DOCSLIB.ORG

1-) Ocak-Şubat-Mart Sayısı

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1-) Ocak-Şubat-Mart Sayısı TMMOB ORMAN MÜHENDİSLERİ ODASI Beştepeler Mah. 31. Sok. No: 3 • Beştepe-Yenimahalle/ANKARA Tel: (0312) 215 00 33 pbx • Belgegeçer: (0312) 215 01 81 e-posta: [email protected] www.ormuh.org.tr İÇİNDEKİLER Yıl: 51 • Sayı: 1-2-3 • OCAK/ŞUBAT/MART 2014 TMMOB Orman Mühendisleri Odası Adına Sahibi BAŞYAZI Ali KÜÇÜKAYDIN Yayın Sorumlusu 2 Prof. Dr. Devlet TOKSOY Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müdürü Okan ÇANÇİN Yayın Kurulu Sevda ERGİZ Prof. Dr. Ender MAKİNACI Orman Yük. Mühendisi İstanbul Üniv. Orm. Fak. Hüseyin AYTAÇ Prof. Dr. Erol BURDURLU Orman Mühendisi Gazi Üniv. Tek. Eğt. Fak. Ali İzzet BAŞER Prof. Dr. Mustafa AVCI Orman Mühendisi Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Orm. Fak. Fatih SARAÇ Prof. Dr. Özden GÖRÜCÜ Ağaç İşleri End. Yük. Mühendisi Sütçü İmam Üniv. Orm. Fak. Emre TOPBAŞ Prof. Dr. Selman KARAYILMAZLAR Orman End. Mühendisi Bartın Üniv. Orm. Fak. Prof. Dr. Semra ÇOLAK Karadeniz Teknik Üniv. Orm. Fak. Prof. Dr. Sezgin AYAN Kastamonu Üniv. Orm. Fak. Yayın Koşulları ODAMIZDAN Dergimizde yayınlanması istenilen yazılar bilgisayarda yazılmalı, daha önce başka bir yerde basılıp, yayınlanmamış olmalıdır. İmzalı bir dilekçe ekinde kağıda yazılı olarak, ayrıca elektronik ortamda dergimizin yönetim yerine posta ile gönderilmelidir. Yazılar 7 sayfayı (A4) geçmemelidir. 7 sayfayı aşan yazıların birbirini izleyen sayılarda yayınlanabileceği düşünülerek bölümlere ayrılmalıdır. TMMOB Orman Mühendisleri Odası Fotoğraf net ve temiz olmalı, slayt dışında sayısal gönderilecek fotoğrafların çözünürlüğü yüksek 4 45’inci Olağan Genel Kurulu olmalıdır. Yazılarda Türkçe kelimeler kullanılmalı ve Türkçe dil kurallarına uyulmalıdır. Yayınlanacak yazı ve çevirilerdeki düşünsel ve teknik sorumluluk yazarına ait olup,oda yönetimini ve Dergi Tamamlandı Yayın Kurulunu sorumlu tutmaz. Dergide yayınlanan yazılardan kaynak göstermek koşulu ile alıntı yapılabilir. Dergiye gönderilen yazılar yayınlansın ya da yayınlanmasın geri verilmez. Yazılar Yayın Kurulu tarafından incelenir. Yayın Kurul yayınlanacak yazılarda gerekli düzenlemeleri yapabilir ve BASIN BİLDİRİSİ uygun görülen yazıları yayınlar. Yönetim Yeri YARGI KARARLARI ASKIDA... Beştepeler Mah. 31. Sok. No: 3 Beştepe-Yenimahalle/ANKARA OGM Personel Atama Ve Yer Değiştirme Tel: (0312) 215 00 33 pbx Belgegeçer: (0312) 215 01 81 Yönetmeliğinin İlk Kurbanları e-posta: [email protected] www.ormuh.org.tr BASIN BİLDİRİSİ TMMOB Orman Mühendisleri Odası Garanti Bankası Meşrutiyet Caddesi Şubesi TR70 0006 2000 5280 0006 2981 35 Tasarım-Baskı MRK Baskı ve Tanıtım Hiz. Tic. Ltd. Şti. YÜKSEK DAĞ ORMANLARINDA Uzayçağı Cad. 355. Sok. No: 2 DOĞAL GENÇLEŞME SÜREÇLERININ Ostim/ANKARA FIRTINA VADISI ÖRNEKLEMELERIYLE Tel: (0312) 354 54 57 ANALIZI Zafer YÜCESAN, Ali Ömer ÜÇLER, Ercan OKTAN ISSN 1301-3572 KTÜ Orman Fakültesi ORMAN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ORMAN ENDÜSTRİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ 14 AĞAÇ İŞLERİ ENDÜSTRİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ Kapak: OMO Arşivi YAYIN KURULUNDAN YAYIN Sevgili Okurlarımız; MODERN ORMANCILIKTA ARALAMA ÇALIŞMALARI Doç. Dr. Yaşar ŞİMŞEK 50 yıldır aralıksız yayınlanan dergimizle yeni bir Orman Yüksek Mühendisi döneme başlamanın heyacanını yaşıyoruz. Dile kolay tam yarım asırdır, aralıksız yayın hayatına her türlü 21 zorluğa rağmen devam ediyoruz. Bu özelliğiyle Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi günümüzde zamana direnen çok dikkat çekici bir dergi konumundadır. Bu sayı, TMMOB Orman Mühendisleri Odasının BENZİNLİ EL VİNCİNİN 45. Olağan Genel Kurul’u ardından başlayan yeni ODUN HAMMADDESİNİN dönemin ilk sayısı olacaktır. 44. Dönemde Oda Genel BÖLMEDEN Merkezi ve Şubelerde görev alan meslektaşlarımızın ÇIKARILMASINDA özverili çalışmaları için teşekkür eder, 45. Dönemde KULLANIM İMKANLARI görev alan meslektaşlarımızada başarılar dileriz. Geri- Neşe GÜLCİ, Abdullah E. AKAY, de bıraktığımız dönem içinde hem oda çalışmalarımı- Orhan ERDAŞ za destek veren hem de mesleğimize olan katkılarını Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi 24 görmezden gelemiyeceğimiz pek çok meslektaşımız ne yazıkki aramızdan ayrıldı. Aramızdan ayrılan oda çalışanları ve meslektaşlarımızı bir kez daha rahmetle anıyoruz. Bu sayımızda, meslektaşlarımızın gerek akademik MADEN SAHALARI gerekse aktüel bir çok güzel makalesini sizlerle buluş- REHABİLİTASYON turuyoruz. Yine bu sayımızda bir kaç dönemdir devam YÖNTEMLERİ eden, kamuda çalışan meslektaşlarımızı yakından Haluk ERSAN ilgilendiren atama ve yer değiştirmelerle ilgili rahatsız- Uzman (Orman Mühendisi) lıklarla birlikte, yine geçmiş dönemden devraldığımız 29 yargı ihlallerini ve yargıya taşıdığımız konularla ilgili görüşlerimizi dergimizde bulacaksınız. “Bu Ülkede Suç İşleme Özgürlüğü Vardır” düşünce- sini zihinlerimize yerleştirmeye çalışanlara inat, hukuk ayaklar altına alınsa bile, adaletin haklılar için var olduğu bilinci ve suçu önlemenin kaçınılmaz olduğu inancıyla yolumuza devam edeceğiz. TURHAN KALYONCU (1936-2014) Dergimizin yayına hazırlandığı aylarda yaşadığı- Eşref GİRGİN Orman Yüksek Mühendisi mız 21 Mart Dünya Ormancılık Günü ve 23 Nisan Milli Egemenlik ve Çocuk Bayramı ile dergimiz elinize geçti- ğinde kutlayacağımız 19 Mayıs Atatürk’ü Anma Genç- 38 lik ve Spor Bayramını kutlarız. Bir sonraki sayımızda buluşmak üzere. Saygılarımızla... HABERLER Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi 39 Yayın Kurulu 2014 OCAK/ŞUBAT/MART ORMAN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ 1 BAŞYAZI Saygıdeğer Meslektaşlarımız 12-13 Nisan 2014 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirdiğimiz 45. Dönem Genel Merkez Genel Kurul’umuzun ardından yeni dönemde yönetim kurulumuzla yeniden huzurunuzdayız. Gösterdiğiniz güvene, teveccühe layık olmaya çalışacağız. Ülkemizin ormancılık politikalarının, genel politikalardan bağımsız düşünülemeyeceği gerçe- ği, son yıllarda bütün çıplaklığı ile ortadadır. Ormanlarımız ve ormancılığımız popüler siyasetten hep olumsuz etkilenmiştir. Ancak son yıllardaki etkileşimi ve tahribatı ayrı değerlendirmek gerekir. İleri demokrasi adı altında güçlü bir propaganda ve algı yönetimi eşliğinde, hukukun askıya alındığı, kuvvetler ayrılığının hiçe sayıldığı, yargının yürütmeye bağlandığı, yolsuzluk iddialarının göz göre göre üstünün örtülmeye çalışıldığı, internet yasası ile haberleşme ve ifade özgürlüğünün tehdit edildiği, sanal düşmanlar ihdas edilerek toplumun kutuplaştırıldığı ve gerildiği, MİT Yasası ile şeffaf, hesap verebilen devlet yerine, istihbarat devletine yönelim endişelerinin arttığı süreçler- den geçiyoruz. Daha da önemlisi, açılım, özerklik gibi gündemlerle ülkemizin birliği, dirliği tehdit altına sokulmuştur. Böyle yoğun ve gergin bir ortamda halkımız, güncel sorunlarını aşarak, doğa ve çevre konusun- da hassasiyetini yeterince ortaya koyamayabilir. Ancak yöneticilerin sorumluluğunu, vebalini tarih yargılayacaktır. Fakat yitirdiğimiz değerlerimiz geri gelmeyecektir. Anayasaya aykırı kanunların, yasalara aykırı yönetmeliklerin çıkarıldığı, yargı kararlarının hiçe sayıldığı böyle bir rant ortamında, ormanlarımızın, sit alanlarımızın ve diğer korunan alanlarımızın geleceğinden endişeliyiz. Anayasal koruma altında olan ormanlarımız, kamu yararı adı altında ota çöpe verilen izinlerle kevgire dönmektedir. Atatürk Orman Çiftliği bütünlüğünde yer alan 1. Derece Doğal ve Tarihi Sit Koruma Statüsündeki Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Gazi Yerleşkesini yapılaşmaya açmak amacıyla, alanın sit derecesi değiş- tirilmiş idi. Odamızın açtığı davada yargılama sonucu; Ankara 11. İdare Mahkemesinin 17.02.2014 tarihli E: 2011/2080, K:2014/168 sayılı kararı ile 46 hektarlık Gazi Yerleşkesinin “1. Derece Doğal ve Tarihi Sit Koruma” statüsünün “3. Derece Doğal Sit Koruma” statüsüne indirilmesine dair Ankara Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıkları Bölge Koruma Kurulunun 11.08.2011 tarih ve 6281 sayılı kararı iptal edil- miştir. Yani Gazi Yerleşkesi eski koruma statüsüne yeniden kavuşmuştur. Bunun anlamı; itiraz so- nucu Yüksek Mahkemeden aksi karar çıkmadığı sürece, Anayasa 138. Maddesi gereği, 2577 sayılı İdari Yargılama Usulü Kanunu 28. Maddesi gereği 30 gün içerisinde Başbakanlık binası inşaatının durdurulması gerekir. Ancak öyle olmadı. Elbette bizler bu kararın 2.5 yıl sonra değil de inşaat ve tahribat başlamadan önce verilmesini arzu ederdik. Yargı kararının uygulanması için Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı ile Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığına tarafımızdan gerekli bildirim yapıldı. Suç duyu- rusu da dahil gerekli takibat yapılıyor. Ancak hukukun, yargı kararlarının kaç akçe ettiğini de hep birlikte izliyoruz. Hatırlanırsa, kararın açıklandığı günlerde Sayın Başbakana basın mensuplarınca karar hatırla- tıldığında, ekranlardan Sayın Başbakan’ın ifadesi; “güçleri yetiyorsa gelsinler yıksınlar!” oldu. Yargı kararları millet adına verilir. Hukuku korumak ve yargı kararlarını uygulamak öncelikle yürütme erkinin görevidir ve inanın hukukun askıya alınmasının bu ülkeye bedeli çok daha ağırdır. 2 ORMAN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ OCAK/ŞUBAT/MART 2014 Halen A.O.Ç Gazi Yerleşkesin de, inşaatın durması bir yana, inşaat bölgesinde ki özenle yetiştirilmiş yarım asırlık ağaçlar geceleyin vinçlerin ışıkları da kapatılarak motorlu tes- terelerle kesilmektedir. Gündüz ise ağaç sökme makinaları sahaya sokularak ağaçların nakledildiği görüntüsü verilmektedir. Bu da yapılan işlemin vicdanları yaraladığının ve suçluluk psikolojisinin en büyük göstergesidir. A.O.Ç Gazi Yerleşkesiyle ilgili karar tarihinin ertesi günü, 18 Şubat 2014 tarih ve28917 sayılı Resmi Gazetede Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığının, 1996 tarih 421 sayılı “Tarihi Sit” ile ilgili ilke kararı değiştirilerek, “zorunlu altyapı uygulamaları ve kamu hizmet yapılarına” is- tisna getirildi. Bu ilke kararı ile yargı kararı aşılmaya çalışıldı. Bunun mümkün olmadığını bilmek için hukukçu olmaya dahi gerek yoktur. Yine 18 Mart 2014 tarih 28945 sayılı resmi gazetede; Milli Parklar Yönetmeliğinin 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016
    Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Revised February 24, 2017 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org C ur Alleghany rit Ashe Northampton Gates C uc Surry am k Stokes P d Rockingham Caswell Person Vance Warren a e P s n Hertford e qu Chowan r Granville q ot ui a Mountains Watauga Halifax m nk an Wilkes Yadkin s Mitchell Avery Forsyth Orange Guilford Franklin Bertie Alamance Durham Nash Yancey Alexander Madison Caldwell Davie Edgecombe Washington Tyrrell Iredell Martin Dare Burke Davidson Wake McDowell Randolph Chatham Wilson Buncombe Catawba Rowan Beaufort Haywood Pitt Swain Hyde Lee Lincoln Greene Rutherford Johnston Graham Henderson Jackson Cabarrus Montgomery Harnett Cleveland Wayne Polk Gaston Stanly Cherokee Macon Transylvania Lenoir Mecklenburg Moore Clay Pamlico Hoke Union d Cumberland Jones Anson on Sampson hm Duplin ic Craven Piedmont R nd tla Onslow Carteret co S Robeson Bladen Pender Sandhills Columbus New Hanover Tidewater Coastal Plain Brunswick THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as new data become available. New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list as appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • Mccaskill Alpine Garden, Lincoln College : a Collection of High
    McCaskill Alpine Garden Lincoln College A Collection of High Country Native Plants I/ .. ''11: :. I"" j'i, I Joy M. Talbot Pat V. Prendergast Special Publication No.27 Tussock Grasslands & Mountain Lands Institute. McCaskill Alpine Garden Lincoln College A Collection of High Country Native Plants Text: Joy M. Tai bot Illustration & Design: Pat V. Prendergast ISSN 0110-1781 ISBN O- 908584-21-0 Contents _paQ~ Introduction 2 Native Plants 4 Key to the Tussock Grasses 26 Tussock Grasses 27 Family and Genera Names 32 Glossary 34 Map 36 Index 37 References The following sources were consulted in the compilation of this manual. They are recommended for wider reading. Allan, H. H., 1961: Flora of New Zealand, Volume I. Government Printer, Wellington. Mark, A. F. & Adams, N. M., 1973: New Zealand Alpine Plants. A. H. & A. W. Reed, Wellington. Moore, L.B. & Edgar, E., 1970: Flora of New Zealand, Volume II. Government Printer, Wellington. Poole, A. L. & Adams, N. M., 1980: Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington. Wilson, H., 1978: Wild Plants of Mount Cook National Park. Field Guide Publication. Acknowledgement Thanks are due to Dr P. A. Williams, Botany Division, DSIR, Lincoln for checking the text and offering co.nstructive criticism. June 1984 Introduction The garden, named after the founding Director of the Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands Institute::', is intended to be educational. From the early 1970s, a small garden plot provided a touch of character to the original Institute building, but it was in 1979 that planning began to really make headway. Land­ scape students at the College carried out design projects, ideas were selected and developed by Landscape architecture staff in the Department of Horticul­ ture, Landscape and Parks, and the College approved the proposals.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Even-Aged Nothofagus Truncata and N. Fusca Stands in North Westland, New Zealand
    12 DYNAMICS OF EVEN-AGED NOTHOFAGUS TRUNCATA AND N. FUSCA STANDS IN NORTH WESTLAND, NEW ZEALAND M. C SMALE Forest Research Institute, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand H. VAN OEVEREN Agricultural University, Salverdaplein 11, P.O. Box 9101, 6700 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands C D. GLEASON* New Zealand Forest Service, P.O. Box 138, Hokitika, New Zealand and M. O. KIMBERLEY Forest Research Institute, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand (Received for publication 30 August, 1985; revision 12 January 1987) ABSTRACT Untended, fully stocked, even-aged stands of Nothofagus truncata (Col.) Ckn. (hard beech) or N. fusca (Hook, f.) Oerst. (red beech) of natural and cultural origin and ranging in age from 20 to 100 years, were sampled using temporary and permanent plots on a range of sites in North Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Changes in stand parameters with age were quantified in order to assess growth of these stands, and thus gain some insight into their silvicultural potential. Stands of each species followed a similar pattern of growth, with rapid early height and basal area increment. Mean top height reached a maximum of c. 27 m by age 100 years. Basal area reached an equilibrium of c. 41 m2/ha in N. truncata and 46 m2/ha in N. fusca as early as age 30 years. Nothofagus truncata stands had, on average, a somewhat lower mean diameter at any given age than N. fusca stands, and maintained higher stockings. Both species attained similar maximum volume of c. 460 m3/ha at age 100 years. Keywords: even-aged stands; stand dynamics; growth; Nothofagus truncata; Nothofagus fusca.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Experiences in Invasive Alien Plant Control
    ROSALIA Handbooks ROSALIA Handbooks Practical Experiences in Invasive Alien Plant Control Second, revised and expanded edition Invasive plant species pose major agricultural, silvicultural, human health and ecological problems worldwide, and are considered the most signifi cant threat for nature conservation. Species invading natural areas in Hungary have been described by a number of books published in the Practical Experiences in Invasive Alien Plant Control last few years. A great amount of experience has been gathered about the control of these species in some areas, which we can read about in an increasing number of articles; however, no book has been published with regards to the whole country. Invasions affecting larger areas require high energy and cost input, and the effectiveness and successfulness of control can be infl uenced by a number of factors. The development of effective, widely applicable control and eradication technologies is preceded by experiments and examinations which are based on a lot of practical experience and often loaded with negative experiences. National park directorates, forest and agricultural managers and NGOs in many parts of Hungary are combatting the spread of invasive species; however, the exchange of information and conclusion of experiences among the managing bodies is indispensable. The aim of the present volume is to facilitate this by summarizing experiences and the methods applied in practice; which, we hope, will enable us to successfully stop the further spread of invasive plant species and effectively protect our natural values. Magyarország-Szlovákia Partnerséget építünk Határon Átnyúló Együttműködési Program 2007-2013 Duna-Ipoly National Park Directorate rrosaliaosalia kkezikonyvezikonyv 3 aangng jjav.inddav.indd 1 22017.12.15.017.12.15.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Evidence for Holocene Climate Change in the Eglinton Valley, Western Southland
    Pollen evidence for Holocene climate change in the Eglinton Valley, western Southland Bronwyn van Valkengoed A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of Master of Science in Geography at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. March 2011 In loving memory of Grandad Fowler and Opa van Valkengoed Memories of you will always be with me xoxox Abstract Numerous palaeoclimatic investigations have been undertaken throughout New Zealand in an attempt to reconstruct the vegetation and climatic history of the Holocene (10,000 yr B.P. to present). It is surprising therefore, that to date no detailed investigations have been undertaken in western Southland; one of New Zealand’s most climatically sensitive areas. Pollen analysis was undertaken on a 450 cm (5,030 ± 20 year old) peat core extracted from Eglinton Bog, western Southland, to reconstruct the mid to late Holocene vegetation and climatic history of this area. By 2,300 yr B.P. Nothofagus Fuscospora had expanded throughout the Eglinton area and by ~ 1,000 yr B.P. a species poor N. fusca/ Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides forest had largely replaced the pre-existing N. menziesii forest. The transition is believed to be associated with the further deterioration of the mid to late Holocene climate to the cooler, wetter, frostier and cloudier climatic conditions that dominate the area today. Using evidence from Eglinton Bog as a starting point a detailed integrated regional comparison of southern New Zealand’s Holocene vegetation and climatic history was established by comparing individual site elevation, mean annual temperature and precipitation, and pollen records. A regional expansion of N.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Experiences in Invasive Alien Plant Control. Rosalia Handbooks
    ROSALIA Handbooks ROSALIA Handbooks Practical Experiences in Invasive Alien Plant Control Invasive plant species pose major agricultural, silvicultural, human health and ecological problems worldwide, and are considered the most signifi cant threat for nature conservation. Species invading natural areas in Hungary have been described by a number of books published in the Practical Experiences in Invasive Alien Plant Control last few years. A great amount of experience has been gathered about the control of these species in some areas, which we can read about in an increasing number of articles; however, no book has been published with regards to the whole country. Invasions affecting larger areas require high energy and cost input, and the effectiveness and successfulness of control can be infl uenced by a number of factors. The development of effective, widely applicable control and eradication technologies is preceded by experiments and examinations which are based on a lot of practical experience and often loaded with negative experiences. National park directorates, forest and agricultural managers and NGOs in many parts of Hungary are combatting the spread of invasive species; however, the exchange of information and conclusion of experiences among the managing bodies is indispensable. The aim of the present volume is to facilitate this by summarizing experiences and the methods applied in practice; which, we hope, will enable us to successfully stop the further spread of invasive plant species and effectively protect our natural values. Hungary-Slovakia Cross-border Co-operation Programme 2007-2013 Duna-Ipoly National Park Directorate Financial support for this manual has been provided by “Unified protection against invasive alien plants in sand and floodplain habitats” project.
    [Show full text]
  • Histogenesis in Roots of Nothofagus Solandri Var. Clifjortioides (Hook. F.) Poole
    Histogenesis in Roots of Nothofagus solandri var. clifJortioides (Hook. f.) Poole B. C. ARNOLD! AN INDIGENOUS EVERGREEN TREE, Nothofagus in alcohol-benzene mixtures; the specimens were solandri var. cliffortioides, forms forests which embedded in paraffin; and serial sections were dominate mountainous regions of New Zealand. cut at 10 p.. The character of the root system varies ac­ The following stains were employed : analin cording to the degree of mycorrhizal infection blue + safranin (Johansen, 1940); methyl violet (Arnold, 1960). Mycorrh izal roots are much + erythrosin (Johansen, 1940); methyl violet + branched and stunted by comparison with un­ eosin (Johansen, 1940); Crystal violet, chromic infected roots (Fig. 1). In cross-section mycor­ method (Darlington and La Cour, 1947); Feul­ rhizal roots are seen to be enveloped by a manrle gen technique for slides (Darlington and La of hyphae which penetrate in the form of a Cour, 1947); Chlorazol black E + Aceto carmine Hartig net between the radially elongated epi­ (Nebel, 1940); Chlorazol black E (Cannon, dermal cells (Fig. 2). 1941); Iron -alum ammonium sulphide (W ig­ Maximum development of mycorrhizas is glesworth, 1952). found where leaf-mold, moss, and humus are This wide range of fixatives and stains was abundant on the forest floor, and the highest employed in an attempt to determine whether incidence of fleshy non-mycorrhizal roots is the hypodermis of mycorrhizas contains living found in boggy soil, or when the tree is grown substance or whether it is in fact relatively in cultivation in heavy garden loams. empty of protoplasmic content. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not the apical organiza­ OBSERVAnONS tion of Nothofagus mycorrhizas differed from In uninfecred roots of Nothofagus solandri that of uninfected roots, and to compare the var.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Variation in Impacts of Brushtail Possums on Two Loranthaceous Mistletoe Species
    SWEETAPPLE:Available on-line at:POSSUM http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ IMPACTS ON MISTLETOE 177 Spatial variation in impacts of brushtail possums on two Loranthaceous mistletoe species Peter J. Sweetapple Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand (Email: [email protected]) Published on-line: 8 October 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Browsing by introduced brushtail possums is linked to major declines in mistletoe abundance in New Zealand, yet in some areas mistletoes persist, apparently unaffected by the presence of possums. To determine the cause of this spatial variation in impact I investigated the abundance and condition (crown dieback and extent of possum browse cover) of two mistletoes (Alepis flavida, Peraxilla tetrapetala) and abundance and diet of possums in two mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides) forests in the central-eastern South Island of New Zealand. Mistletoe is common and there are long-established uncontrolled possum populations in both forests. Mistletoes were abundant (216–1359 per hectare) and important in possum diet (41–59% of total diet), but possum density was low (c. 2 per hectare) in both areas. Possum impacts were slight with low browse frequencies and intensities over much of the study sites. However, impacts were significantly greater at a forest margin, where possum abundance was highest, and at a high-altitude site where mistletoe density was lowest. Mistletoe crown dieback was inversely proportional to intensity of possum browsing. These results suggest that the persistence of abundant mistletoe populations at these sites is due to mistletoe productivity matching or exceeding consumption by possums in these forests of low possum-carrying _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________capacity, rather than low possum preference for the local mistletoe populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Canopy Dieback in a New Zealand Mountain Beech Forest!
    Pacific Science (1983), vol. 37, no. 4 © 1984 by the University of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved Canopy Dieback in a New Zealand Mountain Beech Forest! J. P. SKIPWORTH 2 ABSTRACT: Accelerated mortality is attributed to an unusually high percent­ age of old trees, an abundance of pathogenic fungi, and a putative lowering ofwater tables in the 1960s. There is some evidence to suggest that this may be a cyclical phenomenon. MOUNTAIN BEECH (Nothofagus solandri var. in a decade, with perhaps two or three minor cliffortioides) is one of two varieties of a mast years in between. widespread indigenous New Zealand tree. Seedfall occurs in late summer or autumn, Particularly associated with mountain re­ and germination takes place the following gions, it is found over a wide range of gener­ spring. Seeds are dispersed by wind and are ally poor soils and is often the forest of the rarely thrown more than a few meters from timberline. The present study was undertaken the tree on which they originate. The chances on the northwest slopes of Mt. Ruapehu ofgermination and early survival seem much (39°16' S, 175°35' E), Tongariro National greater if the seed should fall in beech litter. Park, where mountain beech mortality ap­ Although seedlings soon become capable of pears to be high over substantial areas. The an annual increase in stem length of 30­ degenerate appearance of the forest, with 40 cm, the usual situation in a forest with a large numbers of dead trunks and inter­ closed canopy is for seedlings to enter a twining masses of silvery leafless lichen­ semidormant state during which height in­ covered branches, was not in evidence prior crease may be little more than 1 cm/yr.
    [Show full text]
  • Subantarctic Forest Ecology: Case Study of a C on If Er Ou S-Br O Ad 1 E a V Ed Stand in Patagonia, Argentina
    Subantarctic forest ecology: case study of a c on if er ou s-br o ad 1 e a v ed stand in Patagonia, Argentina. Promotoren: Dr.Roelof A. A.Oldeman, hoogleraar in de Bosteelt & Bosoecologie, Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland. Dr.Luis A.Sancholuz, hoogleraar in de Ecologie, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina. j.^3- -•-»'.. <?J^OV Alejandro Dezzotti Subantarctic forest ecology: case study of a coniferous-broadleaved stand in Patagonia, Argentina. PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag vand e Rector Magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit dr.C.M.Karssen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 7 juni 2000 des namiddags te 13:30uu r in de Aula. f \boo c^q hob-f Subantarctic forest ecology: case study of a coniferous-broadleaved stand in Patagonia, Argentina A.Dezzotti.Asentamient oUniversitari oSa nMarti nd elo sAndes .Universida dNaciona lde lComahue .Pasaj e del aPa z235 .837 0 S.M.Andes.Argentina .E-mail : [email protected]. The temperate rainforests of southern South America are dominated by the tree genus Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae). In Argentina, at low and mid elevations between 38°-43°S, the mesic southern beech Nothofagusdbmbeyi ("coihue") forms mixed forests with the xeric cypress Austrocedrus chilensis("cipres" , Cupressaceae). Avirgin ,post-fir e standlocate d ona dry , north-facing slopewa s examined regarding regeneration, population structures, and stand and tree growth. Inferences on community dynamics were made. Because of its lower density and higher growth rates, N.dombeyi constitutes widely spaced, big emergent trees of the stand. In 1860, both tree species began to colonize a heterogeneous site, following a fire that eliminated the original vegetation.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships and Time-Calibration of the South American Fossil and Extant Species of Southern Beeches (Nothofagus)
    Phylogenetic relationships and time-calibration of the South American fossil and extant species of southern beeches (Nothofagus) BÁRBARA VENTO and FEDERICO A. AGRAÍN Vento, B. and Agraín, F.A. 2018. Phylogenetic relationships and time-calibration of the South American fossil and extant species of southern beeches (Nothofagus). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (4): 815–825. The genus Nothofagus is considered as one of the most interesting plant genera, not only for the living species but also due to the fossil evidence distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. Early publications postulated a close rela- tionship between fossil and living species of Nothofagus. However, the intrageneric phylogenetic relationships are not yet fully explored. This work assesses the placement of fossil representatives of genus Nothofagus, using different search strategies (Equal Weight and Implied Weight), and it analyses relationships with the extant species from South America (Argentina and Chile). The relationships of fossil taxa with the monophyletic subgenera Brassospora, Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Nothofagus and the monophyly of the clades corresponding to the four subgenera are tested. A time- calibrated tree is generated in an approach aiming at estimating the divergence times of all the major lineages. The results support the inclusion of most fossil taxa from South America into the subgenera of Nothofagus. The strict consensus tree shows the following species as closely related: Nothofagus elongata + N. alpina; N. variabilis + N. pumilio; N. suberruginea + N. alessandri; N. serrulata + N. dombeyi, and N. crenulata + N. betuloides. The species N. simplicidens shares a common ancestor with N. pumilio, N. crenulata, and N. betuloides. This contribution is one of the first attempts to integrate fossil and extant Nothofagus species from South America into a phylogenetic analysis and an approach for a time-calibrated tree.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material
    Xiang et al., Page S1 Supporting Information Fig. S1. Examples of the diversity of diaspore shapes in Fagales. Fig. S2. Cladogram of Fagales obtained from the 5-marker data set. Fig. S3. Chronogram of Fagales obtained from analysis of the 5-marker data set in BEAST. Fig. S4. Time scale of major fagalean divergence events during the past 105 Ma. Fig. S5. Confidence intervals of expected clade diversity (log scale) according to age of stem group. Fig. S6. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with BiSSE model. Fig. S7. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S8. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with MuSSE model. Fig. S9. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S10. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with BiSSE model. Fig. S11. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S12. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with MuSSE model. Fig. S13. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S14. Stratigraphy of fossil fagalean genera. Table S1 Genera of Fagales indicating the number of recognized and sampled species, nut sizes, habits, pollination modes, and geographic distributions. Table S2 List of taxa included in this study, sources of plant material, and GenBank accession numbers. Table S3 Primers used for amplification and sequencing in this study. Table S4 Fossil age constraints utilized in this study of Fagales diversification. Table S5 Fossil fruits reviewed in this study. Xiang et al., Page S2 Table S6 Statistics from the analyses of the various data sets. Table S7 Estimated ages for all families and genera of Fagales using BEAST.
    [Show full text]