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Contribution of Rural Land Use to Floristic Diversity: a Multi- Scale Study of Organic Farms and Subdivisions in the Southern Appalachians

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Contribution of Rural Land Use to Floristic Diversity: a Multi- Scale Study of Organic Farms and Subdivisions in the Southern Appalachians CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL LAND USE TO FLORISTIC DIVERSITY: A MULTI- SCALE STUDY OF ORGANIC FARMS AND SUBDIVISIONS IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS A Thesis By STEPHANIE LAURA SMITH Submitted to the Graduate School Appalachian State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY May 2010 Department of Geography and Planning CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL LAND USE TO FLORISTIC DIVERSITY: A MULTI- SCALE STUDY OF ORGANIC FARMS AND SUBDIVISIONS IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS A Thesis by STEPHANIE LAURA SMITH May 2010 APPROVED BY: __________________________________ Gabrielle L. Katz Chairperson, Thesis Committee __________________________________ Christopher A. Badurek Member, Thesis Committee __________________________________ Saskia L. van de Gevel Member, Thesis Committee __________________________________ James E. Young Chairperson, Department of Geography and Planning __________________________________ Edelma D. Huntley Dean, Research and Graduate Studies Copyright by Stephanie Laura Smith 2010 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL LAND USE TO FLORISTIC DIVERSITY: A MULTI- SCALE STUDY OF ORGANIC FARMS AND SUBDIVISIONS IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS (May 2010) Stephanie Laura Smith, B.S., Appalachian State University M.A., Appalachian State University Chairperson: Gabrielle L. Katz In the rural countryside of the Southern Appalachians, a trend of land-use change from agriculture to exurban development continues to alter the landscape at multiple spatial scales. This research seeks to answer how such land-use trends alter species richness, habitat structure and landscape patterns of the Southern Appalachians. By combining GIS analysis with field data collection, this study specifically addresses the following questions: (1) What are the overall patterns of habitat composition and spatial structure of the landscapes surrounding farms and subdivisions? (2) What are the patterns of habitat composition and spatial structure of agricultural and subdivided sites? (3) How do farms and low-density residential development maintain or differ from the broader landscape in habitat composition and spatial structure. (4) How do farms and low-density residential development compare in terms of floristic biodiversity? Using ArcGIS® and six-inch resolution aerial photography, I mapped and classified various habitat patches (forest, field, shrub, riparian, built and crop) within eight study sites (four farms and four subdivisions) and documented plant species iv composition, cover, and structure in two 100m2 plots within each habitat patch at all sites. I compared total cover of all plant species and relative cover of native and exotic species, as well as various measures of species richness (total, native, and exotic), between habitats and land use types. Forested habitats dominated both landscape types, accounting for approximately 62 percent of the total landscape surrounding both farms and subdivisions. Results from this study revealed that as land-use changes from agriculture to exurban development, habitats become more fragmented and complex. I found an overall decrease in total species richness, lower total native species richness, and higher exotic species within forested habitats. Subdivisions also displayed a higher amount of habitat fragmentation than farms. Further, farm sites maintained an overall closer relationship to the surrounding landscape than subdivisions in area weighted mean patch fractal dimension and edge density as well as habitat composition. These results show the immense capability of rural land use such as organic agriculture and low-density residential development to influence a wide array of habitats by affecting patch structure, total species richness, and native and exotic species richness. Further, they also display a potential to affect broader biodiversity involving species assemblages of a wide variety of animal species, microorganisms, and invertebrates. As population pressures continue to rise and natural areas experience greater ecological pressure due to human involvement, a tremendous need exists to understand how specific human activities may alter natural habitats. Such knowledge can inform v land management strategies including land conservation (e.g. land trusts) and sustainable development practices that may mitigate harmful environmental effects. vi ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I am heartily thankful to my advisor and thesis chair, Dr. Gabrielle Katz, whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop a full understanding of the subject. Further, I would like to thank the remainder of my thesis committee, Dr. Christopher Badurek and Dr. Saskia L. van de Gevel, for their guidance, assistance and support throughout the thesis process. I give my deepest gratitude to the entire Department of Geography and Planning as well as the ASU Herbarium, especially Derek Poindexter and Michael Denslow. I would like to thank the North Carolina Beautiful Foundation for their finical support and all research participants (ASU Farm, Maverick Farms, Creeksong Farm, Watauga River Farms, Riverside Homes, The Glen, Laurel Mountain Homes, and Shull’s Farm) and homeowners who welcomed me on their property with open arms; without them, this research could not have been possible. I am indebted to many of my colleagues including: Sarah Moncelle for her patience and unwavering assistance with field data collection, Chris Kaase and Sarah Jo Pate who supported me in various different ways throughout the entire process. I offer my deepest regards and love to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the project including my husband, family and friends. Lastly, I want to thank my parents for their unwavering insistence that I spend many waking hours outdoors enjoying the natural beauty that nature holds. Without this influence, I may have never embarkeded on this path to environmental understanding. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................. vii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................x List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction and Literature Review ...................................................................1 Rural Land Use and Biodiversity .............................................................................1 Agriculture and Biodiversity ....................................................................................7 Exurban Development and Biodiversity ................................................................11 Urban Ecology .......................................................................................................13 The Southern Appalachians and Land-Use Change ..............................................15 Chapter 2: Methods ............................................................................................................19 Study Area .............................................................................................................19 Study Design ..........................................................................................................21 GIS Analysis ..........................................................................................................23 Vegetation Analysis ...............................................................................................28 Chapter 3: Results ..............................................................................................................34 GIS Analysis ..........................................................................................................34 Vegetation Analysis ...............................................................................................45 Chapter 4: Discussion .......................................................................................................55 GIS Analysis ..........................................................................................................55 viii Vegetation Analysis ...............................................................................................60 Implications for Biodiversity .................................................................................65 Chapter 5: Conclusion........................................................................................................67 References ..........................................................................................................................71 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................79 Appendix B ........................................................................................................................90 Appendix C ......................................................................................................................101 Biographical Information .................................................................................................120 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Terrain characteristics per county ..........................................................................20
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