Nassella Tenuissima Global Invasive
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Invasive Grass Identification and Management Module
Invasive grass identification and management Insert Presenter Name Insert Presentation Date Introduction This module is part of a series of modules in the Pests Cost Us All project. The project aims to improve and up date landholder knowledge in pest animal management and weed management across South Australia. This will be achieved through provision of training and awareness sessions and demonstration sites. The Pests Cost Us All project is part of the Australian Government’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, the government’s plan for stronger farmers and a stronger economy. Learning outcomes from this module • Know what invasive grasses could spread to your area • Recognise the impacts of invasive grasses • Know key features to identify exotic vs native grasses • Learn how to collect samples • Understand the benefits of machinery and property hygiene in preventing grass spread • Select appropriate objectives for invasive grass management • Understand the legal requirements for invasive grass control Learning outcomes from this module…continued • Select appropriate management techniques that will result in effective long term grass control • Employ correct timing of grass management on the property (create a management calendar) • Assess the effectiveness of grass management activities • Understand options for reporting new species Before we start – your issues What other issues would you like to address in relation to invasive grass management on your property? We will record these and refer to this list throughout the session Best practice weed management - key steps 1. Define the problem 2. Determine objectives 3. Develop plan 4. Implement plan 5. Monitor, evaluate and revise plan Weed Management Principles • Correctly identify weed species and understand their biology and ecology • Set appropriate goals for weed management • Use a range of methods • Correctly time your activities and apply long term effort • Monitor, evaluate and adapt management Step 1. -
Biological Control of Serrated Tussock (Nassella Trichotoma): Is It Worth
94 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.13(2) 1998 itch grass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) as a Biological control of serrated tussock (Nassella case study, he found that highly specific fungal pathogens occur on this grassy trichotoma): Is it worth pursuing? weed in its centre of origin (Evans 1995). Indeed, both the rust and smut species D.T. BrieseA and H.C. EvansB under evaluation proved to be too specific A CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. with clearly defined pathotype-biotype associations. Thus, it is probable that a B IIBC, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7TA, United Kingdom. suite of pathotypes will have to be selected in order to cover the range of weed bio- Summary measures, revolving around the use of the types present in the neotropical target area. The potential for biological control of the herbicide fluproponate, have not pre- Nonetheless, the view that natural en- weedy grass, Nassella trichotoma, in vented the continued spread of the weed emies of grasses are not sufficiently spe- Australia is discussed in the light of re- (Campbell and Vere 1995). It is clear that cific and that the risk to economically-im- cent surveys for pathogens in its native other control options need to be investi- portant species of grass is too great to per- range and an improved understanding of gated in order to develop a more effective mit implementation of classical biological the taxonomic relationships of Nassella management strategy for this weed. One control remains a common one, and has to other Australian and South American such option is classical biological control; discouraged such projects in Australia. -
View Has Suggested Tween Australian Native Grasses and the Introduced a Range of Possibilities for Exploring Plant-Fungus Weed Nassella Trichotoma
Sixteenth Australian Weeds Conference Towards an understanding of interactions between serrated tussock ( Nassella trichotoma) and soil fungal communities Annemieke Schneider, Brian M. Sindel, David Backhouse and Kathy King School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia Email: [email protected] Summary Serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) is REFERENCES a grass of South American origin that has become a Allen, E., Siguenza, C. and Gillespie, I. (2003). Im- weed of pastures in southeastern Australia. It has been pacts of invasive annual grasses on mycorrhizal designated a weed of national significance (Thorp and fungi and their restoration. Proceedings of the Lynch 2000), and has been the subject of considerable 7th International Conference on the Ecology research. However, so far little research effort has and Management of Alien Plant Invasions. Fort been directed towards understanding the interactions Lauderdale. between serrated tussock and fungal communities Badgery, W.B., Kemp, D.R., Michalk, D.L. and King, in the soil. This PhD project is currently in its early W.M.C.G. (2005). Competition for nitrogen be- stages, but already the literature review has suggested tween Australian native grasses and the introduced a range of possibilities for exploring plant-fungus weed Nassella trichotoma. Annals of Botany 96, interactions for this species. 799-809. Fungal pathogens with potential as biological Callaway, R.M., Thelen, G.C., Barth, S., Ramsey, P.W. control agents have been identified that attack the seed and Gannon, J.E. (2004). Soil fungi alter interac- (Casonato et al. 2004, Casonato et al. 2005) and roots tions between the invader Centaurea maculosa and (Hussaini et al. -
Risk Analysis of Alien Grasses Occurring in South Africa
Risk analysis of alien grasses occurring in South Africa By NKUNA Khensani Vulani Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Stellenbosch University (Department of Botany and Zoology) Supervisor: Dr. Sabrina Kumschick Co-supervisor (s): Dr. Vernon Visser : Prof. John R. Wilson Department of Botany & Zoology Faculty of Science Stellenbosch University December 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis/dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: December 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Alien grasses have caused major impacts in their introduced ranges, including transforming natural ecosystems and reducing agricultural yields. This is clearly of concern for South Africa. However, alien grass impacts in South Africa are largely unknown. This makes prioritising them for management difficult. In this thesis, I investigated the negative environmental and socio-economic impacts of 58 alien grasses occurring in South Africa from 352 published literature sources, the mechanisms through which they cause impacts, and the magnitudes of those impacts across different habitats and regions. Through this assessment, I ranked alien grasses based on their maximum recorded impact. Cortaderia sellonoana had the highest overall impact score, followed by Arundo donax, Avena fatua, Elymus repens, and Festuca arundinacea. -
The Distribution, Impacts and Identification of Exotic Stipoid Grasses in Australia
Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(2) 2004 59 • Texas needlegrass (N. leucotricha Trin. & Rupr.) The distribution, impacts and identifi cation of exotic • Lobed needlegrass (N. charruana Are- stipoid grasses in Australia chav.) • Short-spined needlegrass (N. megapota- A,D B C mia Spreng. ex Trin.) David A. McLaren , Val Stajsic and Linda Iaconis • Uruguayan ricegrass (Piptochaetium A Primary Industries Research Victoria (PIRVic), Department of Primary montevidense (Spreng.) Parodi) Industries, Frankston Centre, PO Box 48, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia. • Broad-kernel espartillo (Achnatherum B National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Birdwood Avenue, caudatum Trin.) South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia. • Narrow-kernel espartillo (A. brachycha- C Catchment and Agriculture Services, Department of Primary Industries, etum (Godr.) Barkworth) and Frankston Centre, PO Box 48, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia. • Plumerillo (Jarava plumosa (Spreng.) D CRC for Australian Weed Management. S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett). All of these species are proclaimed plants in South Australia, under the Animal and Plant Control (Agricultural Protection and Other Purposes) Act, 1986. Abstract For each species, a summary has been Exotic stipoid grasses are one of the structures at the base of a spikelet) which produced of its: most signifi cant issues affecting grazing are often purplish in colour, and one fl oret • Distribution – known overseas distri- industries and threatening nationally im- (in which the seed is formed). The fl oret butions, current Australian distribu- portant remnant grasslands in Australia. consists of the lemma and palea. The lem- tion and potential distribution in Aus- This paper documents their distribution, ma is usually terete (i.e. circular in cross tralia (based on its current distribution impacts and identifi cation. -
Poaceae: Pooideae) Based on Plastid and Nuclear DNA Sequences
d i v e r s i t y , p h y l o g e n y , a n d e v o l u t i o n i n t h e monocotyledons e d i t e d b y s e b e r g , p e t e r s e n , b a r f o d & d a v i s a a r h u s u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s , d e n m a r k , 2 0 1 0 Phylogenetics of Stipeae (Poaceae: Pooideae) Based on Plastid and Nuclear DNA Sequences Konstantin Romaschenko,1 Paul M. Peterson,2 Robert J. Soreng,2 Núria Garcia-Jacas,3 and Alfonso Susanna3 1M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Tereshchenkovska 2, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine 2Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 USA. 3Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Botanic Institute of Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., E08038 Barcelona, Spain Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Abstract—The Stipeae tribe is a group of 400−600 grass species of worldwide distribution that are currently placed in 21 genera. The ‘needlegrasses’ are char- acterized by having single-flowered spikelets and stout, terminally-awned lem- mas. We conducted a molecular phylogenetic study of the Stipeae (including all genera except Anemanthele) using a total of 94 species (nine species were used as outgroups) based on five plastid DNA regions (trnK-5’matK, matK, trnHGUG-psbA, trnL5’-trnF, and ndhF) and a single nuclear DNA region (ITS). -
Large Trees, Supertrees and the Grass Phylogeny
LARGE TREES, SUPERTREES AND THE GRASS PHYLOGENY Thesis submitted to the University of Dublin, Trinity College for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) by Nicolas Salamin Department of Botany University of Dublin, Trinity College 2002 Research conducted under the supervision of Dr. Trevor R. Hodkinson Department of Botany, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dr. Vincent Savolainen Jodrell Laboratory, Molecular Systematics Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London DECLARATION I thereby certify that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at any other University. This thesis contains research based on my own work, except where otherwise stated. I grant full permission to the Library of Trinity College to lend or copy this thesis upon request. SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Trevor Hodkinson and Vincent Savolainen for all the encouragement they gave me during the last three years. They provided very useful advice on scientific papers, presentation lectures and all aspects of the supervision of this thesis. It has been a great experience to work in Ireland, and I am especially grateful to Trevor for the warm welcome and all the help he gave me, at work or outside work, since the beginning of this Ph.D. in the Botany Department. I will always remember his patience and kindness to me at this time. I am also grateful to Vincent for his help and warm welcome during the different periods of time I stayed in London, but especially for all he did for me since my B.Sc. at the University of Lausanne. I wish also to thank Prof. -
Tussock Times Is a Newsletter of the Victorian Serrated Tussock Working Party VICTORIAN SERRATED TUSSOCK WORKING PARTY
Edition 5, January 2009 Inside this issue Throwing the book at Serrated Tussock • Throwing the nook at An important new tool to help Serrated Tussock landholders and managers control serrated tussock is now available. Practice Best National Tussock Serrated • Start with identifi cation and prevent Serrated The ‘National Serrated Tussock Best Tussock getting a goot Practice Management Manual’ was Weeds of National Significance hold in your local area th launched in Victoria on Friday the 28 Manual Management National Best Practice • Mexican feather grass November 2008 attracting over 50 Management Manual incursion continues landholders and key stakeholders to Serrated Tussock the private property located in Bacchus • More than $1 million Marsh. given to local councils to tackle invasive species on Department of Primary Industries (DPI) roadsides Current management and control options for serrated tussock ( Landscape Protection Manager Brendan Nassella trichotoma ) in Australia • VSTWP works with Roughead launched the Manual and Wyndham and Melton says “serrated tussock could strike fear councils to reducethe to any farmer or land manager familiar impact of Serrated with its devastating impacts.” Tussock in a plains “As a Weed of National Signifi cance, “Thee manualmanual brbringsings togethertogether dedetailedtailed grassland it’s one of the worst perennial grass information about the plant itself, as weeds in Australia, invading pastures, well as best practice information about • Looking for ways to native grasslands and urban areas, and improve - The VSTWP existing control and management at present covers more than a million options,” Mr Crowe said. completes governance hectares in Victoria, New South Wales, training Tasmania and the Australian Capital To help fi ght the threat of serrated • Improving the Victorian Territory,” Mr Roughead said. -
(Poaceae, Pooideae) with Descriptions and Taxonomic Names
A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeysA key 126: to 89–125 the North (2019) American genera of Stipeae with descriptions and taxonomic names... 89 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.126.34096 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A key to the North American genera of Stipeae (Poaceae, Pooideae) with descriptions and taxonomic names for species of Eriocoma, Neotrinia, Oloptum, and five new genera: Barkworthia, ×Eriosella, Pseudoeriocoma, Ptilagrostiella, and Thorneochloa Paul M. Peterson1, Konstantin Romaschenko1, Robert J. Soreng1, Jesus Valdés Reyna2 1 Department of Botany MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton, DC 20013-7012, USA 2 Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, C.P. 25315, México Corresponding author: Paul M. Peterson ([email protected]) Academic editor: Maria Vorontsova | Received 25 February 2019 | Accepted 24 May 2019 | Published 16 July 2019 Citation: Peterson PM, Romaschenko K, Soreng RJ, Reyna JV (2019) A key to the North American genera of Stipeae (Poaceae, Pooideae) with descriptions and taxonomic names for species of Eriocoma, Neotrinia, Oloptum, and five new genera: Barkworthia, ×Eriosella, Pseudoeriocoma, Ptilagrostiella, and Thorneochloa. PhytoKeys 126: 89–125. https://doi. org/10.3897/phytokeys.126.34096 Abstract Based on earlier molecular DNA studies we recognize 14 native Stipeae genera and one intergeneric hybrid in North America. We provide descriptions, new combinations, and 10 illustrations for species of Barkworthia gen. nov., Eriocoma, Neotrinia, Oloptum, Pseudoeriocoma gen. nov., Ptilagrostiella gen. nov., Thorneochloa gen. nov., and ×Eriosella nothogen. nov. The following 40 new combinations are made: Barkworthia stillmanii, Eriocoma alta, E. arida, E. -
Weed Risk Assessment for Nassella Neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth
Weed Risk Assessment for Nassella United States neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth Department of (Poaceae) – Chilean needlegrass Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service August 13, 2013 Version 1 Left: Infestation of N. neesiana in Australia (source: Southern Tablelands and South Coast Noxious Plants Committee; Anonymous, 2013). Right: Seeds of N. neesiana with awn still attached (source: Tracey Slotta, USDA-ARS; NRCS, 2013). Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Weed Risk Assessment for Nassella neesiana Introduction Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) regulates noxious weeds under the authority of the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000) and the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. § 1581-1610, 1939). A noxious weed is defined as “any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation, the natural resources of the United States, the public health, or the environment” (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000). We use weed risk assessment (WRA)— specifically, the PPQ WRA model (Koop et al., 2012)—to evaluate the risk potential of plants, including those newly detected in the United States, those proposed for import, and those emerging as weeds elsewhere in the world. Because the PPQ WRA model is geographically and climatically neutral, it can be used to evaluate the baseline invasive/weed potential of any plant species for the entire United States or for any area within it. -
Supporting Information
Supporting Information Christin et al. 10.1073/pnas.1216777110 SI Materials and Methods blades were then embedded in resin (JB-4; Polysciences), Phylogenetic Inference. A previously published 545-taxa dataset of following the manufacturer’s instructions. Five-micrometer the grasses based on the plastid markers rbcL, ndhF,andtrnK-matK thick cross-sections of the embedded leaf fragments were cut (1) was expanded and used for phylogenetic inference. For species with a microtome and stained with saturated cresyl violet sampled for anatomical cross-sections but not included in the acetate (CVA). Some samples were fixed in formalin-pro- published dataset, the markers ndhF and/or trnK-matK were either pionic acid-alcohol (FPA), embedded in paraffin, sectioned at retrieved from GenBank when available or were newly sequenced 10 μm, and stained with a safranin O-orange G series (11) as from extracted genomic DNA with the method and primers de- described in (12). All slides were made permanent and are scribed previously (1, 2). These new sequences were aligned to the available on request. dataset, excluding the regions that were too variable as described previously (1). The final dataset totaled 604 taxa and was used for Anatomical Measurements. All C3 grasses possess a double BS, with “ phylogenetic inference as implemented in the software Bayesian the outer layer derived from ground meristem to form a paren- ” Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees (BEAST) (3). chyma sheath, and the internal layer derived from the vascular “ ” The phylogenetic tree was inferred under a general time-re- procambium to form a mestome sheath (13). Many C4 grasses versible substitution model with a gamma-shape parameter and also possess these two BS layers, with one of them specialized in “ ” a proportion of invariants (GTR+G+I). -
Invasive Plant Spotlight: Stipa Tenuissima (Mexican Feathergrass)
Invasive Plant Spotlight: Stipa tenuissima (Mexican feathergrass) Have you seen this deceptively beautiful plant in your neighborhood, someone’s yard, a parking lot, or running along a sidewalk? It seems like a great drought tolerant plant... So what’s the problem? Stipa tenuissima, also known as Mexican feathergrass or Nassella tenuissima, is an emerging invasive plant in California. An invasive plant is an introduced species that out-competes native plants and wildlife for space and resources, causing harm — and is often difficult to remove or control. S. tenuissima produces thousands of seeds, which are dispersed by wind, water, contaminated soil, automobiles and animal droppings. The seed bank can persist for four years, and since the plant commonly self sows it will likely Photo credit: Susan Morrison/The Designer spread out of its designated place in the garden. In addition to being a landscaping headache, S. tenuissima is an extremely vigorous plant. In Australia and New Zealand, it forms pure, dense stands, preventing native plants from establishing. This plant can crowd out pasture species as well as native grasses in coastal areas. With a high fiber content and low nutritional value, it is unpalatable to cattle and forms indigestible balls in the stomach of livestock. Invaded hillside in New Zealand, Photo credit: NZGovt Why is it not on the California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC) Inventory? To be on the Cal-IPC Inventory, a plant must already cause ecological or economic harm in California. Because S. tenuissima is an emerging invasive species, it is just starting to show signs of being invasive and spreading into natural areas.