Dreftadaeth yr Arfordir Gofalu am Gofalu Coastal Heritage Caring for Caring

Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments Adeilad y Goron Parc Cathays Caerdydd CF1 3NQ

Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments CADW Crown Building WELSH HISTORIC MONUMENTS Cathays Park gydag with Cardiff CF1 3NQ Ymddiriedolaethau the Welsh Archeolegol Archaeological Cymru Trusts Gofalu am Dreftadaeth yr Arfordir Caring for Coastal Heritage

CADW WELSH HISTORIC MONUMENTS gydag with Ymddiriedolaethau the Welsh Archeolegol Archaeological Cymru Trusts Beth yw treftadaeth arfordirol a ble y gellir dod o hyd iddo? What does coastal heritage consist of and where is it found?

O dan lefel dwˆ r isel Tir a adenillwyd Below low water mark Reclaimed land Llongddrylliadau cyn hanes i fodern Aneddiadau Rhufeinig i fodern Shipwrecks prehistoric to modern Settlements Roman to modern Arteffactau cyn hanes i fodern Eglwysi, capeli, safleoedd claddu canoloesol i fodern Artefacts prehistoric to modern Churches, chapels, burial sites medieval to modern Amddiffynfeydd morwrol Rhufeinig i fodern Sea defences Roman to modern Cylchfa Rhynglanwol Amddiffynfeydd milwrol canoloesol i fodern Intertidal zone Military defences medieval to modern Llongddrylliadau cyn hanes i fodern Tirweddau hanesyddol canoloesol i fodern Shipwrecks prehistoric to modern Historic landscapes medieval to modern Trapiau pysgod canoloesol i fodern Arteffactau Rhufeinig i fodern Fish traps medieval to modern Artefacts Roman to modern Aneddiadau cyn hanes Settlements prehistoric Arteffactau cyn hanes i fodern Ymylon clogwyni Artefacts prehistoric to modern Cliff edge Porthladdoedd, ceiau a glanfeydd canoloesol i fodern Caerau o’r Oes Haearn Oes yr Haearn Harbours, quays and wharves medieval to modern Iron Age forts Iron Age Amddiffynfeydd milwrol modern Arteffactau cyn hanes i fodern Miltary defences modern Artefacts prehistoric to modern Preswyliad mewn ogof cyn hanes i ganoloesol Cave occupation prehistoric to medieval Wedi eu claddu o dan lifwaddodion a’r tirlun modern Amddiffynfeydd milwrol canoloesol i fodern Buried beneath alluvium and the modern landscape Military defences medieval to modern Aneddleoedd cyn hanes i fodern Aneddiadau cyn hanes i fodern Settlements prehistoric to modern Settlements prehistoric to modern Arteffactau cyn hanes i fodern Eglwysi, capeli, safleoedd claddu canoloesol i fodern Artefacts prehistoric to modern Churches, chapels, burial sites medieval to modern Llongddrylliadau cyn hanes i fodern Safleoedd diwydiannol canoloesol i fodern Shipwrecks prehistoric to modern Industrial sites medieval to modern Glanfeydd a cheiau cyn hanes i fodern Goleudai, goleuadau llywio canoloesol i fodern Wharves and quays prehistoric to modern Lighthouses, navigation beacons medieval to modern Tirweddau hanesyddol cyn hanes i fodern Historic landscapes prehistoric to modern

Aneddiadau/safleoedd diwydiannol/eglwysi/capeli Goleudai Settlements/industrial sites/churches/chapels Lighthouses Amddiffynfeydd milwrol Military defences

Caerau’r Oes Haearn Iron Age forts

Arfordir clogwyn Preswyliad mewn ogof Cave occupation Goleuadau llywio sy’n cilio Navigation beacons Porthladdoedd a cheiau Retreating cliff Harbours and quays Llongddrylliadau coast Shipwrecks

Llongddrylliadau Shipwrecks Lefel dwˆr uchel High water mark

Porthladdoedd, ceiau a glanfeydd Lefel dwˆr isel Harbours, quays and wharves Low water mark Trapiau pysgod Fish traps

Aneddiadau/safleoedd diwydiannol/eglwysi/capeli Settlements/industrial sites/churches/chapels

Amddiffynfeydd morwrol Sea defences Amddiffynfeydd morwrol Sea defences

Glanfeydd a cheiau Trapiau pysgod Wharves and quays Fish traps Lefel dwˆr uchel High water mark Arfordir iseldir sy’n cynyddu Lefel dwˆr isel Advancing Low water mark Llifwaddodion lowland coast Llongddrylliadau Arteffactau Alluvium Shipwrecks Mawn Amddiffynfeydd milwrol Peats Artefacts Military defences Llongddrylliadau Shipwrecks Gofalu am Dreftadaeth yr Arfordir Caring for Coastal Heritage

ae arfordir ysblennydd Cymru wedi denu ymsefydlwyr he spectacular coast of Wales has attracted settlers ers miloedd o flynyddoedd. O’r helwyr cyn hanes i’r for thousands of years. From prehistoric hunters to Mdiwydianwyr Fictorianaidd, mae pobl wedi gadael eu hôl TVictorian industrialists, people have left an indelible parhaol ar yr arfordir ac mae llawer o’r hyn a welwn heddiw wedi mark on the coastline and much of what we see today has ei lunio gan eu gweithgareddau. Ond mae’r dystiolaeth yn aml been shaped by their activities. But the evidence is often yn fregus, ac unwaith y caiff ei cholli, mae wedi diflannu am byth. fragile and, once lost, is gone forever. The protection and Mae diogelu a chadw’r gymunrodd hanesyddol wych hon yn preservation of this great historical legacy falls to many cael ei ysgwyddo gan nifer o sefydliadau – preifat a chyhoeddus, organizations — private and public, local and national — and lleol a chenedlaethol – ac mae’n bwysig bod y modd yr ystyrir it is important that consideration of our historic environment ein hamgylchedd hanesyddol yn cael ei adlewyrchu’n gywir is properly reflected in the policies and actions of them all. ym mholisïau a gweithredoedd pob un ohonynt. To help our understanding, Cadw: Welsh Historic I gynorthwyo ein dealltwriaeth o’r sefyllfa, mae Cadw: Monuments, with the support of the Royal Commission on Welsh Historic Monuments, gyda chymorth Comisiwn the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, has funded Brenhinol Henebion Cymru, wedi ariannu’r pedair the four Welsh Archaeological Trusts to complete a rapid CADW Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol yng Nghymru i gwblhau arolwg archaeological survey of the entire Welsh coastline. This WELSH HISTORIC MONUMENTS archaeolegol cyflym o arfordir Cymru yn ei gyfanrwydd. Mae’r booklet draws on their work and follows some of the llyfryn hwn yn defnyddio eu gwaith ac mae’n dilyn rhai o’r prif principal historical developments reflected in the ancient ddatblygiadau hanesyddol a adlewyrchir yn yr henebion sy’n monuments which survive today. Advice is also provided goroesi heddiw. Darperir cyngor hefyd ar sut i ofalu am ein on the care of our coastal heritage and it is hoped this Cadw:Welsh Historic Monuments treftadaeth arfordirol a gobeithir y bydd y wybodaeth hon o information will be of help and interest to all involved in Adeilad y Goron/Crown Building gymorth a diddordeb i bawb sy’n ymwneud â rheoli’r arfordir. Parc Cathays/Cathays Park coastal management. Caerdydd/Cardiff CF1 3NQ Canfuwyd esgyrn gwˆ r ifanc a gladdwyd The bones of a young man buried some tua 25,000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl — 25,000 years ago — the earliest known Rhif ffôn/Telephone 01222 500200 y gladdedigaeth ddynol gynharaf y gwyddys human burial in the British Isles — amdani yn Ynysoedd Prydain — yma yn were found here in Goat Hole Cave Cyhoeddwyd gyntaf gan Cadw 1999. Ogof Goat Hole ym Mhen-y-Fai ym at Paviland on the Gower peninsula, First published by Cadw 1999. Mhenrhyn Gwˆ yr, ger Abertawe. Mae near Swansea. Grave goods suggest ISBN 1 85760 1769 cynnwys y bedd yn awgrymu paratoad preparation for the afterlife while ar gyfer bywyd ar ôl marwolaeth tra bod evidence of preserved pollen indicates Hawlfraint y Goron/Crown Copyright 1999. tystiolaeth o baill wedi’i gadw yn awgrymu that flowers were spread over the body. bod blodau wedi eu taenu dros y corff. At the time of burial, these inhospitable Llun ar y clawr: Coeten y Brenin, Manorbyˆr, Siambr Gladdu Neolithig. Llun gan Paul Highnam i Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Ar adeg y claddu, roedd y clogwyni limestone cliffs lay several miles inland. Cover photograph: King’s Quoit, Manorbier,Neolithic burial chamber. Photograph by Paul Highnam for Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. calch digroeso hyn yn gorwedd sawl milltir i mewn i’r tir.

1 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE

Cofnodi ein Treftadaeth Arfordirol Recording our Coastal Heritage Mae’r arolwg cyflym o’r amgylchedd hanesyddol o gwmpas arfordir adnabod aneddiadau cynnar ‘newydd’. The rapid survey of the historic environment around the entire Many of the sites and monuments reflect the trade, industry cyfan tir mawr Cymru wedi bod yn waith enfawr wedi’i ymestyn ar Mae llawer o’r safleoedd a’r henebion yn adlewyrchu gweith- coast of mainland Wales has been a huge undertaking spread and military activity of recent centuries, but these are also an draws nifer o flynyddoedd. Cafodd ynysoedd mawrion Caergybi ac garedd masnachol, diwydiannol a milwrol y canrifoedd diweddar, over a number of years. The major islands of Holyhead and important and diminishing part of our coastal heritage and are Ynys Môn eu cynnwys ac ymestynnodd yr arolwg i gynnwys rhannau ond maent hefyd yn rhan bwysig o’n treftadaeth arfordirol sy’n Anglesey were included and the study extended into the lower generally under represented in the archaeological record. The gwaelod aberoedd y prif afonydd. Roedd yr arolwg yn cynnwys y prysur ddiflannu, ac maent ar y cyfan wedi eu tan-gynrychioli reaches of the main river estuaries. The survey included the survey has gone a long way towards redressing this balance. parth rhynglanwol (rhwng y marciau dwˆ r uchel ac isel) gan ymestyn i mewn cofnodion archaeolegol. Mae’r astudiaeth wedi llwyddo’n intertidal zone (between high and low watermark) and The survey has also emphasized the importance of some mewn i’r tir o’r marc dwˆ r uchel am tua 150m. sylweddol i unioni’r fantol. extended inland from high watermark for about 150m. rather neglected features of the coastal landscape. Fish traps Rhannwyd yr arfordir i dair ar ddeg o ardaloedd arolwg a Mae’r arolwg hefyd wedi pwysleisio pwysigrwydd rhai nodwed- The coast was divided into thirteen survey areas and each or goredi, for example, were once common on the Welsh dechreuodd pob arolwg gydag archwiliad o gofnodion cynnar, dion o’r dirwedd arfordirol a esgeuluswyd braidd. Roedd trapiau study began with a search of early records, maps and other shoreline and their contribution to the coastal economy is mapiau a ffynonellau dogfen eraill. Cefnogwyd hyn gan arolygon pysgod neu goredi, er enghraifft, yn gyffredin unwaith ar lan y môr documentary sources. This was supported by rapid field now more widely recognized. maes cyflym i ymweld â’r safleoedd a’r henebion hysbys a nodi yng Nghymru ac mae eu cyfraniad i economi yr arfordir bellach yn survey to visit the known sites and monuments and to identify Similarly abandoned groynes and breakwaters mark nodweddion ychwanegol. Mae amgylchiadau arfordirol yn amrywio cael ei gydnabod yn fwy. additional features. Coastal conditions vary from tide to tide the struggle with the sea itself. We now have a much clearer o lanw i lanw a heb os mae nifer o safleoedd hanesyddol yn parhau Yn yr un modd, mae grwynau a morgloddiau yn nodi’r frwydr and no doubt many more historic sites remain unrecognized, understanding of human influence on the coastal forms we heb eu hadnabod, ond bellach mae archaeolegwyr wedi troedio pob gyda’r môr ei hun. Mae gennym bellach ddealltwriaeth llawer but now archaeologists have walked every kilometre of the see today. cilomedr o arfordir Cymru ac mae eu sylwadau wedi eu cofnodi. cliriach o ddylanwad dyn ar y ffurfiau arfordirol a welwn heddiw. Welsh coast and their observations have been recorded. The survey also had a serious conservation objective — Mae canlyniadau’r arolwg yn drawiadol. Mae tua 1,500km Roedd gan yr arolwg nod cadwraethol difrifol hefyd – adnabod The results of this survey are impressive. Some 1,500km of to identify the principal areas of threat to our coastal heritage. o’r arfordir wedi ei archwilio ac mae dros 3,000 o safleoedd y prif fygythiadau i’n treftadaeth arfordirol. Mae erydiad, datblygiad coast have been examined and over 3,000 sites and monuments Erosion, industrial development, housing, and pressure from a henebion o ddiddordeb archaeolegol a hanesyddol wedi diwydiannol, tai, a phwysau gan nifer cynyddol o ymwelwyr oll yn of archaeological and historic interest have been identified. increasing visitor numbers all place pressure on the historic cael eu nodi. Cofnodwyd dros 2,000 o’r rhain am y tro cyntaf. rhoi pwysau ar yr amgylchedd hanesyddol. Bellach nodwyd yr Of these over 2,000 have been recorded for the first time. Most environment. Now the more vulnerable areas have been Mae’r rhan fwyaf o henebion cyn hanes wedi bod yn hysbys ardaloedd mwy bregus ac mae’r wybodaeth ar gael i’w defnyddio prehistoric monuments have been known for many years but identified and the information is available for use by all ers blynyddoedd ond er hynny mae’r astudiaeth wedi llwyddo i gan bawb sy’n ymwneud â chynllunio a rheoli ein harfordir. the study has still managed to identify ‘new’ early settlements. involved in the planning and management of our coast.

Yr Arfordir Newidiol The Changing Coastline Mae’r llong Rufeinig hon, a This Roman boat, found just ddarganfuwyd ychydig dros filltir over one mile (2km) inland at Mae ffurf Cymru ei hun wedi ei phennu gan y môr. Ers i’r The very shape of Wales has been determined by the sea. (2km) i mewn i’r tir yn Fferm Barlands Farm, Newport, Oes Iâ ddiwethaf ddod i ben 10,000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl, Since the last Ice Age ended 10,000 years ago, sea levels Barlands, Casnewydd, yn provides a dramatic example of mae lefelau’r môr wedi codi tua 60 metr, gan orlifo dros have risen some 60 metres, flooding lowland plains enghraifft ddramatig o sut mae’r how the coastline has changed. wastatiroedd isel a dyffrynnoedd. Mae fforestydd tanddwˆr and valleys. Submerged forests and fossilized tree trunks forlin wedi newid.Adeiladwyd The vessel was built in the late a boncyffion coed wedi’u ffosileiddio ar flaen y traeth yn exposed on the foreshore provide striking evidence for y llong tua diwedd y drydedd third century AD and probably cynnig tystiolaeth drawiadol o’r newid arfordirol hwn. this coastal change. ganrif OC a mwy na thebyg traded along the Severn estuary. bu’n masnachu ar hyd aber afon It was finally abandoned in a Grymoedd Naturiol Natural Forces Hafren. Cafodd ei gadael yn tidal creek where it became y diwedd mewn cilfach lanwol lle buried beneath two metres of silt • Lefelau môr sy’n codi • Rising sea levels y’i claddwyd o dan ddau fetr o and mud (Glamorgan-Gwent • Erydiad gan y môr • Erosion by the sea silt a llaid (Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeological Trust). • Dyddodiad • Deposition Archaeolegol Morgannwg-Gwent).

Parheir i golli clogwyni ac arfordir trwy erydiad. Mewn Cliffs and coast continue to be lost through erosion. mannau eraill, mae adennill tir a dyddodiadau naturiol wedi Elsewhere, reclamation and natural deposition have forced gwthio’r môr yn ôl, weithiau o sawl milltir. Mae darganfyddi- the sea back, sometimes by several miles. Archaeological adau archaeolegol yn gallu helpu i adnabod y newidiadau hyn. discoveries can help to identify these changes although, Heddiw, fodd bynnag, mae’r safleoedd eu hun yn gallu edrych today, the sites themselves can sometimes look strangely out yn ddigon rhyfedd ac allan o’u cyd-destun. of context.

2 3 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE

Defnyddiwyd Aberarth, Ceredigion Grymoedd Naturiol — Dylanwad Dyn Natural Forces — Human Influence (gwaelod, i’r dde) fel porthladd Mae Cymru yn haeddiannol enwog am ei hystod ddramatig Wales is justly famous for its dramatic range of coastal gan fynachod Abaty Ystrad Fflur. o ffurfiau tir arfordirol, ac adlewyrchir yr amrywiaeth hwn landforms, and this diversity is reflected in the monuments Roedd gan y mynachod drapiau yn yr henebion o gwmpas yr arfordir. O drapiau pysgod mewn to be found around the coast. From estuarine fish pysgod, a elwir yn lleol yn goredi, a aberoedd i wrthgloddiau ar ben clogwyni, porthladdoedd traps to cliff-top fortifications, sheltered harbours to pharhawyd i ddefnyddio trapiau cysgodol i chwareli pentir, mae pobl wedi ceisio manteisio headland quarries, people have long sought to exploit tebyg yn lleol tan y 1930au; gellir the opportunities provided by the coastline. Our coastal gweld amlinelliad sawl un yn ar y cyfleoedd a gynigir gan yr arfordir erioed. Mae ein heritage is a unique blend of natural forces and human ymestyn allan i’r marc dwˆ r isel. treftadaeth arfordirol yn gymysgedd unigryw o rymoedd naturiol a dyfeisgarwch dynol. ingenuity. O ganlyniad i glogwyn garreg yn erydu y tu hwnt i Aberarth mae traeth eang o gerrig mân, sy’n Cri’r arfordir The call of the coast sefydlogi’r forlin, tra bod y clai clogfaen mwy meddal o flaen y pentref yn cael ei erydu’n • Bwyd o’r môr a glan y môr • Food from sea and shoreline haws.Adeiladwyd morglawdd er mwyn diogelu aber afon Arth • Cysylltiadau • Communications a chodwyd glannau rhag gorlif o flaen y pentref (Hawlfraint • Tir ffermio isel ffrwythlon gerllaw • Fertile lowland farmland nearby y Goron : Comisiwn Brenhinol • Amddiffyn naturiol • Natural defence Henebion Cymru). • Unigedd • Seclusion

Aberarth, Ceredigion (bottom right), was used as a harbour by the monks of Strata Florida Trap pysgod carreg yn Gored Bach, yn Afon Menai,Ynys Môn Abbey. The monks possessed (Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd). fish traps, locally known as goredi, and similar traps A stone fish trap at Gored Bach, in the Menai Straits, Anglesey remained in use locally until (Gwynedd Archaeological Trust). the 1930s; the outlines of several can be seen extending out to the low water mark.

Erosion of the stone cliff beyond Aberarth has produced a wide pebble beach, which stabilizes the coastline, while the softer boulder clay in front Fel ewyn ton a dyr draethell unig, of the village is more easily eroded. A sea-wall has been Fel cân y gwynt lle nid oes glust a glyw built to protect the mouth Mi wn eu bod yn galw’n ofer arnom – of the river Arth and flood prevention banks have been Hen bethau anghofiedig dynol ryw raised in front of the village Cofio,Waldo Williams (Crown Copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.

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Anheddu a Goroesi Settlement & Survival O bwys penodol mae’r gweddillion archaeolegol ar flaenau Of particular importance are the archaeological remains ein traethau, rhwng llanw uchel ac isel.Yn yr amgylchiadau on our foreshores, between high and low tide. In these dyfrllyd hyn, mae cadw deunyddiau organig yn cynnig cip waterlogged conditions, the preservation of organic gwerthfawr i weithgareddau gynt nad ydynt yn gadael eu hôl materials provides an invaluable insight into past activity mewn mannau eraill. Mae symudiadau dyddiol y llanw yn gallu which, elsewhere, leaves no trace. The daily action of the datgelu nodweddion megis trapiau pysgod, llongddrylliad, tides can reveal features such as fish gweddillion aneddiadau cyn hanes a hyd yn oed olion traed traps, shipwrecks, the remains of helwyr cynnar, oll wedi eu selio gan laid a thywod ers prehistoric settlements and even tro byd. Ond unwaith iddynt ddod i’r wyneb, mae’r the footprints of early hunters, gweddillion bregus hyn yn agored iawn i erydiad all long since sealed by mud a madredd. and sand. But once exposed, Gall y llanw hefyd ddatgelu these fragile remains are gwelyau o fawn hynafol highly vulnerable to erosion sy’n cynnwys gweddillion and decay. planhigion a phryfed. The tides may also reveal Ac yntau wedi’i ffurfio deposits of ancient peat yn naturiol dros amser, containing the preserved mae mawn yn drysor o remains of plants and insects. wybodaeth hanfodol am Formed naturally over time, peat yr amgylchedd cynnar. is a storehouse of vital information about early environments.

Cafodd y pen bwyell Neolithig hon ynghyd â rhan This Neolithic axe head together with part of its o’i goes pren — sef rhan ddu yr arteffact — wooden haft — the black portion of the artefact — ei gadw mewn gwelyau mawn arfordirol yn was preserved in coastal peat beds at Aberafan, Aberafan, Castell-nedd Port Talbot (Amgueddfa Neath-Port Talbot (National Museum & Gallery ac Oriel Genedlaethol Cymru, Caerdydd) of Wales, Cardiff).

Amseroedd Cythryblus Turbulent Times Mae’r pyst pren hyn ar flaen y traeth These timber posts on the foreshore yn Allteuryn, Casnewydd, yn cynnig at Goldcliff, Newport, provide Mae arfordir Cymru wedi cynnig noddfa a mantais strategol The Welsh coastline has provided protection and strategic enghraifft ddramatig arall o newid another dramatic illustration of trwy gyfnodau o ryfel ac ansicrwydd. Codwyd caerau Oes yr advantage through times of war and insecurity. Iron Age arfordirol. Mae cloddio gofalus wedi coastal change. Careful excavation Haearn ar benrhynau a chlogwyni, gan fanteisio i’r eithaf ar y forts were constructed on promontories and cliffs, taking dangos eu bod yn cynrychioli waliau has shown that they represent the mannau amddiffynnol naturiol hyn. Er gwaethaf canrifoedd o full advantage of these natural defensive locations. Despite adeiladau a ddefnyddiwyd yn y walls of buildings used in the fourth erydiad a niwed arfordirol, mae’r rhain gyda’r henebion cyn centuries of coastal erosion and damage, these remain amongst bedwaredd ganrif CC. Bryd hynny century BC. At that time the area hanes mwyaf trawiadol yng Nghymru o hyd. the most impressive prehistoric monuments in Wales. roedd yr ardal yn dir sych, ond mae was dry land, but rising sea levels Roedd y Rhufeiniaid yn deall i’r dim bwysigrwydd y môr ar The Romans well understood the importance of the sea lefelau’r môr yn codi wedi selio’r have sealed the site beneath layers of gyfer cysylltiadau a masnachu.Adeiladant gaerau mawr mewn for communication and trade. They built major forts in safle o dan haenau o laid, ac mae’r mud, and the waterlogged conditions lleoliadau arfordirol.Tyfai trefi megis Caerdydd, Caerfyrddin a coastal locations. Towns such as Cardiff, Carmarthen and amgylchiadau dyfrllyd wedi sicrhau bod have ensured the preservation of Chaerleon yn ddiweddarach o amgylch y caerau hyn. Holyhead later developed around these forts. deunydd organig megis pren, a fyddai organic material such as wood, Yn y canol oesoedd cipiodd y goresgynwyr Normanaidd In medieval times the Norman invaders seized natural fel arfer wedi pydru, wedi ei gadw which would normally have decayed ports where they built castles and towns in order to control (Martin Bell). (Martin Bell). borthladdoedd naturiol gan adeiladu cestyll a threfi er mwyn

6 7 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE

Ar hyd morlin Sir Gaerfyrddin ym Morfa Bychan, gellir gweld mawn Along the Carmarthenshire coastline at Morfa Bychan yn erydu, a gafodd ei orchuddio â dwˆ r yn wreiddiol 6,000-7,000 eroding peat, originally flooded 6,000–7,000 years ago, can o flynyddoedd yn ôl (blaen y llun). Mae amddiffynfeydd gwrth- be seen (foreground). Concrete anti-invasion defences dating ymosodiad concrid sy’n dyddio i’r Ail Rhyfel Byd ar hyd y traeth to the Second World War line the beach and shingle bank a’r lan raeanog (Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Dyfed). (Dyfed Archaeological Trust).

Am 2,000 o flynyddoedd mae’r môr For 2,000 years the sea has eaten into rheoli’r ardaloedd o’u hamgylch. Roedd y môr yn hanfodol wrth surrounding areas. The sea was critical in supplying wedi erydu’r gaer Oes Haearn ar y the Iron Age fort on the headland gyflenwi ar gyfer rheoli trefi mewn cefnwledydd gelyniaethus ac and garrisoning towns in hostile hinterlands and it is no penrhyn uwchben Bae Trefflemin, above Flimston Bay, Pembrokeshire. nid cyd-ddigwyddiad yw canfod bod nifer o’r cestyll gwychaf – coincidence that many of the greatest castles — like Sir Benfro. Mae llawer o’r tu mewn Much of the interior has been lost megis Penfro, Caernarfon a Chaerdydd – wedi’u lleoli ar yr Pembroke, Caernarfon, and Cardiff — lie on the coast. wedi ei golli ond mae llwyfannau i’w but platforms are still visible on the arfordir.Tra bod nifer ohonynt wedi’u cadw’n ddiogel, mae rhai While many are now safely conserved, a few still suffer gweld o hyd ar y penrhyn, lle y safai promontory, where timber roundhouses yn dal i ddioddef o erydiad. Mae twyni tywod wedi ymledu dros active erosion. Others, like Kenfig and Pennard, have been tai crwn pren unwaith. Bydd erydiad once stood. Erosion will eventually gestyll eraill, megis Cenfig a Phennard, ac mae’r twyni bellach, overcome by sand dunes which now, coincidentally, protect yn dinistrio’r gaer yn y pen draw a destroy the fort and it is only through trwy gyd-ddigwyddiad, yn diogelu’r archaeoleg yno. their archaeology. dim ond trwy gloddio archaeolegol a selective archaeological excavation and Oherwydd ofn Ffrainc o dan Napoleon, ysbrydolwyd nifer Fear of French invasion inspired many port and chofnodi y gallwn obeithio deall y recording that we can hope to under- o amddiffynfeydd, porthladdoedd a threfi, yn fwyaf nodedig y safleoedd hyn cyn iddynt ddiflannu stand these sites before they disappear town defences, most notably the chain of imposing (Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Dyfed). (Dyfed Archaeological Trust). gadwyn o gaerau trawiadol o’r bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg nineteenth-century forts on Milford Haven. Two world yn Aberdaugleddau. Gyda dau ryfel byd ychwanegwyd caerau wars have added pill boxes, batteries and lookout posts tanddaearol, magnelfeydd a gwylfâu sydd yn cael eu gwerth- which, increasingly, are cherished as reminders of our fawrogi fwyfwy fel atgofion o’n hanes mwy diweddar. more recent history.

8 9 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE

Mae’r fryngaer Oes Haearn yn Ninas Dinlle, Gwynedd, wedi’i lleoli ar fryn Yng Nghapel St Ffraid, Gwynedd, daeth claddedigaethau o’r arfordirol amlwg. Mae erydiad difrifol yn bygwth y tu mewn i’r gaer ond cyfnod Cristnogol cynnar i’r amlwg trwy erydiad gan dywod a gobeithir y bydd yr amddiffynfeydd môr sydd newydd gael eu codi i’r gogledd chwythwyd gan y gwynt. Mae cloddio a dadansoddi’r esgyrn yn Wele ddwˆ r yn dyfal ddod ynghyd â rhaglen maethu’r traeth yn helpu i leihau’r difrod. ofalus yn gallu darparu tystiolaeth werthfawr ynglyˆn â dyddiad y claddedigaethau, yn ogystal ag oed, diet ac iechyd y sawl a fu farw. A diwel baich o dywod, Mae’r llwybr arfordirol sy’n rhedeg dros yr heneb yn denu ymwelwyr o’r Mae cloddio bob tro yn cael ei ddilyn gan ailgladdu ar dir cysegredig. parc gwyliau gerllaw. Unwaith i’r planhigion bregus gael eu niweidio bydd y Bwria far ar lwybrau a fu, (Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd). ddaear oddi tanynt yn agored i erydiad pellach gan y tywydd a cherddwyr Swnd eigion sy’n ei dagu; fel ei gilydd (Mick Sharp Photography). At Capel St Ffraid, Gwynedd, burials dating from the early Lle dwg ysgubell y don Christian period have been exposed through erosion by wind- Ofid i enau’r afon. The Iron Age hillfort at Dinas Dinlle, Gwynedd, occupies a prominent blown sands. Careful excavation and analysis of the bones coastal hill. Severe erosion threatens the interior of the fort but it is can provide valuable evidence for the date of burials, as well Y Porthladd Segur,Tommy Evans hoped that newly constructed sea defences to the north together with as the age, diet and health of the deceased. Excavation is a programme of beach nourishment will help reduce the damage. always followed by reburial in consecrated ground. The coastal path over the monument attracts visitors from the large (Gwynedd Archaeological Trust). holiday complex nearby. Once the fragile vegetation is damaged the ground beneath is exposed to further erosion by weather and When Mon and her gentle beauty walkers alike (Mick Sharp Photography). Shines red-hot from the heat of the flame, And her bulging silver veins And her lead and iron are aflame, To what avails shelter from the mother earth? Praise of Anglesey, Goronwy Owen

Y Môr a’r Enaid The Sea and the Soul Tra bod rhai henebion yn gofnod o orffennol cythryblus, mae While some monuments record a turbulent past, others eraill yn cofnodi materion mwy ysbrydol. Gosodwyd capeli tell of more spiritual concerns. Chapels and churches ac eglwysi yn aml mewn lleoliadau arfordirol anghysbell gan were often positioned in remote coastal locations where ddatblygu’n fannau ar gyfer pererindod neu ynysoedd o they became places of pilgrimage or islands of monastic unigedd mynachaidd. O blith y sefydliadau Cristnogol cynnar, solitude. Of the early Christian foundations, most mae’r rhan fwyaf yn goroesi fel safleoedd neu adfeilion yn survive only as sites or ruins, but they remain important unig, ond maent yn parhau yn bwysig oherwydd eu lleoliadau for their emotive settings and for the evidence preserved hudolus a’r dystiolaeth sydd wedi’i chadw yn yr haenau in the archaeological layers below ground. archaeolegol oddi tanynt.

Diwydiant a Masnach Industry and Trade Mae arfordir Cymru yn frith o borthladdoedd a cheiau sy’n The Welsh coast is fringed with harbours and quays adlewyrchu ein traddodiad hir o fasnachu. Mae nifer ohonynt reflecting our long history of trade. Many now lie deserted bellach yn wag, ond maent yn dwyn i gof y dyddiau pan roedd but they are reminders of the days when coastal villages gan bentrefi arfordirol luoedd pysgota a iardiau llongau, a had fishing fleets and boatyards, and when coasting routes phan roedd cludo deunydd ar y môr yn aml yn hwylusach na’i provided means of communications often superior to gludo ar draws y tir.Yn y ddeunawfed ganrif a’r bedwaredd transport overland. In the eighteenth and nineteenth ganrif ar bymtheg, roedd dociau newydd gwych, yn ogystal â centuries great new docks, as well as smaller harbours, phorthladdoedd llai, yn byrth i’r marchnadoedd allforio byd- were the doors to global export markets. Wales was famous eang. Roedd Cymru yn enwog am ei glo a’i haearn, llechi a for its coal and iron, slate and tinplate, but agricultural

10 11 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE

Yn hwyr yn y drydedd ganrif ar thunplat, ond cafodd cynnyrch amaethyddol a mwynau metel produce and metal ores were also traded extensively. ddeg, ailadeiladwyd y castell eu masnachu’n helaeth hefyd. Roedd cyflenwadau o ddeunyd- Supplies of raw materials often attracted further industries Normanaidd yn Ninbych-y-Pysgod, diau crai yn aml yn denu diwydiannau eraill megis gwneud like brick making or metal smelting to the coast, and many Sir Benfro. Roedd y gwrthgloddiau briciau neu doddi metel i’r arfordir, a thyfodd nifer o drefi ar towns grew up on the foundations of such trade. newydd yn cynnwys mur tref sylfeini’r fath fasnach. Evidence for trade and industry in earlier times is gydag amddiffynfeydd ar y clogwyni Mae’r dystiolaeth am fasnach a diwydiant mewn cyfnodau more elusive, but throughout the ages vessels have come môr.Yma, mae gweddillion un cynt yn anos i’w chanfod, ond ar hyd yr oesoedd mae llongau to grief around our shores. Boats of Roman and medieval o’r tyredau canoloesol sydd wedi’i wedi eu llongddryllio o gwmpas ein harfordir. Canfuwyd llon- drwsio i’w gweld. date have been found recently in the Severn Estuary gau o gyfnod y Rhufeiniaid a’r canol oesoedd yn ddiweddar and careful study of their construction and cargoes has Ar ben y clogwyn, mae’r tai o’r yng Ngenau Hafren, ac mae astudiaeth ofalus o’r modd y provided a rare insight into commerce and seafaring many bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg a cawsant eu hadeiladu a’u llwythi yn cynnig cipolwg prin ar centuries ago. adferwyd o fewn ardal gadwraeth fasnach a mordeithio sawl canrif yn ôl. drefol sydd wedi ei dynodi’n • Caerau ac amddiffynfeydd bennaf er mwyn cadw cymeriad a golwg hanesyddol tref sy’n Beth sy’n Gwneud yr What Makes the dibynnu ar y diwydiant twristaidd (Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Amgylchedd Hanesyddol? Historic Environment? Dyfed).

During the later thirteenth • Caerau ac amddiffynfeydd • Forts and defences century, the Norman castle at Tenby, Pembrokeshire, was rebuilt. The new fortification • Aneddiadau ar ymyl y traeth • Shoreline settlements included a town wall with defences on the sea-cliffs. Here, • Safleoedd claddu cyn hanes • Prehistoric burial sites the patched-up remains of one of the medieval turrets is visible. • Gwersylloedd dros dro i helwyr a bugeiliaid • Temporary camps for hunters and herders The restored early nineteenth- century houses on the cliff top • Ffermydd arfordirol • Coastal farmsteads are within an urban conservation area, designated largely to • Llongddrylliadau • Shipwrecks preserve the historic character and appearance of a town • Ffurfiannau mawn ac arfordiroedd cynnar • Peat formations and early coastlines dependent on the tourist industry (Dyfed Archaeological Trust). • Eglwysi, capeli, mynachdai, a mynwentydd • Churches, chapels, monasteries, and graveyards

• Adeiladau diwydiannol • Industrial buildings

• Ceiau a phorthladdoedd, begynau, a goleudai • Quays and harbours, beacons, and lighthouses

• Chwareli ac odynau • Quarries and kilns

• a llawer mwy • and much more

12 13 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE

Yn ystod y Canol Oesoedd roedd Yr Arfordir Heddiw The Coast Today mynediad i’r môr yn hanfodol Caiff pobl eu denu i’r arfordir gan llawer o’r un ffactorau a People are drawn to the coast by many of the same factors wrth amddiffyn Castell Cydweli, ddenodd ein cyndeidiau. Mae pysgota, chwarelu a masnachau which attracted our ancestors. Fishing, quarrying, and Sir Gaerfyrddin. Ers hynny, porthladd wedi dirywio, ond rydym yn parhau i ddefnyddio’r mae dyddodiad llifwaddod wedi harbour trades have declined, but we continue to use oppor- estyn ardal y tir yn sylweddol. cyfleoedd y mae’r môr yn eu cynnig. Er nad oes angen bellach tunities provided by the sea. Although there is no longer a Arweiniodd y cynnydd o i fyw’n agos at ein cyflenwad bwyd, mae lleoliad glan môr yn need to live close to our supply of food, a seaside location laid a thywod dros y canrifoedd, dal i apelio at chwaeth fodern. Mae twristiaeth arfordirol a’r still appeals to modern tastes. Coastal tourism and the a wnaeth tramwyo mynediad i diwydiant hamdden wedi dod â newidiadau a fyddai wedi leisure industry have brought changes which would have afonydd Gwendraeth yn anodd, synnu ein cyndeidiau. Mae gwestai, marinau, parciau carafanau, astonished our forebears. Hotels, marinas, caravan parks, at lesteirio’r fasnach allforio glo a’u gwasanaethau a ffyrdd cysylltiedig, wedi gweddnewid yr and their associated roads and services, have transformed yn y ddeunawfed ganrif hyd yr amgylchedd arfordirol. the coastal environment. ugeinfed ganrif (Hawlfraint y Mae’r pwysau modern hyn, ynghyd ag ofnau ynghylch These modern pressures, combined with fears of global Goron: Comisiwn Brenhinol cynhesu byd-eang a lefelau môr sy’n codi wedi arwain, o warming and rising sea levels have, in turn, led to greater Henebion Cymru). ganlyniad, at alw cynyddol am ddiogelu’r arfordir. Mae proble- demands for coastal protection. Age-old problems of erosion mau oesol megis erydiad a gorlifo yn parhau ond mae atebion and flooding continue but modern engineering solutions During the Middle Ages access peirianneg modern yn gallu newid ein harfordir yn sylweddol. to the sea was vital to the can, themselves, radically change our coastline. defence of Kidwelly Castle, Carmarthenshire. Since then, alluvial deposition has Pwysau Heddiw Pressures Today considerably extended the land area. The accumulation of muds and sands over the Industrial development centuries which made the • Datblygu diwydiannol • entrance to the Gwendraeth Use of coastal resources — rivers difficult led to the • Defnyddio adnoddau arfordirol – • hampering of the coal export dredging, fishing, mineral extraction trade of the eighteenth through treillio rhwydi, pysgota, tynnu mwynau to the twentieth centuries • Pollution and pollution control (Crown Copyright: Royal • Llygredd a rheoli llygredd Commission on the Ancient Housing and services • Tai a gwasanaethau • and Historical Monuments of Wales). Tourism and leisure • Twristiaeth a hamdden • Continuing coastal erosion • Erydiad arfordirol parhaus • Sea defence • Amddiffyn rhag y môr • Changes in water table • Newidiadau i’r tabl dwˆr • Trade and communications • Masnach a chysylltiadau •

the slowblack, slow, black, crowblack, fishing-boat-bobbing sea Under Milk Wood, Dylan Thomas

14 15 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE

Rheoli’r Dreftadaeth Arfordirol Management of the Coastal Heritage Gellir cymryd rhai camau syml i leihau’r risg o ddifrod Some simple steps can reduce the risk of accidental damage damweiniol neu ddatblygu sy’n amharu ar yr ardal: Mae dyfodol yr amgylchedd hanesyddol yn dibynnu ar The survival of the historic environment depends on careful or unsympathetic development: reolaeth ofalus. Mae gweddillion archaeolegol yn aml yn management. Archaeological remains are often fragile and 1. Ceisio Gwybodaeth 1. Seek Information fregus, a gellir eu difrodi gan weithgareddau sy’n ymddangos can be damaged by apparently harmless activities. Even a Mae pedair Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Cymru yn The four Welsh Archaeological Trusts maintain detailed yn ddiniwed. Mae hyd yn oed lwybr troed syml yn gallu achosi simple footpath can cause irreversible disturbance in sensi- cynnal cofnodion manwl o henebion yng Nghymru — y records of monuments in Wales — the Sites and Monuments niwed na ellir ei wyrdroi mewn lleoliadau sensitif. tive locations. Cofnodion Safleoedd a Henebion (SMRs) — sydd ar gael i’r Records (SMRs) — which are available for public consulta- Gellir diogelu henebion trwy’r broses gynllunio, ond Ancient monuments can be protected through the plan- cyhoedd. Mae’r arolwg arfordirol diweddar a ariannwyd gan tion. The recent Cadw-funded coastal survey has supple- mae nifer o weithgareddau nad ydynt yn amodol ar ganiatâd ning process, but many activities are not subject to planning Cadw yn ychwanegu at y rhain ac mae’r Ymddiriedolaethau mented these and the Trusts can supply copies of the reports cynllunio, a chaiff gweithredoedd neu bolisïau eu pennu’n aml permission, and actions or policies are often determined yn gallu darparu copïau o’r adroddiadau am bris cost. Mae’r at cost price. The Trusts can also identify known sites and ymhell cyn gwneud cais am ganiatâd ffurfiol.Am y rhesymau long before any formal consent is sought. For these reasons, Ymddiriedolaethau hefyd yn gallu adnabod safleoedd hysbys point out areas where more discoveries may come to light. hyn, mae’n rhaid adnabod pwysigrwydd yr amgylchedd the importance of the historic environment needs to be a nodi ardaloedd lle y gallai rhagor o ddarganfyddiadau The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical hanesyddol yn gynnar. recognized at an early stage. ddod i’r fei. Mae Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) is responsible for main- (RCAHMW) yn gyfrifol am gynnal y Cofnod Henebion taining the National Monuments Record (NMR) at Cenedlaethol (NMR) yn Aberystwyth lle y delir gwybodaeth Aberystwyth where other, related, information is also held. Wrth i’r môr fygwyth golchi i ffwrdd berthnasol arall. lawer o gartref canoloesol esgobion 2. Evaluate the Information Bangor yn Gogarth, ger Llandudno, 2. Gwerthuso’r Wybodaeth Not all archaeological remains need preservation in situ. mae archaeolegwyr bellach yn Nid oes angen cadwraeth in situ ar weddillion archaeolegol i Archaeological and historic importance varies from site cofnodi’r rhannau mwyaf bregus o’r gyd. Mae pwysigrwydd archaeolegol a hanesyddol yn amrywio to site and professional advice can help to ensure that safle (Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol o safle i safle ac mae cyngor proffesiynol yn gallu helpu i appropriate measures are taken. Where a scheduled ancient Gwynedd). sicrhau y caiff y camau priodol eu cymryd. Os effeithir ar monument or listed building is affected, statutory consent heneb gofrestredig neu adeilad rhestredig, efallai y bydd As the sea threatens to wash away may be needed for proposed works. angen caniatâd statudol ar gyfer gwaith arfaethedig. much of the medieval residence 3. Assess Impacts of the bishops of Bangor at 3. Asesu Effeithiau Different proposals will have different effects, and the Gogarth, near Llandudno, Bydd gan gynigion gwahanol effeithiau gwahanol, a dylid impact on individual monuments should be assessed. archaeologists are now recording asesu’r effaith ar henebion unigol. Gallai gwybodaeth archae- Archaeological information hidden beneath the ground the most vulnerable areas olegol gudd o dan y ddaear gael ei difrodi, neu gellir effeithio might be damaged, or the setting of a monument may be (Gwynedd Archaeological Trust). ar leoliad heneb. affected. 4. Diogelu a Chadw 4. Protect and Preserve Gyda blaengynllunio mae’n aml yn bosibl osgoi neu leihau With forward planning it is often possible to avoid or mini- difrod i heneb. Fe allai fod yn bosibl hefyd i wella ei chyflwr mize damage to a monument. It may also be possible to a’i lleoliad fel y gellir mwynhau a gwerthfawrogi’r safle yn fwy improve its condition and setting so that the site can be yn y dyfodol. more widely enjoyed and appreciated in the future. 5. Lliniaru 5. Mitigate Hyd yn oed pan fo difrod yn anochel gellir ei gyfyngu yn aml, Even where damage is inevitable it can often be limited, and a gellir dyfeisio strategaethau i sicrhau y caiff dyddodion strategies can be devised to ensure that archaeological archaeolegol eu cofnodi cyn eu bod yn cael eu colli. deposits are recorded before they are lost. 6. Monitro 6. Monitor Trwy gydol y prosiect dylid monitro a recordio effaith y Throughout a project the effect of the works should be gwaith, a dylid diwygio’r strategaeth i adlewyrchu newidiadau monitored and recorded, and the strategy amended to reflect wrth i’r prosiect ddatblygu. changes as the project unfolds.

16 17 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE

Achub y Blaen Take the Initiative Canllaw ar Gyfer Arfer Gorau A Guide to Best Practice Nid yw’r amgylchedd hanesyddol o ddiddordeb i The historic environment is not only of interest to archaeol- 1. CEISIO gwybodaeth 1. SEEK information archaeolegwyr a haneswyr yn unig – mae’n gwneud cyfraniad ogists and historians — it makes an important contribution 2. GWERTHUSO ei phwysigrwydd 2. EVALUATE its importance pwysig i ansawdd ein bywyd. Nid yw cadwraeth bellach to our quality of life. Preservation is no longer simply a yn fater syml o adael llonydd iddi. Os bydd creiriau ein matter of leaving alone. If the relics of our past are to 3. ASESU effaith cynigion 3. ASSESS the impact of proposals gorffennol yn goroesi er mwyn i genedlaethau’r dyfodol allu survive for future generations to enjoy and understand, they 4.Ystyried DIOGELU a CHADWRAETH 4. Consider PROTECTION and PRESERVATION eu mwynhau a’u deall, mae angen ein gofal arnynt heddiw. need to be cared for today. 5. Neu ddyfeisio mesurau LLINIARU 5. Or devise MITIGATION measures 6. MONITRO effaith y cynigion 6. MONITOR the effect of the proposals Mae cymorth ar gael Assistance is available Cadw yw asiantaeth y llywodraeth sy’n gyfrifol am gynghori Cadw is the government agency responsible for advising the Mae erydiad arfordirol yn prysur Ysgrifennydd Gwladol Cymru ar gofrestru henebion a rhestru Secretary of State for Wales on the scheduling of ancient ddifrodi’r gaer Oes Haearn hon adeiladau hanesyddol.Yn ogystal â chyngor technegol, mae monuments and listing of historic buildings. As well as (Sudbrook Camp, Sir Fynwy). Mae grantiau ar gael tuag at gost gwaith cadwraeth ac atgyweirio technical advice, grants are available towards the cost of datblygiadau diwydiannol a thai ymarferol. Mae’n rhaid cael caniatâd gan Cadw ar gyfer practical conservation work and repair. Consent must be cyfagos wedi tresmasu ar safle’r gwaith ar henebion cofrestredig. Mae Cadw hefyd yn gyfrifol obtained from Cadw for works to scheduled ancient heneb tra bod llwybrau a lonydd am longddrylliadau hanesyddol dynodedig. monuments. Cadw is also responsible for designated wrecks. bychain sy’n arwain at y cae chwaraeon y tu mewn i’r gaer Mae gan awdurdodau lleol Swyddogion Cadwraeth sy’n Local authorities have Conservation Officers who are wedi achosi erydiad lleol dros gallu cynnig cyngor ar gadw adeiladau rhestredig a materion able to offer advice on the preservation of listed buildings ben argloddiau amddiffynnol cadwraethol ehangach, er enghraifft y rheiny sy’n gysylltiedig and broader conservation issues, for example those (Hawlfraint y Goron: Comisiwn â morlinau treftadaeth ac ardaloedd cadwraeth. Mae’n rhaid associated with heritage coastlines and conservation areas. Brenhinol Henebion Cymru). cael caniatâd gan yr awdurdod lleol perthnasol ar gyfer Consent must be obtained from the relevant local authority gwaith ar adeiladau hanesyddol rhestredig. for works to listed historic buildings. Coastal erosion is nibbling Mae Cadw, mewn cydweithrediad â Chyngor Cefn Cadw, in co-operation with the Countryside Council for away relentlessly at this Iron Gwlad Cymru ac ICOMOS UK wedi cyhoeddi’r rhan gyntaf Wales (CCW) and ICOMOS UK has published the first part Age fort (Sudbrook Camp, o’r GofrestrTirweddau o Ddiddordeb Hanesyddol yng of the Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales, Monmouthshire). Nearby indus- Nghymru, sef y Gofrestr Tirweddau o Ddiddordeb Hanesyddol the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest trial and housing developments Eithriadol yng Nghymru (1998). Mae’r ddogfen anstatudol hon yn in Wales (1998). This non-statutory document highlights the have encroached on the setting nodi’r tirweddau hanesyddol gorau sydd wedi goroesi yng best surviving historic landscapes in Wales. Included in the of the monument while paths and tracks leading to the sports Nghymru.Ymhlith enghreifftiau yn y Gofrestr a restrir fel Register as being of outstanding historic interest are signifi- field in the fort’s interior have mannau o ddiddordeb hanesyddol eithriadol mae ardaloedd cant coastal areas, including the Gwent Levels, St Davids caused localized erosion over the arfordirol sylweddol, gan gynnwys Gwastatiroedd Gwent, Head and the Lleyn Peninsula. crests of defensive banks (Crown Penmaendewi a Phenrhyn Llyˆn. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Copyright: Royal Commission Mae Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) holds the National on the Ancient and Historical (RCAHMW) yn dal y Cofnod Henebion Cenedlaethol Monuments Record (NMR) for Wales as well as a database Monuments of Wales). (NMR) yn ogystal â chronfa ddata o safleoedd llongddrylliad. of wreck sites.

The sea is much visited here, whose colours are cooler And life uncertain as well it might be in the earth’s tears... Aberporth, John Fuller, from Collected Poems, 1996

18 19 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE

Mae pedair Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Cymru The four Welsh Archaeological Trusts maintain the yn cynnal y Cofnodion Safleoedd a Henebion rhanbarthol regional Sites and Monuments Records (SMRs) for their (SMRs) ar gyfer eu hardaloedd ac yn darparu cyngor areas and provide wide-ranging archaeological advice archaeolegol eang trwy eu gwasanaeth curadurol. through their curatorial services. Mae’r Gymdeithas Archaeoleg Forwrol, trwy raglenni The Nautical Archaeology Society, through training hyfforddi a chyhoeddiadau, yn ceisio hyrwyddo ymwybyddi- programmes and publications, seeks to promote awareness aeth ac arfer da ar gyfer safleoedd archaeolegol tanddwˆr. and good practice for underwater archaeological sites.

Deddfwriaeth Allweddol, Canllaw Cynllunio, Key Legislation, Planning Guidance, Datganiadau Polisi & Chodau Ymarfer Policy Statements & Codes of Practice ar gyfer Archaeoleg Arfordirol ac Arforol for Coastal & Maritime Archaeology yng Nghymru in Wales Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Areas Act 1979 Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Areas Act 1979 Mae safleoedd a henebion o bwysigrwydd cenedlaethol yn Sites and monuments of national importance are included cael eu cynnwys ar ‘restr’, wedi’i chynnal gan Cadw: Welsh on a ‘schedule’, maintained by Cadw: Welsh Historic Historic Monuments. Gydag ychydig o eithriadau, mae angen Monuments. With a few exceptions, the consent of the caniatâd Ysgrifennydd Gwladol Cymru, trwy Cadw, ar gyfer yr Secretary of State for Wales, through Cadw, is needed for all holl waith ar heneb gofrestredig. works to a scheduled ancient monument. Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 Gall Ysgrifennydd Gwladol Cymru, trwy Cadw, restru adeiladau Buildings of all kinds may be listed by the Secretary of State o bob math. Mae’n rhaid cael caniatâd adeilad rhestredig for Wales, through Cadw. Listed building consent needs to gan yr awdurdod cynllunio lleol perthnasol ar gyfer newid be obtained from the relevant local planning authority for neu ddymchwel. Gallai ardaloedd arfordirol trefol orwedd o alteration or demolition. Urban coastal areas may lie within fewn ardaloedd cadwraeth a dylid ymgynghori â’r awdurdod conservation areas and the local planning authority should cynllunio lleol. be consulted.

This fortress built by Nature for herself Against infection and the hand of war. This happy breed of men, this little world, Yn ei anterth yn ystod diwedd In its heyday during the late y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg a nineteenth and early twentieth this precious stone set in the silver sea, dechrau’r ugeinfed ganrif, roedd centuries, Porthgain was a Porthgain yn borthladd diwydiannol bustling industrial port. Crushed Which serves it in the office of a wall, prysur.Allforwyd gwenithfaen mâl or dressed granite from the neu nadd o’r chwareli cyfagos adjacent quarries was exported Or as a moat defensive to a house, yn uniongyrchol o’r porthladd directly from the harbour (Roger Worsely Archive (Roger Worsely Archive Against the envy of less happier lands. Negative Collection). Negative Collection). King Richard II,William Shakespeare

20 21 1 GOFALU AM DREFTADAETH YR ARFORDIR CARING FOR COASTAL HERITAGE Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments Adeilad y Goron/Crown Building Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 Parc Cathays/Cathays Park Caiff safleoedd eu dynodi’n statudol gyda chyngor Pwyllgor Sites are statutorily designated with the advice of Caerdydd/Cardiff CF1 3NQ 5 Ymgynghorol Safleoedd Llongddrylliad Hanesyddol. the Advisory Committee for Historic Wreck Sites. Tel/Ffôn 01222 500200 Glamorgan-Gwent Mae nodiadau canllaw ar gyfer y rheiny sy’n canfod Guidance notes for finders of historic wrecks and for Fax/Ffacs 01222 826171 Archaeological Trust llongddrylliadau hanesyddol ac ar gyfer plymwyr hamdden sports divers are available from Cadw. Licences are Ymddiriedolaeth 6 ar gael gan Cadw. Mae’n rhaid cael trwyddedau gan required from the Secretary of State for Wales for the Archaeolegol 2 Morgannwg-Gwent Ysgrifennydd Gwladol Cymru ar gyfer monitro, arolygu monitoring, survey or excavation of designated Royal Commission Warws Glan-y-Fferi/ neu gloddio llongddrylliadau hanesyddol dynodedig. historic wrecks. on the Ancient and Ferryside Warehouse Historical Monuments Bath Lane/Bath Lane Planning Guidance (Wales) Welsh Office 1996 Planning Guidance (Wales) Welsh Office 1996 of Wales ‘The Coast’, paragraff 146,‘Conservation of the Natural & ‘The Coast’, paragraph 146, ‘Conservation of the Natural & Abertawe/Swansea Comisiwn Brenhinol Gorllewin Morgannwg/ Built Environment’, yn enwedig ‘Archaeology’, paragraff 134. Built Environment’, especially ‘Archaeology’, paragraph 134. Henebion Cymru West Glamorgan Mae cylchlythyr y Swyddfa Gymreig 60/96 Planning and the Welsh Office Circular 60/96 Planning and the Historic Plas Crug SA1 1RD Historic Environment: Archaeology yn darparu cyngor ac Environment: Archaeology provides detailed advice and Aberystwyth Tel/Ffôn 01792 655208 Ceredigion Fax/Ffacs 01792 474469 arweiniad manwl ar arfer gorau. Mae’n esbonio’r meini guidance on best practice. It explains criteria for scheduling, SA23 1NJ prawf ar gyfer cofrestru, yn rhoi ffynonellau ac yn argymell gives sources and recommends procedures for assessment, Tel/Ffôn 01970 621233 gweithdrefnau asesu, gwerthuso, cadwraeth a lliniaru. evaluation, preservation, and mitigation. Fax/Ffacs 01970 627701 6 3 Gwynedd Mae cylchlythyr y Swyddfa Gymreig 61/96 Planning Welsh Office Circular 61/96 Planning and the Historic Archaeological Trust and the Historic Environment: Historic Buildings and Environment: Historic Buildings and Conservation 3 Ymddiriedolaeth Conservation Areas yn darparu cyngor ac arweiniad 2 Areas provides detailed advice and guidance on best Clwyd-Powys Archaeoleg Gwynedd manwl ar arfer gorau. practice. Archaeological Trust Craig Beuno Ymddiriedolaeth Bydd Cynlluniau datblygu ar gyfer pob ardal awdurdod lleol a Development plans for each local authority area Ffordd y Garth Archaeoleg pharc cenedlaethol yn cynnwys polisïau i ddiogelu archaeoleg, and national park will contain policies to protect Bangor Clwyd-Powys Gwynedd LL57 2RT adeiladau hanesyddol, a thirweddau hanesyddol. Mewn nifer archaeology, historic buildings, and historic landscapes. 7a Stryd yr Eglwys/ Tel/Ffôn 01248 352535 o ardaloedd mae’r polisïau yn y cynlluniau lleol cynt wedi eu In many areas the policies in the former local plans have 7a Church Street Fax/Ffacs 01248 370925 mabwysiadu. been adopted. Y Trallwng/Welshpool gwyneddarchaeologicaltrust Powys SY 21 7DL @btinternet.com Mae Seas, Shores and Coastal Areas: Maritime Policy, Cyngor Seas, Shores and Coastal Areas: Maritime policy Tel/Ffôn 01938 553670 Cefn Gwlad Cymru, 1996, yn cwmpasu treftadaeth Countryside Council for Wales 1996, covers cultural Fax/Ffacs 01938 552179 ddiwylliannol, tirweddau hanesyddol, a materion amwynderau. heritage, historic landscapes and amenity issues. It also [email protected] Mae hefyd yn pwysleisio’r angen am ddatblygu cynaladwy a stresses the need for sustainable development and holistic rheoli cyfannol. management. 4 4 Coastal Defence and the Environment:A guide to good practice Coastal Defence and the Environment: A guide to good Dyfed Archaeological Gweinyddiaeth Amaeth, Pysgodfeydd a Bwyd 1995; gweler practice Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1995; Trust hefyd Shoreline Management Plans:A guide for Coastal Defence see also Shoreline Management Plans: A guide for Coastal (Archaeoleg Cambrian Archaeology) Authorities (MAFF/WO, 1995) t. 5–6, ar gyfer canllawiau ar Defence Authorities. (MAFF/WO, 1995) pp. 5–6, for guide- Ymddiriedolaeth archaeoleg arfordirol. lines on coastal archaeology. Archaeoleg Dyfed (Archaeoleg Cambrian Archaeology) 5 Nodir rôl Asiantaeth yr Amgylchedd wrth reoli’r The role of the Environment Agency in the management of Neuadd y Sir/The Shire Hall adnodd archaeolegol yn Adran 7c(i) o Ddeddf yr Amgylchedd the archaeological resource is stated in Section 7c (i) of the Stryd Caerfyrddin/ 1 1995. Environment Act 1995. Carmarthen Street Llandeilo/Llandeilo Code of Practice for Seabed Developers Cydbwyllgor Polisi Code of Practice for Seabed Developers Joint Nautical Sir Gaerfyrddin/ Archaeoleg Morwrol 1995. Archaeology Policy Committee 1995. Carmarthenshire SA19 6AF Arfordir Treftadaeth Tel/Ffôn 01558 823121 Heritage Coast Fax/Ffacs 01558 823133 22 Gadawyd yr olion traed hyn gan deithiwr cyn hanes, a groesodd aber Wysg yng Nghasnewydd tua 5000CC, efallai wrth chwilio am anifeiliaid hela ar hyd blaen y traeth. Diogelwyd yr olion traed yn gyflym gan laid ac fe’u dadorchuddiwyd yn ddiweddar gan erydiad (Amgueddfa ac Oriel Genedlaethol Cymru, Caerdydd).

These footprints were left by a prehistoric passerby who, in about 5000 BC, crossed the Usk estuary at Newport, perhaps in search of game along the foreshore. The prints were rapidly protected by mud and revealed only recently by erosion (National Museum & Gallery of Wales, Cardiff).

The coast will never alter While we watch it, though Tides creep up like grannies Silent and grinning.

Down and Up, John Fuller

Wedi’i hadeiladu ym 1906, mae’r Bont Gludo ar draws Afon Wysg yng Nghasnewydd yn gofeb drawiadol i dreftadaeth ddiwydiannol a masnachol Cymru.

Built in 1906, the Transporter Bridge across the River Usk at Newport is an imposing monument to the industrial and trading heritage of Wales.