmoncus orthacanthos Mart………………………… 58 No. 13 Mapa de distribución potencial de la especie Sabal mexicana Mart………………………………………… 59 5 Gráficas No. Pág. No. 1 Curva de acumulación de especies de los biotopos protegidos Naachtún Dos Lagunas y Cerro Cahuí realizado con el programa PCORD Versión 5…………...................................................................... 37 No. 2 Distribución y abundancia de palmas por parcela en el biotopo protegido Cerro Cahuí……………………... 38 No. 3 Distribución y abundancia de palmas por parcela en el biotopo protegido Naachtún Dos Lagunas (Lagu)…. 40 No. 4 Riqueza de individuos por géneros de la familia Arecaceae observados en los biotopos protegidos Naachtún Dos Lagunas y Cerro Cahuí dentro de las parcelas………………………………………………... 41 No. 5 Frecuencia de individuos por especie de la familia Arecaceae observados en los Biotopos Naachtún 42 Dos Lagunas (Lagu) y Cerro Cahuí (Cahu)………………... No.6 Altitud en las parcelas del biotopo protegido Cerro Cahuí………………………………………………….. 44 No. 7 Altitud en las parcelas del biotopo protegido Naachtún Dos Lagunas…………………………………………... 44 No. 8 Análisis de correspondencia rectificado de las parcelas del biotopo protegido Cerro Cahuí y las especies relacionadas a ellas……………………………………. 48 No. 9 Análisis de correspondencia rectificado de parcelas del biotopo protegido Naachtún Dos Lagunas y las especies relacionadas a ellas……………...…………… 49 6 1. RESUMEN El presente estudio se realizó en dos biotopos protegidos ubicados en el departamento de Petén: Cerro Cahuí y Naachtún Dos Lagunas, administrados por el Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas –CECON-, con el objetivo de conocer la diversidad de especies así como identificar las variables estructurales del terreno y de la vegetación que estén asociadas a la distribución de la familia Arecaceae en dichos biotopos. Se midieron variables estructurales del terreno (altitud, pendiente y orientación) y de la vegetación (cobertura del dosel y diámetro a la altura del pecho). En cada biotopo se levantaron 10 parcelas en donde se colectaron especímenes de dicha familia que fueron depositados en el herbario de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala -USCG -. Se colectó un total de 12 especies de palmas, que representa el 86% de especies reportada para la familia Arecaceae en el departamento de Petén, según la Guía de palmas de América (Henderson,1995). Se registó un total de 1,204 especímenes, 989 en el biotopo protegido Naachtún Dos Lagunas distribuidos en diez especies de palmas y 215 especímenes de nueve especies en el biotopo Cerro Cahuí. Se determinó que la altitud y pendiente no influyen en la distribución de las especies, según el coeficiente de Pearson que
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