Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia

Jonathan Mark KenoyerAccess Felicitation Volume Open

Edited by Dennys Frenez, Gregg M. Jamison, Randall W. Law, Massimo Vidale and Richard H. Meadow

Archaeopress

Archaeopress Archaeology

ISBN 978 1 78491 917 7 ISBN 978 1 78491 918 4 (e-Pdf)

Front cover: SEM microphotograph of Indus unicorn seal H95-2491 from Harappa (photograph by J. Mark Kenoyer © Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Access Back cover, background: Pot from the Cemetery H Culture levels of Harappa with a hoard of beads and decorative objects (photograph by Toshihiko Kakima © Prof. Hideo Kondo and NHK promotions). Back cover, box: Jonathan Mark Kenoyer excavating a unicorn seal found at Harappa (© Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Open

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Jonathan Mark Kenoyer and ISMEO – Occasions in Continuum...... v Adriano V. Rossi Jonathan Mark Kenoyer – The Tale of Sikander and the Unicorn...... ix Dennys Frenez, Gregg Jamison, Randall Law, Massimo Vidale and Richard H. Meadow Jonathan Mark Kenoyer – Bibliography...... xi Fish Exploitation during the Harappan Period at Bagasra in Gujarat, India. An Ichthyoarchaeological Approach...... 1 Abhayan G. S., P. P. Joglekar, P. Ajithprasad, K. Krishnan, K. K. Bhan and S. V. Rajesh The Sincerest Form of Flattery? Terracotta Seals as Evidence of Imitation and Agency in Bronze Age Middle Asia...... 19 Marta Ameri Reflections on Fantastic Beasts of the Harappan World. A View from the West ...... 26 Joan Aruz Fish Symbolism and Fish Remains in Ancient South Asia...... 33 William R. Belcher Some Important Aspects of Technology and Craft Production in the IndusAccess Civilization with Specific Reference to Gujarat...... 48 Kuldeep K. Bhan Chert Mines and Chert Miners. The Material Culture and Social Organization of the Indus Chipped Stone Workers, Artisans and Traders in the Indus Valley (Sindh, Pakistan)...... 68 Paolo Biagi, Elisabetta Starnini and Ryszard Michniak Open Ceramic Analysis and the Indus Civilization. A Review...... 90 Alessandro Ceccarelli and Cameron A. Petrie Family Matters in Harappan Gujarat...... 104 Brad Chase Revisiting the Ornament Styles of the Indus Figurines: Evidence from Harappa, Pakistan...... 120 Sharri R. Clark The Harappan ‘Veneer’ and the Forging of Urban Identity...... 150 Mary A. Davis Private Person or Public ArchaeopressPersona? Use and Significance of Standard Indus Seals as Markers of Formal Socio-Economic Identities...... 166 Dennys Frenez Lithic Blade Implements and their Role in the Harappan Chalcolithic Cultural Development in Gujarat....194 Charusmita Gadekar and P. Ajithprasad Who Were the ‘Massacre Victims’ at Mohenjo-daro? A Craniometric Investigation...... 210 Brian E. Hemphill Indus Copper and Bronze: Traditional Perspectives and New Interpretations...... 251 Brett C. Hoffman A Short Note on Strontium Isotope Analysis of Human Skeletal Remains from the Site of Sarai Khola...... 265 Asma Ibrahim The Organization of Indus Unicorn Seal Production. A Multi-faceted Investigation of Technology, Skill, and Style...... 272 Gregg M. Jamison

i © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017. The Size of Indus Seals and its Significance...... 292 Ayumu Konasukawa and Manabu Koiso The Art and Technology of Reserving a Slip. A Complex Side of Indus Ceramic Tradition...... 318 K. Krishnan and Sneh Pravinkumar Patel The Art of the Harappan Microbead – Revisited...... 327 Randall W. Law The North Gujarat Archaeological Project – NoGAP. A Multi-Proxy and Multi-Scale Study of Long- Term Socio-Ecological Dynamics...... 343 Marco Madella, P. Ajithprasad, Carla Lancelotti, J. J. García-Granero, F. C. Conesa, C. Gadekar and S. V. Rajesh Toponyms, Directions and Tribal Names in the Indus Script...... 359 Iravatham Mahadevan and M. V. Bhaskar Ganweriwala – A New Perspective...... 377 Farzand Masih Personal Reflections on some Contributions of Jonathan Mark Kenoyer to the Archaeology of Northwestern South Asia...... 384 Richard H. Meadow Invisible Value or Tactile Value? Steatite in the Faience Complexes of the Indus Valley Tradition...... 389 Heather M.-L. Miller and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer What Makes a Pot Harappan?...... 395 Heidi J. Miller Access Dilmun-Meluhhan Relations Revisited in Light of Observations on Early Dilmun Seal Production during the City IIa-c Period (c. 2050-1800 BC)...... 406 Eric Olijdam and Hélène David-Cuny Unicorn Bull and Victory Parade ...... Open 433 Asko Parpola Analytical Study of Harappan Copper Artifacts from Gujarat with Special Reference to Bagasra...... 443 Ambika Patel and P. Ajithprasad Looking beneath the Veneer. Thoughts about Environmental and Cultural Diversity in the Indus Civilization...... 453 Cameron A. Petrie, Danika Parikh, Adam S. Green and Jennifer Bates Decorated Carnelian Beads from the Indus Civilization Site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat)...... 475 V. N. Prabhakar Artifact Reuse and MixedArchaeopress Archaeological Contexts at Chatrikhera, Rajasthan...... 486 Teresa P. Raczek, Namita S. Sugandhi, Prabodh Shirvalkar and Lalit Pandey Pre-Prabhas Assemblage in Gujarat. An Assessment based on the Material Culture from Somnath, Datrana and Janan...... 495 Rajesh S. V., Charusmita Gadekar, P. Ajithprasad, G. S. Abhayan, K. Krishnan and Marco Madella The Indus Script and Economics. A Role for Indus Seals and Tablets in Rationing and Administration of Labor...... 518 Rajesh P. N. Rao Beads of Possible Indus Origin with Sumerian Royal Inscriptions...... 526 Julian E. Reade and Jonathan Taylor The Role of Archaeology in National Identity: Muslim Archaeology in Pakistan...... 530 Shakirullah The Smallest Scale of Stone. Pebbles as a Diminutive Form of Nature...... 536 Monica L. Smith Five Thousand Years of Shell Exploitation at Bandar Jissah, Sultanate of Oman...... 547 Christopher P. Thornton, Charlotte M. Cable, David Bosch and Leslie Bosch

ii © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017. Indus Stone Beads in the Ghaggar Plain with a Focus on the Evidence from Farmana and Mitathal...... 568 Akinori Uesugi, Manmohan Kumar and Vivek Dangi Locard’s Exchange Principle and the Bead-Making Industries of the 3rd Millennium BC...... 592 Massimo Vidale, Giuseppe Guida, Gianfranco Priori and Anna Siviero Inscription Carving Technology of Early Historic South Asia. Results of Experimental Archaeology and Assessment of Minor Rock Edicts in Karnataka...... 605 Heather Walder The Volumetric System of Harappa...... 623 Bryan K. Wells An Harappan History of US Researchers in Pakistan. In Celebration of Jonathan Mark Kenoyer...... 628 Rita P. Wright Editors ...... 636 Authors Contacts...... 637

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iii © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017. Access

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Richard H. Meadow

Mark Kenoyer has made substantial and, indeed, remarkable contributions to South Asian Archaeology and especially to our understanding of the Indus Civilization and its technology. Many of these are evident in his published oeuvre. Others are less well known and often have been evident only to those who have worked with him in the field. In this short appreciation, I provide some personal recollections of working with Mark in Pakistan over the past 45 years with a focus on the sites of Balakot and Harappa.

Keywords: Balakot, Harappa, Pakistan, Archaeology, Indus Civilization.

Balakot

I first met Mark Kenoyer in Pakistan in late 1975 at the beginning of the third winter season of excavations at the archaeological site of Balakot located in eastern Balochistan c. 88 km north-northwest of Karachi. Access George F. Dales, Jr. (University of California, Berkeley) had begun excavations at the site in 1973, and I had previously joined him for the second season in the winter of 1974-1975 (Dales 1979; Meadow 1979). During that season, we camped out in tents close to the site, Open with the result that most team members were afflicted by sandflies whose bites led to leishmaniasis of varying degrees of severity. Luckily for Mark, during the third and fourth seasons, camp was set up next to the roads department rest house near Naka Kharai some 20km south of Balakot, which meant a commute to the site – but no sandflies. Instead we had mongooses, at least one of which Mark befriended. On occasion we would see Mark carrying out experimental manufacture of shell bangles with a mongoose perched on his shoulder, although it was more usualArchaeopress for the animal to be creating a bit of havoc dashing across the production area. Intrigued by the enormous amount of Meretrix shell manufacturing waste along with broken and unfinished bangles in the Harappan levels of Balakot, it was then that Mark began what was to become his dissertation research on Harappan shell artifact production (Dales Figure 1. Mark Kenoyer replicating Meretrix bangles with the and Kenoyer 1977, his first publication; Kenoyer 1983, ‘help’ of a mongoose at Balakot in early 1977 (photograph by 1984) (Figure 1). R. H. Meadow).

Other aspects of Mark also became apparent during those two seasons at Balakot. These include not only the kitchen with the excellent rest house cook. It was only ease with which he took to sorting out archaeological later that I learned that he helped pay his university puzzles and documenting the results of his excavations fees by working in a restaurant in Berkeley. To this day but also his relish for food and cooking. His favorite his self-created feasts have often been enjoyed by his breakfast included parathas dripping with ghee (who graduate students and have sustained visiting scholars cared about fat and cholesterol in those days!), and I from around the world who he has invited to stay at his remember him spending a fair amount of time in the home in Madison, Wisconsin. Of particular significance,

384 © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017. Richard H. Meadow: Personal Reflections on some Contributions of Jonathan Mark Kenoyer however, is that Mark was brought up and schooled and Mark continues to make a point of publishing in in the shadow of the Himalaya and was very much at local academic media and encourages his students to home from Bengal to Balakot. As is the case for many do so as well. in India, he was raised in a multi-lingual environment, which gave him the confidence and perspective needed Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and regional variability to become fluent in both Hindi and Urdu as well as proficient in related local dialects. These language skills In 1986, two important events in Mark’s career took were to become a foundation for his success in carrying place. The first was the commencement of research out both field archaeology and ethnoarchaeological at Harappa by the University of California (Berkeley) studies of technology particularly in northern parts of Expedition to Harappa, Pakistan, directed by George South Asia. Dales with Mark as Assistant Director. The second was the publication of Excavations at Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan. The Developing collaborations and becoming an Pottery (Dales and Kenoyer 1986). While the significance academic of the first is obvious, that of the second is perhaps less so. The Dales and Kenoyer volume represents a After the end of field work at Balakot in the late winter systematic effort not only to provide information about of 1977, I lost direct contact with Mark for some years the ceramics from Dales’ excavations at Mohenjo Daro as I became involved with the excavations at Mehrgarh in 1964 and 1965, but more importantly to provide a in central eastern Balochistan that were being carried way to systematically and consistently characterize out by the French Archaeological Mission directed ceramics based on attributes of body, rim, and base by Jean-François Jarrige. In January 1983, however, form; surface treatment; manufacturing technique; and Mark came to Mehrgarh to study the shell materials context. While this approach to ceramic classification recovered from the site (Kenoyer 1995), and later that has yet to be widely adopted on the sub-continent, winter I encountered him again, this time on a visit to what it did do wasAccess to provide a framework for the study Mohenjo-daro, where – true to form – he was involved of the ceramics from Harappa. With the beginning with German and Italian colleagues in surface-sampling of excavations at that site, however, it immediately production areas of the site. Notable among those he became evident that much of the Harappan-period worked with was Massimo Vidale, with whom he shared pottery at Harappa differed in varying degrees from a strong interest in ancient technologies. That year also thatOpen at Mohenjo Daro. This led Mark and George to saw Mark complete his dissertation (Kenoyer 1983), be create a ceramic recording protocol specifically tailored the lead author on an intriguing article in Antiquity on to the Harappa region for what came to be designated a possible Upper Paleolithic shrine in the Son Valley of as the Harappa Period (Period 3, ca. 2600-1900 calBC). Madya Pradesh (Kenoyer et al. 1983), and publish his As excavations continued over the years, the so-called first of many articles with colleagues from the Maharaja ‘pottery bible’ was tweaked by Mark and members of the Sayajirao University of Baroda (Bhan and Kenoyer Harappa team who also supplemented it with protocols 1983). His collaboration with Baroda, particularly with for the Early Harappan (Period 2, ca. 2800-2600 calBC) respect to ancient technology and ethnoarchaeology, and Late Harappan (Periods 4 and 5, ca.1900-1300 calBC) continues to this day, and a number of his PhD students as well as for the previously unknown (at Harappa) Ravi have benefited from being part of that link. phase of the Hakra (Period 1, ca. 3700-2800 calBC). Archaeopress In 1985, Mark began his career as an academic at the What was becoming apparent with the excavations at University of Wisconsin–Madison, initially with a Harappa and other sites in Pakistan and northwestern joint appointment between Anthropology and South India during the 1980s and 1990s is that there were Asian Studies and then, when promoted to Associate important regional differences not only in the periods Professor, in Anthropology alone. As has been his wont, before and after that of the Indus Civilization but he continued to publish widely in academic journals in many aspects of the Indus Civilization itself. In and even more so in edited volumes. In both cases, he addition, there were significant changes through the directed many of his papers to South-Asian-specific five to seven hundred years of the Indus phenomenon conference proceedings and to Pakistani and Indian at any given site. As Mark and I wrote in South Asian publications. His decisions to do so reflect his dedication Archaeology 1995 (Meadow and Kenoyer 1997: 139): to providing scholars in the countries in which he works ‘The ‘typical Harappan’ complex of material traits […] with easier access to the results of his research and, as can now be seen as something of a veneer of varying appropriate, to include them as co-authors. That said, thickness overlying diverse local and regional cultural such choices of publication venues tended not to sit well expressions of agricultural and pastoral life that had with university administrators who wanted to see more developed throughout the region in previous millennia. output in high profile, high impact journals before they Such a view makes the Harappan phenomenon that would grant him promotion. That issue was eventually much more interesting as it leads us to look for the overcome through supporting letters from colleagues, social correlates of the veneer and of its expression, to

385 © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017. Walking with the Unicorn – Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Felicitation Volume examine the processes, mechanisms, and timing of its in adjoining areas. These were conserved, documented, development and spread, and to focus on the nature of and turned over to the curator of the Harappa Museum society as it existed at the various settlements in the to become part of the tangible cultural heritage of vast and archaeologically increasingly better known Harappa, Punjab, and Pakistan. regions of the Greater Indus Valley’. Infrastructure and conservation Organizing work at Harappa As promised in the original agreement for I now turn to the excavations at Harappa that took archaeological work at Harappa, space was found place for 15 winter seasons from 1986 until 2001 and in 1986 for construction of a research complex just sporadically thereafter. I focus on notable contributions south of Cemetery R37. Mark and George designed and that Mark has made to the process of research at the oversaw the construction of the complex that came site that have largely gone unrecognized. to include rooms for members of the project, toilets and showers, a dining room, a cook house, and a large In early 1985, George Dales completed negotiations with laboratory for the processing and conservation of Pakistan’s Department of Archaeology and Museums artifacts and other excavated materials. At Harappa, as for a license to undertake archaeological work at is also the case at other sites in the alluvial plains of Harappa. Important aspects of that license included Pakistan, most excavated materials must be desalinated the establishment of ‘chemical and photographic if they are to be preserved, with metals requiring laboratories and documentation centre’ in space additional treatment. These requirements led to the provided by the Department of Archaeology and the participation of conservators in the project during each training of Pakistani participants including ‘officials of the excavation seasons from 1986 through 2001. This and university students’. Mark played an indispensable practice has resulted in the preservation of thousands role in getting the project up and running in early 1986. of specimens fromAccess Harappa that otherwise would have In consultation with George and the departmental disintegrated with time in the non-climate-controlled representative cum curator of the Harappa Museum environments in which they are stored. In order to Mhd. Siddique and using his language skills, Mark was produce the salt-free water needed for desalination, a able to implement hiring practices and site protocols number of distillation units were purchased, employed, that have served the project well for its duration. With andOpen replaced periodically, with some of the educated Sunni, Shia, and Christian groups (and indeed villages) young men working in the camp learning to monitor in the Harappa area, the decision was made early on to the desalinization process. hire field and camp personnel from all three groups. Furthermore, no local workman participating in the Excavation and training excavations was to be considered exempt from any part of the work. This led to an important innovation A review of the first five seasons at Harappa, i.e., the in South Asian archaeology, namely that all excavated winters of 1986 through 1990, has been published sediment except that from surface deposits could be (Meadow 1991). To some degree, those years involved dry-screened through 2mm mesh. Since excavation learning how to excavate Harappa. This included how to occurs in fits and starts, there can be considerable down deal with the destruction of parts of the site by erosion time for many workmenArchaeopress especially during periods and by the activities of baked-brick robbers who left when documentation and careful excavation of floors behind only the ghosts of walls starting in Harappan and features are being carried out. Those workmen can times and continuing through the British period to the productively occupy their time screening accumulated modern day. Mark became a master at identifying ‘ghost sediment that has been stockpiled according to walls’ and could reconstruct aspects of the original excavation unit. Fine-screening on such a large scale structures from the remaining foundations and wall led to unprecedented recovery of small artifacts fragments. Particularly noteworthy accomplishments and production debris as well as of faunal and some in those years before George passed away were the macro-botanical remains. Educated but often jobless work in Cemetery R37 and the excavations on the south young men from the area were hired and trained by and northwest sides of Mound E – both long ignored Mark and his students to sort, bag, and provide labels parts of the site. The latter work confirmed that Mound for this material and eventually also to work in the E like Mound AB was surrounded by a wide perimeter sherd-yard classifying pottery. Due to Mark’s efforts wall of mud-brick that at least in part had been faced to explain to workmen and camp assistants alike with baked brick. what we as archaeologists were doing and why, many became invested in the archaeological process and As noted above, our license to work at Harappa also developed appreciation for ancient Harappa as part of specified that we train Pakistani officials and university their heritage. Indeed, some would bring Mark artifacts students. Such training took place each excavation that they had picked up on the surface of the site or season from 1986 to 2001 and was as comprehensive

386 © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017. Richard H. Meadow: Personal Reflections on some Contributions of Jonathan Mark Kenoyer

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Figure 2. Mark Kenoyer and the author in the ‘granary’ area of Mound F at Harappa in 1999 (© Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Open as possible given the limited time most students the east side of Mound E and the adjoining west side could spend at the site. Most encouraging was the of Mound ET, on the northern end of Mound AB, and participation of a number of women students and staff on the ‘working platforms’ and ‘granary’ areas of from different parts of Pakistan. Mark organized the Mound F. During the last two full seasons, work was teaching sessions and saw to it that participants got as also carried out on the west side of Mound E south of much as they could out of those sessions given the time the areas previously excavated in that part of the site. available to them. Specific concerns were addressed in each area, with all also producing their share of unexpected results. The 1990s and 9/11 Summaries of much of this work can be found in the Archaeopress biennial volumes of South Asian Archaeology (Kenoyer There was no field season in 1991 because of George’s 1994; Kenoyer and Meadow 2000; Meadow and Kenoyer ill health and only a study season in 1992 at the end 1994, 1997, 2000, 2005, 2008). of which responsibility for excavations at Harappa was passed to Mark and me with George’s death on With the terrorist attacks of 9/11/2001, sustained April 18. It was George’s wish that I assume the role work at Harappa became impossible on the scale to of Project Director with Mark as Co-Director and Field which we had become accustomed. Over the years, Director and Rita Wright as Assistant Director (Figure Mark had trained local artists in artifact description 2). Mark has always been extremely gracious about this and illustration, and in our absence, they have arrangement, and we worked harmoniously together continued to record, scan, and draw material from our during the field seasons that followed George’s passing. past excavations. Mark himself returned to Harappa On 20 April 1996, the Harappa Archaeological Research periodically for short periods of research until early Facility that George had brought to fruition was 2010. During these trips he was able to help carry out dedicated in his memory by Arshad Sami Khan, then some limited rescue projects and to assist the curator Pakistan’s Secretary of Culture. with conservation of the site and with museum displays. He still goes to Pakistan on a regular basis and For the nine seasons from 1993 through 2001, visits Harappa when he can. He and I last visited the site excavations at Harappa were focused primarily on together in December 2017, and we both hope that at

387 © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017. Walking with the Unicorn – Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Felicitation Volume some point in the not too distant future we will be able Kenoyer, J. M., Clark, J. D., Pal, J. N. and Sharma, G. to return to complete and publish the work we began R. 1983. An Upper Palaeolithic Shrine in India? with George Dales more than 30 years ago. For me it has Antiquity 57: 88–94. been a pleasure to work with Mark first at Balakot and Kenoyer, J. M. and Meadow, R. H. 2000. The Ravi Phase. A subsequently at Harappa. He is a wonderful friend and New Cultural Manifestation at Harappa. In M. Taddei colleague, an outstanding archaeologist, and a great and G. De Marco (eds), South Asian Archaeology 1997: human being. 55–76. Rome/Naples, IsIAO/IUO. Meadow, R. H. 1979. Prehistoric Subsistence at Balakot: Bibliography Initial Consideration of the Faunal Remains. In M. Taddei (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1977, Vol. 1: Bahn, K. K. and Kenoyer, J. M. 1983, Nageshwar. An 275–315. Naples, Istituto Universitario Orientale, Industrial Centre of the Chalcolithic Period. Seminario Di Studi Asiatici. Puratattva 12: 115–120. Meadow, R. H. (ed.) 1991. Harappa Excavations 1986-1990. A Dales, G. F. 1979. The Balakot Project: Summary of Four Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millenium Urbanism Years Excavations in Pakistan. In M. Taddei (ed.), (Monographs in World Archaeology, Vol. 3): 137– South Asian Archaeology 1977, Vol. 1: 241–274. Naples, 182. Madison, WI, Prehistory Press. Istituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario Di Studi Meadow, R. H. and Kenoyer, J. M. 1994. Harappa Asiatici. Archaeological Project 1993. In A. Parpola and P. Dales, G. F. and Kenoyer, J. M. 1977, Shell Working at Koskikallio (eds), South Asian Archaeology 1993, Volume Ancient Balakot, Pakistan. Expedition 19(2): 13–19. 1: 451–470. Helsinki, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Dales, G. F. and Kenoyer, J. M. 1986. Excavations at Mohenjo Meadow, R. H. and Kenoyer, J. M. 1997, Excavations at Daro, Pakistan. The Pottery. The University Museum, Harappa 1994-1995. New Perspectives on the Indus University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Script, Craft Activities and City Organization. In R. Kenoyer, J. M. 1983, Shell Working Industries of the Indus Allchin and AccessB. Allchin (eds), South Asian Archaeology Civilization. An Archaeological and Ethnographic 1995: 139–172. Cambridge, UK, The Ancient India Perspective. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of and Iran Trust. California – Berkeley. Meadow, R. H. and Kenoyer, J. M. 2000. The ‘Tiny Kenoyer, J. M. 1984, Shell Working Industries of the Steatite Seals’ (Incised Steatite Tablets) of Harappa. Indus Civilization. A Summary. Paléorient 10(1): 49– OpenSome Observations on their Context and Dating. 63. In M. Taddei and G. De Marco (eds), South Asian Kenoyer, J. M. 1994, Indus Valley Technology: New Archaeology 1997: 321–340. Rome/Naples, IsIAO/IUO. Evidence from Excavations and Experimental Meadow, R. H. and Kenoyer, J. M. 2005. Excavations at Studies at Harappa. In A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio Harappa 2000-2001. New Insights on Chronology (eds), South Asian Archaeology 1993, Volume 1: 345–362. and City Organization. In C. Jarrige and V. Lefèvre Helsinki, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. (eds), South Asian Archaeology 2001: 207–224. Paris, Kenoyer, J. M. 1995, Shell Trade and Shell Working Editions Recherche sur les Civilsations-ADPF. during the Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic at Meadow, R. H. and Kenoyer, J. M. 2008, Harappa Mehrgarh. In C. Jarrige, J.-F. Jarrige, R. H. Meadow Excavations 1998-1999. New Evidence for the and G. Quivron (eds), Mehrgarh Field Reports 1975 to Development and Manifestation of the Harappan 1985. From Neolithic TimesArchaeopress to the Indus Civilization: 566– Phenomenon. In E. M. Raven (ed.), South Asian 581. Karachi, Department of Culture and Tourism, Archaeology 1999: 85–109. Groningen, Egbert Forsten. Government of Sindh and French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.