Anarquía, Vida E Insurrección: Aventuras Anarquistas Con El Poder

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Anarquía, Vida E Insurrección: Aventuras Anarquistas Con El Poder BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANIDADES “ALFONSO VÉLEZ PLIEGO” PROGRAMA DE POSGRADO DOCTORADO EN SOCIOLOGÍA TESIS ANARQUÍA, VIDA E INSURRECCIÓN: AVENTURAS ANARQUISTAS CON EL PODER para obtener el título de Doctor en sociología Presenta Mtro. Mikko Antero Mäkimartti Asesor de tesis Dr. Francisco Javier Gómez Carpinteiro Puebla, Agosto de 2020 Agradecimientos Mi gratitud a todas y todos quienes han formado parte del proceso largo que se concreta en esta tesis. Es imposible nombrarles a todas y todos, pero mi agradecimiento es holístico, en especial a las y los trabajadores, profes y compañeros del Posgrado de Sociología de la BUAP; a las y los militantes de Rocinante; a mi madre Raija y padre Ilpo, a quienes dedico esta tesis, cuyo apoyo ha sido infinito. ¡Paljon kiitoksia! Índice Introducción…………………………………………………………………………….1 Capítulo 1 El anarquismo y sus dos comienzos……………………………………….9 1.1 Dialéctica abierta y el poder en Proudhon…………………………………………………………9 1.2 Dialéctica destructiva y el poder en Bakunin…………………………………………………….41 1.3 Conclusiones…………………………………………………………………………………...…..61 Capítulo 2. La Comuna de París y el anarquismo comunista……………………….63 2.1 Crítica anarquista de la Comuna de París……………………………………………………….63 2.2 Emerge el anarquismo comunista………………………………………………………………...68 2.3 Métodos y el poder en el anarquismo comunista………………………….……..........................72 2.4 Conclusiones……………………………………………………………………………………….87 Interludio: dos viajes anarquistas………………….……………………....................90 Historia y el método de lo impensable…………………………………………………......................90 Plotino Rhodakanaty viaja a México………………………………………………………………....94 Lev Mechnikov viaja a Japón……………………………………………………………………….105 De regreso en el escritorio…………………………………………………………………………...114 Capítulo 3 Insurrección contra Revolución……………………………...................117 3.1 Máquina de guerra contra la Revolución rusa…………………………………….……………117 3.2 La Comuna de Bavaria y evasión de la dialéctica………………………………………………128 3.3 Tres rebeliones contra una revolución anarquista……………………………………………..154 3.4 Conclusiones……………………………………………………………………………………...171 Capítulo 4. Insurrección y tormentos en Atenas………………………....................174 4.1 Negación anti-dialéctica y diname……………………………………………………………….177 4.2 El pasado como crítica y eksoisia………………………………………………………………..185 4.3 Conclusiones……………………………………………………………………………………...195 Reflexiones finales……………………………………………………………………197 Bibliografía…………………………………………………………………………...204 Introducción En el contexto de luchas que no buscan conquistar el poder político para cambiar el mundo, por ejemplo: la antiglobalización, autogestión obrera, autonomía, auto-organización asambleísta e insurrecciones urbanas y rurales (Zapatista, 1994; Seattle, 1999; Argentina, 2001; Oaxaca, 2006; la revolución de Rojava, 2011; movimiento okupa y las recientes ocupaciones de parques y plazas); el correspondiente y siempre creciente interés académico en las mismas y en el anarquismo como tal, que, en parte informa y explica dichas luchas, sostenemos que en la literatura existen dos huecos interrelacionados que aquí proponemos resolver: 1) Aunque existan nuevas lecturas de las y los escritores anarquistas del siglo XIX y principios del XX, existe poco interés en indagar en las luchas en que estos se encontraron inmersos y a partir de las cuales pensaron y repensaron tanto su anarquismo como su teoría del poder. 2) Si las prácticas y entendimientos del poder condicionan tanto como posibilitan las maneras diversas en que las y los anarquistas (u otros) buscaron transformar el mundo, es sorprendente la ausencia en la misma literatura de un estudio serio sobre los planteamientos de Pierre Joseph Proudhon al respecto. Paradójicamente, estos han sido aceptados en mayor o menor medida, como mostraremos, por las y los anarquistas de cuyo pensamiento abordaremos en este estudio. Las luchas y modos de organización obreras y artesanas fueron, en la Francia de 1830, basadas en una descentralización radical del poder y en una reciprocidad y conexión de fuerzas de negación y creación, autónomas e irreducibles en su diferencia las que llevaron a Proudhon a redescubrir la antigua palabra anarquía tanto para su explicación como para su teorización del poder que anticipa la teoría del poder realizada por Michel Foucault. El objetivo general de esta tesis es brindar pautas para una posible teoría anarquista del poder, que no descuide las insurrecciones u otras luchas anarquistas y sus influencias en la teoría, así como los planteamientos de Proudhon, respectivamente. En otras palabras, si demostramos que el anarquismo es más potente en su teorización sobre el poder, debemos pensar al anarquismo y al poder, de inicio a fin, con Proudhon. Pero dado que el anarquismo nunca tuvo un Partido que lo sometiera en un conjunto cerrado de teorías que cuestionan la dominación y prácticas emancipadoras, no es coincidencia que las y los anarquistas que leyeron a Proudhon; por ejemplo, Bakunin o las Mujeres Libres de la revolución española, empujen su pensamiento —y el de sí mismos—, contra y más allá de sus límites. Aquí, además de pensar y escribir desde las luchas, las subjetividades emergentes y saberes implicados, hay otra dimensión del método de exposición elegido para narrar esta historia particular y crítica, rascando 1 meramente la superficie como su limitación; además de la falta de la lectura propia de Hegel y Nietzsche (y Marx), de las aventuras anarquistas con el poder y contra la dominación. De acuerdo con Daniel Colson (2019), quien forma parte de un puñado de personas que hoy se atreven a plantear una posibilidad de tener presente a Proudhon desde el inicio, en su caso, hasta Gilles Deleuze, entendemos al anarquismo en términos más generales como organización y teorización de la anarquía. La palabra antigua: anarquía, por su parte y apoyándonos con Proudhon, implica tanto negación como multiplicidades, por ejemplo: fuerzas de la negatividad y creatividad, en el mejor de los casos conectadas en las barricadas, plazas, espacios ocupados o fábricas recuperadas federados entre sí. Fuerzas, reiteremos, que el anarquismo busca organizar de manera insurrecta y/o revolucionaria; por ejemplo, en comuna de comunas, fraternidades o plataformas, y sobre las que teoriza, en la mayoría de veces en relación dinámica tanto con prácticas y conocimientos existentes y previos, así como con condiciones históricas de dominación. En contexto, el anarquismo, en algunos momentos históricos lo hallamos más negativo y destructivo respecto a lo que nos niega y domina; en otros momentos, o a la par, más afirmativo de la superabundancia de la vida y de su apertura hacia la multiplicidad de fuerzas, subjetividades y saberes. En una variedad de espacios y con diferentes entendimientos de tiempo propio y de otros con quien dialoga, el anarquismo, hace emerger configuraciones fértilmente caóticas, así como nuevas maneras de entender y llevar a cabo la emancipación frente al arché que nombra la dominación. En este sentido, la inclusión de la categoría vida en este estudio sobre anarquismo y poder, a la vez más imprecisa, así como más abierta, la darán las y los mismos anarquistas. Por ejemplo, viendo la organización de la anarquía que desean en el aquí y ahora, así como el poder generativo y expansivo, afines a la vida y sus enseñanzas. Estas últimas que van desde las vidas del otro u otra, tanto humana, negada pero rebelde de un pueblo originario o daoista de la antigüedad, como formas de vida no humanas de huracán, río o rizoma, escarabajo pelotero u otras subjetividades heroicas menos esperadas y pensables para la imaginación dominante. Aun sabiendo y celebrando su capacidad eterna, como de la vida en sí, de desbordar también sus propias teorías y prácticas, ya sean categorías cerradas o modos de organización en peligro de devenir formas estables y capturadas por las fuerzas de la reacción. Debido a la misma idea de anarquía como multiplicidad, nos encontraremos con diferentes posicionamientos frente a la dominación, así como la posibilidad de emancipación. Argumentamos que estos serán posibles de captar a través de diferentes entendimientos de las y los anarquistas de la dialéctica, así como momentos de su crítica: en Proudhon abierta y pluralista, para Bakunin destructiva en su negación, egoísta y único de Stirner; además de su evasión tanto nietzscheana como positivista y 2 peligrosa. Estos posicionamientos tienen a su vez impacto en los entendimientos anarquistas del poder en general y de lo que es posible hacer con éste y contra la dominación en particular. La teoría del poder de Proudhon es drásticamente diferente a la que domina el pensamiento moderno: a saber, que el entendimiento del poder se reduce en el mismo arché, yace y se ejerce desde un centro, ya sea el rey o el Estado y que es únicamente una fuerza opresiva y represiva que inhibe. Para Proudhon el poder implica una mirada simultánea de multiplicidad de fuerzas en relación y el poder como una celda eléctrica que envuelve tendencias opuestas al interior de esta categoría polisémica, en ambos casos sin posibilidad de su abolición como tal. En ambos casos el poder es constante y nos plantea como dimensión de la negatividad anarquista la vigilancia del poder en peligro constante de cristalizarse en formas estables, metamorfosear y fugar hacia el polo extremo que domina; es aquí cuando referimos a las aventuras de las y los anarquistas con el poder y contra la dominación, serán de especial interés los espacios y tiempos,
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