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Universidad Nacional Mayor De San Marcos Universidad Del Perú Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Universidad del Perú. Decana de América Dirección General de Estudios de Posgrado Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Unidad de Posgrado Cohesión y continuidad cultural Asheninka en la comunidad de Ponchoni del Gran Pajonal TESIS Para optar el Grado Académico de Doctora en Ciencias Sociales en la especialidad de Antropología AUTOR Mg. Elsa Ricardina VÍLCHEZ JIMÉNEZ ASESOR Dr. Sabino ARROYO AGUILAR Lima, Perú 2020 Reconocimiento - No Comercial - Compartir Igual - Sin restricciones adicionales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Usted puede distribuir, remezclar, retocar, y crear a partir del documento original de modo no comercial, siempre y cuando se dé crédito al autor del documento y se licencien las nuevas creaciones bajo las mismas condiciones. No se permite aplicar términos legales o medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otros a hacer cualquier cosa que permita esta licencia. Referencia bibliográfica Vílchez, E. (2020). Cohesión y continuidad cultural Asheninka en la comunidad de Ponchoni del Gran Pajonal. [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Unidad de Posgrado]. Repositorio institucional Cybertesis UNMSM. Hoja de Metadatos complementarios Código ORCID del autor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-5030 DNI o pasaporte del autor DNI 07567984 Código ORCID del asesor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0719-9078 DNI o pasaporte del asesor DNI 07328272 Grupo de investigación “—“ Agencia financiadora País de la agencia financiadora: Perú Comunidad de Ponchoni en el Gran Pajonal de Ucayali, Perú. Coordenadas geográficas; Entre los ríos, Ucayali, Tambo, Perené y Pichis, en el Ubicación geográfica donde se cuadrilátero formado por los paralelos desarrolló la investigación 10°30’ y 10°00’ de latitud sur y los meridianos 74°40’ y 73°50’ de longitud oeste. Año o rango de años en que se 2015-2017 realizó la investigación https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#5.04.03 Disciplinas OCDE https://purl.org.pe-repo/ocde/ford#5.04.05 Firmado digitalmente por SILVA SIFUENTES Jorge Elias Tercero FAU 20148092282 soft Motivo: Soy el autor del documento Fecha: 03.02.2021 08:12:25 -05:00 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES UNIDAD DE POSGRADO ACTA DE SUSTENTACIÓN En Lima, a los trece del mes de noviembre del dos mil veinte, mediantes sustentación virtual, a cargo de la Unidad de Posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional San Marcos, a horas 10: 00 am, bajo la presidencia de la DRA. MAGGIE MABELL ROMANÍ MIRANDA y con la concurrencia de los demás miembros del Jurado de Tesis, se inició la ceremonia invitando a la graduanda VÍLCHEZ JIMÉNEZ ELSA RICARDINA para que hiciera exposición de la Tesis para optar el Grado Académico de Doctora en Ciencias Sociales en la Especialidad de Antropología. Siendo el trabajo titulado: “Cohesión y continuidad cultural Asheninka en la comunidad de Ponchoni del Gran Pajonal” A continuación fue sometido a las objeciones por parte del Jurado. Terminando esta prueba y verificada la votación; se consignó la calificación correspondiente a: B MUY BUENO 18 Por tanto el Jurado, de acuerdo al Reglamento de Grados y Títulos, acordó recomendar a la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales para que proponga que la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos otorgue el Grado Académico de Doctora en Ciencias Sociales en la Especialidad de Antropología, a la Magíster VÍLCHEZ JIMÉNEZ ELSA RICARDINA. Siendo las 12:00 pm y para constancia se dispuso se extendiera la presente Acta: Dra. Maggie Mabell Romaní Miranda PRESIDENTA Dr. Pedro Maguín Jacinto Pazos MIEMBRO Dra. Mercedes Patricia Giesecke Sara Lafosse De Vildoso MIEMBRO Dr. Sabino Arroyo Aguilar ASESOR Dr. JORGE ELÍAS TERCERO SILVA SIFUENTES Director ______________________________________________________________________ PABELLÓN JOSÉ CARLOS MARIÁTEGUI – CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA Teléfono: 6197000 Anexo 4003. Lima – Perú. Correo: upg.sociales@unmsm.edu.pe, upgccss@unmsm.edu.pe Web: http://sociales.unmsm.edu.pe/ DEDICATORIA A la memoria viva de mi amigo asheninka Nicolás Camayteri Fernández y a su esposa Rosa, con quienes espero encontrarme un día. A todos mis amigos asheninka a quienes les prometí esta tesis redactada en un lenguaje sencillo con fines a su traducción en el idioma asheninka. Asimismo, dedico esta tesis a la memoria viva de mi padre: Pablo Armando Vílchez Miranda, quien estaría contento y gustoso de leer el resultado de una ardua investigación. Figura 1. Amanecer en Ponchoni (Foto: A. S., año: 2009) 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, con el afán de mantener viva la memoria de Nicolás Camayteri Fernández quiero agradecerle a él y a su esposa Rosa quienes me acogieron en Oventeni y compartieron conmigo sus experiencias. Mi enorme gratitud y reconocimiento a Miguel Camayteri, Pascual Camayteri, la esposa de este: Ninfa Sánchez y a sus hijos por la acogida en su hogar y el apoyo logístico. Mi reconocimiento a los asheninka Pablo Edwin Jacinto Santos y Enrique Casanto Shingari por compartir aulas en la universidad, por esas largas conversaciones y descripciones de la vida asheninka. Asimismo, mi profundo agradecimiento a mis amigos de la comunidad de Marankiari Bajo, especialmente a la familia Yupanqui. Un agradecimiento especial al doctor Sabino Arroyo Aguilar, quien como mi asesor revisó los fundamentos de esta investigación y cuyas observaciones y sugerencias mejoraron y direccionaron este estudio. Agradezco también a los miembros del Jurado: doctora Mercedes Giesecke Sara Lafosse y doctor Pedro Jacinto Pazos, por sus alcances teóricos y metodológicos. Agradezco infinitamente a mis amigas: doctora Mary Ruth Wise y magíster Martha Zegarra Leyva, por su aliento y apoyo inagotable para la culminación de esta tesis. Es pertinente hacer un reconocimiento especial a mi familia: resalto la paciencia de mi esposo y también colega, el doctor Gustavo Solís Fonseca por dedicar tiempo a la lectura de esta tesis y para darme los alcances necesarios desde su propio conocimiento de los Arawak. Gracias a mis hijas Alba y Rosalba, quienes me brindaron apoyo con el tema informático y las traducciones. 3 ÍNDICE DEDICATORIA ......................................................................................... 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................... 3 LISTA DE TABLAS ................................................................................... 8 LISTA DE FIGURAS ................................................................................. 9 LISTA DE SIGLAS .................................................................................... 11 RESUMEN ................................................................................................ 13 ABSTRACT............................................................................................... 14 INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................... 15 JUSTIFICACIÓN ....................................................................................... 24 DESCRIPCIÓN Y PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA .......................... 30 OBJETIVOS.............................................................................................. 31 HIPÓTESIS DE TRABAJO ....................................................................... 32 ASPECTOS METODOLÓGICOS .............................................................. 33 CAPÍTULO I EL ESPACIO GEOSOCIAL: KESHII (Pajonal), PONCHONI Y LOS ASHENINKA.................................................................................... 37 1.1. Generalidades ................................................................................. 37 1.1.1. Ubicación geográfica del Keshii ....................................................... 38 1.2. Aspectos demográficos ................................................................... 40 1.2.1. Actividades económicas de los asheninka de Ponchoni .................. 40 1.2.2. Características geográficas del Keshii ............................................. 42 1.2.3. Vías de acceso ................................................................................ 43 1.2.4. Formas de comunicación................................................................. 44 1.2.5. La sociedad asheninka .................................................................... 44 1.3. Historia del Keshii: los Arawak y los ashaninka ............................... 45 1.3.1. Lathrap: arqueología y poblamiento ................................................ 45 1.3.2. Boom del caucho y servilismo ......................................................... 47 1.3.3. Contacto entre andinos y amazónicos ............................................. 47 1.3.4. Misioneros franciscanos colonizan el Keshii .................................... 48 1.4. Tradición oral y memoria asheninka ................................................ 51 1.4.1 Relación entre historia y memoria ................................................... 51 1.4.2. Memoria como testimonio oral ......................................................... 53 1.4.3. La memoria sobre Juan Santos Átahualpa: ¿Mesianismo? ............. 54 1.4.3.2. La facilidad de relaciones Interculturales del líder JSA ............. 56 1.4.3.3. ¿Don de lenguas de JSA?........................................................ 58 1.4.3.4. Juan Santos Atahualpa y la memoria actual ............................. 63 1.4.4. El terrorismo y la autodefensa asheninka ........................................ 64 1.4.5. 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