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Change in the Enculturating Units of Agricultural Japanese Communities (1930-1960)

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Change in the Enculturating Units of Agricultural Japanese Communities (1930-1960) Change in the enculturating units of agricultural Japanese communities (1930-1960) Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Harrison, Edith Swan, 1937- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 13:56:41 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318917 CHANGE IN THE ENCULTURATING UNITS OF AGRICULTURAL JAPANESE - COMMUNITIES: ' . ^ , .(1930 - I960):. by Edith S. Hstrrlson A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the ' ' ,DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements . V For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quota­ tion from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: S. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: Professor of Anthropology v-|l, . TABLE OP CONTENTS . ■ L Chapter • . ■-L::--'Vl - v - v ' ■ ' . v; • I, THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION OF TERMS . ...V 1 > Introduction „ . ':v.. .Lv- 1 - - . , The Problem „ „ „ . „ i . .. .. : 2 : :: - ■: \ ' Why Japan? .: . > :vi:;. > •'. ^ ^ 3 . ’ , Definition of Terms « :. .. - .. • . .'..'v, . 4 ’L ; ' ' Method, of Treatment . .. 10 - : . - I I . :...T N I BASELINE ., . ; . ■ /' .4.' .. 13 Education > • . 15 Historical Perspective . v . .. 15 ■ ■■■.LVi-v^ehoolv'SyBtein' (1930-1935) . :. .1.6 .. ^Currleuluw Content ...,. .1 . 17 : L Education at Suye• Mura and Togo Mura . ■ 25 . : ; ‘ Kinship o' . o- ...; . ..... •• ••«". .. ■*,. 28 . : ' Structure of the Family and Household . 28 ' Structure of the- Extended Family . 29 ' ■■ ' Enculturation and the Roles of Family :'X'" - Metnhers . ., . 30 : •..: y . A^e —Crad e s . .. ^ . - •. .. ° ® . 35, ' • . Structure and Function ■. ' . 35 • Donen and Enculturation . 4l '' Co-residence . ... 42; ' Structure and Function . v; . ... 42 - ^ Co-resid/ence 'ahd Enculturation .; . 45 ,. Sodalities •„ . i . ..... 47 ' : : Structure and Function . 4 7 - X Sodalities f and tEncultur at ion . 52 Chapter ' % ' - : ' ■ . Page .;:.. :. ,..:, III. THE ALLIED OGGUP&TIGN . • . ' . 53 ; Machinery, of the Occupation ........... 53 , Overall Objectives of the Allied Occupation 5% ■ The Allied Program and.,Its Implementation. „ . , 58 . Educational Reforms . 59 v; - v Givi 1 Reforms . ^ .v: . ■ 63 . Political Reforms 5' 65 .. Economic Reforms A.'',.-,' The Allied Program and Enculturation. 70 IV. CONTEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL JAPAN . ; : 73 ' % ; ' Introduction . , r :: .,,', ; 73 r ' Education .. , > 1 . ... > > v • 74 . Kinship; i',:7 . v;. 7,,..■■ 78 Family Size and Compdsition . ... .. 7 8 , Extended Family ; . .. 79;^; .■ . Enculturaflon and the. Roles of Family ’-p : Members . p'. ■ .. .. ‘ . ,. 1 .4 ;C: 79 . ' ' Age - G r a d i e s ;•'■ . -. <. 5." »:. 83. ' Co-residence .' v;..; ,. .■ . • .;: 87 7; v: The Mura ;< . -.p. ' 87 ; : ' ' The Burdku , v,., . 87 ; Co-operative Uhits . 89 : V " - CodallPies':’ v. - . .i " T - ; 'y.- : : v :; '\':9l\:;:' V.' ANALYSIS OF. CHANGE . .. 94 i7" ■: . 'v Prodeduf a 1'Conslderations . : . 7 7, 94'. - 7 Analysis of Change 7 .;.'. 7 ° \ ^ • • • : 95 ' 7 7 7 - Education. ... ... 7» . 95 Kinship o o e o e ® . o ^ • e o ' e e - . o , e 98 h; ,: . The Household . ,• . .,; 7.,7. 98 ' ' ; 7 . ', . 7 The Extended Family ' 7,7 . " ;. ,7 .'7i . 7 .7 . 99 7 7 7 ; Family Roles and Enculturation . 101 7 7 % : ' ^ 7 , ' 777'7.'.,;'7-:.7 7 . :7;.77':,: ,7:7': "7 . , Chapter ^ . ^ ; ' ' : / . ; 'Page ■ ' Sge-Grades > vV.V :. .. 108 . Co-residence ', \ . .. Ill . ' :V : The Mura ,. j.-I . Ill '• The Buraku ; i'-. '...'. ... 114 Co-operative Units . 1 . , , . 115 . Sodalities. v^- .. ...... .- 117 v/ VI. C0MCISS10NS> EWOTTIONS: SPPCUMTIONS . 120 Conclusions .. v . ..... 120 : Limitations of the Data . ....... l4l-' Limitations of the Theoretical Model . 142 '' ' ’ . Speculations . ' . V . 7 . ■ . : . :l46 - v. , GLOSSARY . , ; . ...... .... .. Y 152 REFERENCES CITED .; . .;Y v . .V 155 v FIGURES Number Page 1. Location of Villages Studied « . ....... 14 , tab l es Number "/'/ . v ’ ; V ' ; , . • Page I . Variation .of Structure and' Function VcV-v.;-.'-..-.- . in Co-resident Units-(1935-1955)' . 116 : . Processes of Change in Japan . : 125 III. Processes of Maintenance . 1 , . ' . 130 : " . ' ■ ; ':Vii v v \ , ' ABSTRACT ' : V. ' : , ; : ; . ' This thesis1 examines the problems of directed cul­ ture change, within the; context of the enculturating units found in five agricultural Japanese Communities. The program of change studied was;'that implemented by the Allied forces from 1945-1952. Data were derived from * . two'ethnographic reports made prior to World War II and three; conducted: after the Occupation terminated. Village., studies from these two time periods (1930-1935 and 1950- : . :1955)..:Were,• synthesised and compared for differences in the structure and function of social phenomena. -. differences were examined and; their nature determined, the observed changes were classified into eight mutually exclusive types. These were termed processes of change. In order to delimit the extent of change> it was deemed necessary to study the social elements which did . ' not experience any alteration, This entailed an investiga­ tion of the processes which, allow a'culture to maintain and ' perpetuate itself., Most changes, noted involved various . kinds of modifications of former social patterns, rather than total acceptance of the enforced program. ' There were , two., major exceptions to this;. the; Allied sponsored land reform.and the(revisions of the educational system were accepted almost in toto. 7 ; V' " . ' .viii . ' CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION OF TERMS Introduction Of all the problems current In Social Anthropology-, perhaps none has received as much attention as the study of culture change. It seems reasonable to assume that the nature and processes of this phenomenon could be discovered by using a number of alternative approaches. First, one could make a broad comparison of many instances of recorded change. Second, one might investigate detailed accounts of a few well-documented changes. A third possibility Is the lineal, or vertical, analysis through time of changes ob­ served in the same universei This technique has beeen exemplified in such village studies as Tepoztlan and Chan Korn. The fourth way consists of a synthesis of the multiple ethnographies from one time zone compared with a synthesis of ethnographies from a later point in time, all of which derive from one Society. To date, no one has attempted the fourth type of comparative analysis to obtain a broad view of the kinds of changes which occurred. Realization of this lack in anthropological literature stimulated a good deal of thought and discussion in a graduate seminar, which eventually led to the application of the approach in this paper. Thus I proposed to take different, but comparable, universes at one time period and. synthesize; the ethnographic reports „ This synthesis would subsequently be compared to a second synthesis, which correlated ethnographic data from a later time period. The comparison of these two syntheses should indicate what changes took place, which is a neces­ sary prerequisite to any study of culture change. Primary problems involved the search f;dr standards of comparison when conducting horizontal and vertical comparisons through time. The Problem Specifically, this paper addresses itself to the question: how does culture change? In order.to limit the scope of the question, it was decided to narrow to a specific instance of directed or enforced change. The next step was to settle upon a geographic region in which to study this phenomenon. Since Anglo and Hispanic peoples directed culture change programs all over the world during their periods of colonization, it became necessary to choose one specific locale. For reasons discussed later, Japan was selected as the area and its experience with the Allied Program as the subject for this particular study. Further limitations were imposed as the problem be­ gan to take shape. Because the investigation of all changes resulting from the Allied Program was beyond the scope of this paper, my attention was focused on one segment of the Japanese population. The ethnographic record is such that the logical choice was rural Japan. Here there are studies made before and after the war on several different types of villages.; However, in order to make my descriptive units analytically comparable both in time (synchronically) and through time (diachronically), it was decided to use only those communities with an agricultural economic base. This eliminated the studies
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