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Conservation of Food Tree Species in Niger: Towards a Participatory Approach in Rural Communities

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Conservation of Food Tree Species in Niger: Towards a Participatory Approach in Rural Communities Forest Systems 25(3), e080, 13 pages (2016) eISSN: 2171-9845 http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2016253-09558 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Conservation of food tree species in Niger: towards a participatory approach in rural communities Dolores Agúndez*1,2, Soumana Douma3, Javier Madrigal1,2, Almudena Gómez-Ramos4, Barbara Vinceti5, Ricardo Alía1,2 and Ali Mahamane3 1 INIA-CIFOR, Madrid, Spain; 2 Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute Universidad de Valladolid & INIA, Spain; 3 Université de Diffa, Niger; 4 Universidad de Valladolid, Spain; 5 Bioversity International, Rome, Italy Abstract Aim of study: Indigenous woody species play an important role as a complement on the diet of rural populations in Niger, espe- cially in periods of food scarcity. However, these species are nowadays overexploited and management programmes are necessary to conserve them. In order to design a conservation programme for edible woody species, this paper presents a sociological analy- sis about the use of edible woody species and their products during shortage periods in Niger. Area of study: Four villages in two distinct agro-ecological regions were selected to conduct structured enquiries based on focus group discussions and surveys with key informants. Material and Methods: Perceptions of the conservation status of these species were identified; as well the factors affecting food values, perceptions, management and collection practices. Main results: Results show that B. senegalensis was a staple food in the driest areas, and M. crassifolia was used for fodder and human consumption in the most critical situations. The local communities related the drivers of species conservation status spe- cific to the agro-ecological regions, and gender and ethnic differences were also identified. Research highlights: Understanding these factors constitutes a first step towards adaptive management strategies for the conser- vation of woody food species in rural communities of Niger. Keywords: Africa; biodiversity; cultural preferences; food; NTFPs. Citation: Agúndez, D., Douma, S., Madrigal, J., Gómez-Ramos, A., Vinceti, B., Alía, R., Mahamane, A. (2016). Conservation of food tree species in Niger: towards a participatory approach in rural communities. Forest Systems, Volume 25, Issue 3, e080. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2016253-09558. Received: 01 Mar 2016. Accepted: 17 Nov 2016. Copyright © 2016 INIA. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (by-nc) Spain 3.0 Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Funding: This research was financed by i) the National Institute for Agricultural and Food Scientific Research and Technology, (INIA, Spain), through collaboration between Bioversity International, the Forest Research Centre (CIFOR) of INIA, and our part- ners from African countries operating under the umbrella of SAFORGEN, ii) the EuropeAid/132023/D/ACT/ACPTPS ACP-EU Co-operation Programme in Higher Education (EDULINK II) “Strengthening Agroforestry Programmes in Higher Education for Food Security in sub-Saharan Africa” – SAPHE, Contract Number: FED/2013/320-291, and iii) the Spanish Cooperation Agency for Development (AECID, Spain), through the project “Access, conservation, management and valuation of food woody species in Niger” (2014/ACDE/003520). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Correspondence should be addressed to Dolores Agúndez: [email protected] Supplementary material (S1) accompanies the paper on FS website. Introduction sustainability (Vinceti et al., 2013). These products complement staple food crops (Kalinganire et al., 2007; Forests, wild trees and shrubs in marginal lands and Faye et al., 2011), and are either consumed as primary agroforestry systems have great ecological and liveli- ingredients or used as condiments in various dishes. hood value for rural populations in arid regions despite Edible woody species can be important during periods their low growth potential (Assefa & Abebe, 2011; of drought, social unrest or war (Atato et al., 2011; Larwanou & Saadou, 2011; Pingali et al., 2014; Thi- Ocho et al., 2012). They are also a potential source of ombiano et al., 2013). They supply edible products income when marketed or traded as a food product such as bark, flowers, fruits, leaves, nuts, roots, seeds (Assogbadjo & Loo, 2011; Ekué, 2011; Muok et al., and tubers that contribute to food security and diet 2011; Sanou & Lamien, 2011). 2 Dolores Agúndez, Soumana Douma, Javier Madrigal, Almudena Gómez-Ramos, Barbara Vinceti, Ricardo Alía, et al. African dry territories are among the most threatened not significant in indigenous knowledge of vegetation and least studied agroforestry systems, and there is an dynamics in Burkina Faso (Sop & Oldeland, 2011), urgent need to support the development of sustainable wild fruit consumption in the Amhara region in Ethio- management and conservation policies (Blackie et al., pia (Fentahun & Hager, 2009), or identifying woody 2014). The Sahel has experienced dramatic environ- vegetation in south Western Niger (Ayantunde et al., mental changes during the last four decades, including 2008). the droughts during the 1970s and 1980s, the causes The participatory approach is a way of incorporating and effects of which are still under debate (Herrmann both traditional and scientific knowledge and can result et al., 2005; Hiernaux et al., 2009; Lézine et al., 2011; in good outcomes when applied to natural resources Mertz et al., 2012; Nutini et al., 2013). Despite a recent conservation management. Participatory approach trend of increasing rainfall over the last decade, the recognise the existence of different types of knowledge prevailing view is that a decline in annual rainfall has associated with the different stakeholders, and during been the main driver of climate change at the regional the analysis phase, both traditional information and level, operating in synergy with other factors, such as scientific knowledge, should be validated (Baia & population trends, land management strategies, man- Luisa, 2016). agement of local natural resources and public policies The previous literature offers lists of useful wild (Mbow et al., 2008; Epule et al., 2014). There is a plants from Niger, including edible species, and the general gap in understanding of land use change in nutritional value of some of them (Freiberger et al., Niger (D’haen et al., 2013) and comprehensive studies 1998; Cook et al., 2000) but this study states the base are necessary to inform actions improving the resilience line of the local perception of the food tree species of the rural populations and buffering the current status in two regions of Niger, to be used in participa- negative effects on agroforestry systems (van Vliet tory conservation planning. It constitutes the ex- et al., 2013). ploratory phase for a participatory planning, this is Local communities should be involved throughout why the approach considered in this study is the Rapid the planning process, starting with the identification of Rural Appraisal Approach (RRA; Blumenthal & Jan- the problem and any possible solutions, including the nink, 2000). design and implementation of conservation schemes. The main question addressed is to what extent local Participatory conservation strategies have more chance communities identify the conservation status of their of being actually implemented and successful (FAO/ resources and the pressure factors on the resource FLD/IPGRI, 2004). Muhumuza & Balkwill (2013) sug- base, given the importance of this information for the gested that conservation approaches in National Parks implementation of more effective and sustainable in Africa need to place more emphasis on the human conservation actions. For that purpose, the identifica- dimension of biodiversity conservation than purely on tion of the key woody food species by rural communi- scientific studies of species and habitats. The success ties was followed by an evaluation of the perception of management plans is often based on community- of their conservation status and of the drivers acting based conservation interventions, including commu- on the conservation of the species. The hypothesis nity knowledge and capacity to observe the process and was that the perception about the drivers for a par- gather key information (Rodríguez-Izquierdo et al., ticular species would be influenced by the food value 2010; Waylen et al, 2010). Furthermore, recognizing attributed to the species, by the perception of occur- how and why people value different resources mini- rence change and regeneration status, but also by the mizes the conflicts between stakeholders and promotes status of residence, gender and ethnicity of the local the social acceptability of management activities (Ives dwellers. & Kendal, 2014). The results provide an assessment of the use of ed- Gender and ethnicity (e.g. in level of knowledge, ible woody species and contribute to the analysis of the preferences and types of use) may affect the manage- current situation considering the rural perception of the ment and conservation of natural resources (Koura species conservation status in representative agrofor- et al., 2011; Gómez-Ramos et al., 2013). Indigenous estry systems of Niger. A picture of the differences on knowledge may vary according
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