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Translation Series No \, 701. Pigment that had previously been scattered regrouped in such a way that a pigment band formed on the middle of the,tail, on the 12th to the 18th and most frequently on the 13th to the 15th myotomes (counting from the anus); in addition, a double row formed-on the lower edge of the tail and above the intestine. The band that formed on the middle of the tail in the prolarval stage remained as one throughout the entire larval stage, with the difference that it became narrower and subsequently occupied only two or three (the 15th to the 16th, the 111.th to the '16th, the 16th to the 17th, and the 16th to the 18th), and more frequently two (the 16th to the 17th),• myotomes. After the absorption of the yolk sac the large melanophores • /354 passed to the lower surface of the abdomen, .an the middle of which they formed a distinct pigment row that occasionally split in two. A few large, starry cells were located along both sides of this row. There was a i.ow of cells on the isthmus. Towards the moment of formation of rays the band on the middle of the tail disappearedl and in its place there remained single large eelanophores. Banded flounder larvae at this stage were fairly easily distinguished by a comparatively large number (11 to 13) of myotomes in the• trunk, the absence of melanophores in the depth of the body above the chord and by a slight pigmentation on the lower edge of the tail. The Arctic Flounder -_-_- Linpttn claninlls (Pallas) Information on the development of the arctic flounder is extremely meager. Reports on the reprodUction and egg sizes of _ 702. arctic flounder from the White Sea are available,in a study. by A.N. Nikolaey (1955). We have investigated artificially fertilized eggs which were kindly given to us by N.A. Pertsev, the Director . of the White Sea Biological Station of Moscow State University, as well as three prolaryae from 3.7 to 6.6 nm long and twelve larvae from 6.53 to_7.89 mm,long, caught with a plankton net from 21 July to 30 August 1946' in Kara Bay. The above prolaryae and larvae have been described by L.A. Ponomareya (1949). A comparison of this limited material with that on the banded flounder is.undoubtedly of great interest. The' eggs of the arctic flounder are pelagic, and at a salinity of 27 to 28%0 float in the open water. The membrane is thin and the yolk is colourless end transparent. The diameter of ripe White Sea arctic flounder eggs, according to Nikolaev, varies from 1.2 to 1.6 mm. The diameter ,of fixed eggs that we examined ranged from 1.54 to 1.70 min. The periyitelline space in live-eggs. _ represented a narrow aperture, whose size after fixation. increased as a result • . of the shrinking of the yolk. • Prolaryae (evidently recently hatched) 3.7 min long (see fig. 51) had a large yolk sac. Their heads were straightened and separated from the yolk sac to the level of the forward edge and middle of the auditory capsule, „.;• 4' • 703. The pigmentation of the body was of an embryonic. nature. Large melanophores were thickly scattered over the .entire body of the Prolarva„ and there was a small quantity on the intestineand the yolk sac. The eyes were dark. Prolarvae from 6.35 to 6.66 mmulong . (see fig. 51, 2) had a fairly large yolk sac 0.90 to 1.29 mm long and 0.32 • to 0.42 mm high. The tail was long and the distance from the end of the snout to the insertion of the anal fin represented 35.7 to 36.7% of the length of the body. The pectoral fins were small, and their ends reached the fourth myotome. To judge from the base, which was situated vertically, they were mobile. • in the body. There were 11 + 26 myotomesi A mesenchymal accumulation was noticeable under the urostyle, in the place of the - hypurals. The pigment lost its embryonic nature., and of it there remained a small number of cells scattered on the tail; the trunk was practically devoid of pigment. A somewhat indistinct accumulation of melanophores was noticeable on the tail around the 16th myotome, and there was a row of such melanophores on the lower edge of the tail. In older larvae 6.53 to 7.12 lulu long the yolk sac . had been absorbed. The pigmentation. changed little in comparison with the preceding stage: the number of scattered melanophores decreased on the tail and increased on the lower portion of the forward half of the intestine. In older larvae 7.89 (7.58 to 7.71) mrn. long, caught on 30 August . 1946 at Ustt-Kara, the myotomes were sigmoid. The-height of 1 704.. the body represented 11.1 to 11.6% of its length. At the • base of the dorsal and anal fin folds there appeared the /355 stripes of pterygiophores, from which there branched out fin rays, the length of most of which still _did not exceed 1/3 .of the height of the fin folds. They rthe fin-rayg were best developed in the central area. Their mumber decreased progressively towards the front and the rear, and at the beginning and end of the fin folds they were entirely absent. Thera were 24 to 35 rays in the dorsal fin fold and 22 to 27 in the anal fold. 3 Figure 51- Prolarvae and larvae of L. glacialis. 1... 3.7 min (after Ponomareva); 2- 6.7 mm; 3- 7.1 mm • Thee intestine formed a full loop, which was still small and situated in the rear portion of the abdominal cavity. The urostyle was curved slightly upwards, and under it were outlined the hypurals and the tail fin rays. - • Pigment was for the most part still of a larval • nature, with the difference that the number of'scattered melanophores decreased on the upper portion of the tail and • 705. the pigmentary cells themoelves became much larger. The *melanophores which. had been under the urostyle extended alông the length of the outlined tail fin rays. - . In larvae 7.96 (6.98) mm long the height of the body increased to 18.3% of its length. .The fin rays, with the •exception of the first and last three to four in the dorsal end anal fins, were differentiated. Thèy were noticeably longer than in the preceding stage and fell slightly short of the edges of the fin folds. There were about 50 rays in the dorsal fin and about 38 in the anal fin. Eight or nine fin rays were outlined in the tail. • The intestinal loop filled the entire rear half of the - abdominal cavity. The end of the rectum was pulled somewhat forward as compared with its position in the preceding stage. The pigmentation of the right and left sides was 1.■ asymmetrical. On the right side there was a large number of small, scattered melanophores on the head and the forward portion of the trunk, and a few larger starry cells in Various areas of the tail. - .- =- The first spot of the upper row of the tâil was outlined and was also visible on the left side. The left side of the body, with the exception of one pigmentary cell remaining from a band on the middle of the tail, and a few cells on the end of the intestine and the lower edge of the tail, was devoid of pigment. • .* 706. The change in the proportions of the body in the course of development of the prolarvae and larvae that have been described is shown in Table 53. Table 53 /356 ■ 1 The Correlation of Body Parts of Prolarvae and Larvae of L,r1Palal,i5 Percentage of length Percentage of length . Length, in mra Number of of body of head specimens aA H 1C 0 aa V // I 1 "1 / 6 ,35-6 ,66 2 35 ,7-36 ,7 4 ,16-4 ,7 13,75 28 ,5-33 ,0 16 ,4-16 ,6 6 ,53-7 ,12 9 33 ,3-37 ,7 4 ,5-5 ,1 1,3 ,25-14 ,6 27 ,1-27 ,6 15 ,1-19 ,0 6 ,93-7 ,89 3 37,4-41,0 11 ,i-18,3 18 ,45-23 ,2 19 ,74-22 ,1 17 ,45-19 ,1 As may be seen from the data in Table 53, during the period of development the following changes take place in the parts of the bodies of larvae: the distance from the end of the snout to the insertion of the anal fin, the height of the body, the length of the head, and the length of the snout increase, and the eyes -decrease in size. In fingerlings 28 mm long, caught on 11 August 1945 with a fingerling trawl in Baidarata Bay, both eyes were on the right side, and the fingerlings' metamorphosis had evidently long been completed. Juvenile fish 98 mm long had the appearance of adults. The Black Flounder -- Lluzettu_db_smana. (Herzenstein) . We have given a brief outline of the structure of black flounder eggs in published keys to the.pelagic eggs ' 707. of fish of Peter the Great Bay (Pertseva-Ostroumova, 1955). .The development of prolarvae and larvae from 3.5 to 58 mm in length under artificial conditions has been traced by Kurata (1956). We studied embryonic and postembryonic development - in series obtained through the artificial fertilization and incubation of eggs. Brood stock was taken from fyke nets set out under the ice in the region around Vladivostok, off Cape Burnyi and in the area adjacent to the 19th kilometre station of the Maritime Railway, as well as by fishing with Danish seines of the Tafuin.Fish Combine in Ussuri Bay and Anna Bay.
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