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Questions De Liberté Sous la direction de Jean-Claude Petit et Jean-Claude Breton questions de liberté 46 héritage et proje QUESTIONS DE LIBERTÉ HÉRITAGE ET PROJET 46 Collection HÉRITAGE ET PROJET COMITÉ DE DIRECTION André Charron, Richard Bergeron, Guy Couturier Cette collection regroupe des ouvrages se situant à deux niveaux d’écriture: un niveau de rigueur scientifique en des champs de re­ cherche qui correspondent aux requêtes de la société et de l’Église contemporaines; un niveau de vulgarisation rendant accessibles à un assez large public des matériaux et un contenu de réflexion théologi­ que substantiels et pertinents. Elle est ouverte à la diversité des positions et des approches. HÉRITAGE ET PROJET rassemble en numérotation continue des ouvrages appartenant aux secteurs suivants: Foi chrétienne — Éthi­ que chrétienne — Histoire chrétienne — Études bibliques — Pratique ecclésiale — Sciences humaines et Religion. QUESTIONS DE LIBERTÉ Actes du 27e Congrès de la Société canadienne de théologie tenu à Montréal du 9 au 11 novembre 1990 Publiés sous la direction de Jean-Claude Petit et Jean-Claude Breton HÉRITAGE ET PROJET 46 itfldës Données de catalogage avant publication (Canada) Société canadienne de théologie. Congrès (27e: 1990: Montréal, Québec) Questions de liberté: (Héritage et projet; 46) Comprend des références bibliographiques. Actes du 27e Congrès de la Société canadienne de théologie tenu à Montréal du 9 au 11 novembre 1990. ISBN 2-7621-1553-1 1. Liberté — Aspect religieux — Christianisme — Congrès. 2. Li­ berté (Théologie) — Congrès. I. Petit, Jean-Claude, 1943- II. Breton, Jean-Claude, 1941- . III. Titre. IV. Collection BT10.2.S62 1990 233’.7 C91-096640-0 Dépôt légal: 3e trimestre 1991. Bibliothèque nationale du Québec © La Corporation des Éditions Fides, 1991. Présentation La liberté appartient à la foi chrétienne comme son œuvre la plus propre et la plus profonde. Or comment se fait-il qu’on n’ait pas encore réussi à l’inscrire franchement, solidement, au plus concret de l’expérience quotidienne des croyants? Qu’on ne pense pas ici uniquement aux compromissions de l’institution ecclésiale avec les ré­ gimes ou les structures politiques d’oppression. Il y a aussi toutes les autres compromissions avec les structures d’autorité, qui sont autant de contre-témoignages à l’é­ gard d’une réalité qui n’a pas proposé d’autres signes pour se faire connaître que le service et le respect des autres. Il y aussi les compromissions dans l’ordre du discours, qui voilent si bien les intérêts en cause et empêchent la vérité de se déployer. Et que faut-il dire lorsque ce sont les croyants eux-mêmes et leurs pasteurs qui oppriment les autres, au nom de la vérité, celle qui rend libre? Questions d’hier, questions d’aujourd’hui, qui ont fait l’objet du 27e congrès de la Société canadienne de théologie qui s’est tenu à Montréal du 9 au 11 novembre 1990. Attentif à l’actualité dans le domaine ecclésial, comme en font foi les interventions consacrées à la ques­ tion de la liberté du théologien, le Congrès a voulu s’as­ surer qu’on puisse en prendre bonne mesure à partir d’une perspective large, capable d’assumer les possibilités lé­ guées par une longue tradition, mais aussi capable de 8 QUESTIONS DE LIBERTÉ nommer les lieux concrets où se pose dans notre société la question de la liberté. Il convenait tout d’abord de démasquer les sophismes les plus lourds qui encombrent un certain discours sur la liberté chrétienne et de le libérer pour ainsi dire de ce qui l’empêche de dire cette liberté qui lui tient tant à cœur; puis de faire entendre la voix de quelques penseurs contemporains qui se sont interrogés sur le principe de la liberté au cœur de l’expérience humaine. Paul Tillich et Hannah Arendt sont à cet égard des témoins importants. Dans l’expérience que les hommes et les femmes font de leur monde, la liberté n’est jamais une simple absence de contrainte. Elle prend la figure d’une démarche de libération où les choix sont assumés en solidarité en vue du mieux-être des autres. Il importait ainsi de prendre bonne mesure de certains lieux où les contraintes dépas­ sent les limites de la bonne volonté. L’emprise de la technique, en particulier dans le domaine de la bioéthique, constitue aussi à notre époque une source permanente de défis inédits à la liberté, qu’il importait d’analyser. L’après-midi précédant le congrès, les membres de la Société avaient été invités à un atelier de travail sur le document de la Congrégation pour la doctrine de la foi, 1’«Instruction sur la vocation ecclésiale du théologien». Comme la communication du professeur André Naud, qui servit de point de départ à la discussion, proposait une manière originale d’aborder le sujet et que les questions qu’elle aborde touchent directement la thématique du Congrès, il a paru utile de la joindre aux actes du Congrès de 1990. De quelques repères et de quelques sophismes concernant la liberté chrétienne Jean-Pierre Jossua Peu de thèmes chrétiens ont une aussi sûre appartenance au plus originaire et au plus essentiel de la foi que celui de la liberté. Tout de suite après la miséricorde sans conditions pour les pécheurs et les exclus de toute sorte, devenue à travers Paul la justification par la foi et appli­ quée par lui aux païens, il y a l’«autorité» de Jésus dans son enseignement et ses attitudes décisives face au sabbat, aux prescriptions légales de pureté, au Temple, qui pren­ nent chez Paul ce nom de liberté chrétienne. Celle-ci peut être considérée comme le régime caractéristique, le ryth­ me même de l’existence nouvelle. Mais peu de thèmes ont été plus occultés, du fait de quelque compréhensible fata­ lité, par des écrans doctrinaux et institutionnels. Et peu sont plus dignes de susciter aujourd’hui encore l’adhé­ sion, l’enthousiasme même. Au seuil de notre rencontre, évoquons la mémoire de Martin Luther qui sut remettre en honneur la liberté du chrétien, même si son traitement de la question a de quoi nous laisser plus admiratifs qu’entièrement convaincus. Comme on me l’a suggéré, je vais éviter de m’engager à présent dans l’étude d’un de ses aspects, et plutôt dresser la toile de fond de nos échanges en énumérant tous ceux qui me sont venus à 10 QUESTIONS DE LIBERTÉ l’esprit, soit qu’ils se présentent lorsqu’on essaye de dé­ crire l’expérience chrétienne, soit qu’ils s’imposent à l’analyse de ses conditions de possibilité. Pour conjurer la banalité d’une telle récapitulation, je les ferai contraster avec les sophismes majeurs — sophisme, au sens d’une argumentation plausible, voire séduisante, mais fondée sur des bases discutables et conduite sous l’emprise d’une passion ou d’un intérêt dissimulés — grâce auxquels, depuis les origines, on a détourné ou tenté de confisquer, comme Paul déjà nous en avertit, la liberté qui nous a été donnée dans le Christ. Un peu d’acidité ne nuira pas dans une thématique en soi tellement édifiante! Liberté de l’adhésion de foi, sophisme du péché originel La liberté de l’esprit, qui est propre à l’être humain, en représente une dimension tellement fondamentale — qu’on la conçoive comme capacité d’adhérer au Bien connu et aimé, ou comme projet, ou encore comme créa­ tion de valeurs, etc. — qu’elle ne peut être ignorée de la réflexion même si, comme d’autres expériences décisives telles que la création artistique ou l’amour personnel, il arrive qu’elle soit méconnue voire niée par ceux-là mêmes qui la pratiquent. Le libre choix, en revanche, fait l’objet d’un litige d’une manière régulière et presque consti­ tutive. C’est qu’il ne relève pas de l’expérience directe et que l’on pourra toujours opposer le sentiment du détermi­ nisme — censément issu des dieux, des astres, des péchés ou des pulsions — à celui du libre arbitre, sans qu’il soit possible de trancher décidément le débat. Tout au plus se préparera-t-on une issue, avec Kant, en reconnaissant à la liberté de choix un type de causalité qui ne fait pas nombre avec celle des phénomènes, de telle sorte que ce qui est en réalité d’un autre ordre peut toujours être attribué à une motivation phénoménale prévalante. Mais pour en décider il faut s’affirmer libre: l’idée du libre choix relève elle- même d’un choix, d’une assurance que, par cette liberté REPÈRES ET SOPHISMES CONCERNANT LA LIBERTÉ CHRÉTIENNE 11 qui me fait construire et jouer mon histoire, c’est la dignité de l’homme qui est posée. À moins que n’y conduisent une expérience et une conviction issues d’une source différente, et qui semblent exiger qu’on l’infère: telle a été historiquement, semble-t-il, l’origine du libre arbitre, au moins quant à sa formulation complète, et telle est encore l’expérience de ceux et celles qui viennent à la foi chrétienne. La décision d’adhérer à l’Evangile, en effet, émane des profondeurs volontaires irréductiblement person­ nelles du sujet et, si elle implique la liberté intime de l’Esprit qui éclaire le message et appelle à aimer, elle semble indiquer aussi une faculté totalement responsable d’un oui (et donc, fatalement, d’un non éventuel). Cette conviction lumineuse, même les archaïsmes inscrits dans la langue sémitique et passant dans les traductions grec­ ques, qui semblent suggérer que Dieu endurcit le cœur ou le contraint au bien, ne la dissimulent pas. Elle n’a pu être obscurcie — sans être jamais reniée entièrement puis- qu’au moins la liberté d’Adam a toujours été maintenue — que par les doctrines conjointes d’une blessure radicale atteignant l’humanité entière et d’une Grâce conçue comme une force.
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