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What Is "Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols" ?

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What Is What is "Taiwanese phonetic symbols" ? ( English version) by Chiau-Shin Ngo (Jau-Shin Wu) (This lecture is written for general public who want to learn Taiwanese, therefore, we restricted the scope within the learning of pronunciation, tone and basic rule of change of tone of Taiwanese. As for more advanced linguistic details, we would like to suggest learner to learn in the actual scene they may meet in the daily life. I am sure they will make it easily.) (A) Introduction to Taiwanese 1. [Taiwanese]: The languages of Taiwan, in broader definition, should include Minnan language, Hakka language and Austronesian languages of the aborigines of Taiwan. However, in this lecture, in accordance with the popular perception, we actually only talk about the Minnan language, which is in use by more than 75% of the inhabitants now in Taiwan. (B) Phonetic symbols for Taiwanese 1. The main purpose of this lecture is to teach a learner how to use " the phonetic symbols for Taiwanese" to learn exact Taiwanese pronunciation. 2. Taiwan Ministry of Education has announced two sets of “phonetic symbols for Taiwanese”, (1) "Bopomo or tzuim huhor for Taiwanese" (1998) and (2 ) "Roman spelling symbol for Taiwanese " (2006). 3. “Bopomo or tzuim huhor for Taiwanese ” is the extension of “Bopomofo or zhuyin fuhao for Mandarin”, which most children are taught when they first got into the elementary school system in Taiwan. Most people in Taiwan are very familiar with it and know the good use of it. In the Bopomo for Taiwanese, a few new symbols are added in addition to the ones defined in “Bopomofo or Zhuin fuhao for Mandarin” , while a few symbols that are specific to Mandarin pronunciation are deleted. Therefore it is very easy for those people who are familiar with “Bopomofo or zhuyin fuhao for Mandarin” to learn and use this set of Taiwanese phonetic symbol to learn Taiwanese pronunciation. This set of phonetic symbol can also be used as ruby characters placed at the side of Chinese character (Hanzi, Kanji) like those Katakana or Hiragana in Japanese. 4. "Roman spelling for Taiwanese pronunciation" is also a useful set of Taiwanese pronunciation symbol for those foreigners who just want to learn to make conversation in Taiwanese and not want to learn or understand in depth Taiwanese Hanzi (Chinese characters). 5. “Roman spelling” is originated from those missionaries who preached to people in Taiwan who are illiterate back in the 18th century. This kind of “Roman spelling” is not only applied to Taiwanese but also to Hakka, aboriginal languages of Taiwan, any dialects all over China and even Vietnamese, typically used when most of the people being communicated to are illiterate. It can be said as a “product of the time”. 6. During the past 10 ~ 20 years, several sets of similar Roman spelling systems for Taiwanese phonetic symbol have been made available, such as TLPA, Church, Tong-Yong and etc. As a result, endless debate for promoting each of these continued.Eventually, Taiwan Ministry of Education adopted a hybrid set of TLPA and Church Roman spellings named “Tai-Lo” as the standard in Nov. 2006. However, the supporters of other pronunciation systems would not like to compliant with it, therefore, the divergent situation is still not quite settled yet as of today. 7. In fact, every set of spelling symbols has its caveats. In this article, we will not discuss further on these issues, because this article is not intended for linguistics study. At the end of this lecture, a comparison table that consists of「Bopomo or Tzuim huhor for Taiwanese and Mandarin」 and the reciprocal symbols of the other 6 sets of phonetic symbols for Taiwanese and Mandarin, as well as Chinese character (Hanji / Hanzi) of each phonetic symbol represents, is presented for reference. (C)「Bopomo or Tzuim fuhor for Taiwanese」 Because some people might have learned Chinese Mandarin by using Mandarin Bopomo (i.e. Mandarin Zhuyin fuhao) before and are already familiar with it, I would like to present the Phonetic symbols commonly used by both Mandarin and Taiwanese in this section. Hopefully, it will save the time for learning these symbols. 1. There are 46 symbols commonly used for representing Taiwanese pronunciation. Among those 46 symbols, there are 27 of them in common with Mandarin Bopomo symbols. The remaining 19 symbols are specific ones for Taiwanese pronunciation. 2. There are 21 symbols for consonants and 25 symbols for vowels. 3. The symbols in blue color are shared by Taiwanese and Mandarin pronuncition, and the ones in brown color are specific for Taiwanese pronunciation. 4. Consonant: 21 【ㄅ、ㄆ、ㄇ、ㄉ、ㄊ、ㄋ、ㄌ、ㄍ、ㄎ、ㄏ、ㄐ、 ㄑ、ㄒ、ㄗ、ㄘ、ㄙ、、、、、】 5. Vowels: 25 【ㄚ、ㄜ、ㄛ、ㄞ、ㄠ、ㄢ、ㄣ、ㄤ、ㄥ、ㄧ、ㄨ、 、、、、、、、、、、、、 、】 (D) The voiced sound and nasal sound specific in Taiwanese. 1. The Mandarin does not have the “voiced sound” and the “nasal sound” which are specific for Taiwanese. 2. In Japanese and English, there are also voiced sounds. Therefore, the Japanese-speaking or English-speaking students may not have any difficulty in pronunciation of these voiced consonants in Taiwanese. However, the voiced consonant can be strange for those who only speak Mandarin. There will be some difficulty for them to pronounce these sounds and might have to spend a little more time to learn it. They frequently pronounce Taiwanese “I” 「我」－（ gua） as （ wa）. 3. The nasal sounds of the vowels are specific for Taiwanese. There are no nasal sounds in either Japanese or English. However, there would be no much difficulty in pronouncing it, as long as you can send out the vowel sound through the nose when you pronounce them. 4. 4 of 6 voiced sounds in Taiwanese are corresponding to voiceless sounds in Mandarin. The symbols appear as enclosing a circle at the tail of the voiceless sound symbol. However, attention should be paid that the enclosing does not extend beyond the original stroke. For example: 【ㄅ→】、【ㄍ→】、【ㄐ→】、【ㄗ→】 It was pronounced like English: 【﹦B: B of bed, big, bye, bird】 【﹦G: G of good, go, get, dog】 【﹦J: J of Japan, jet, John】 【﹦Z: Z of zero, zigzag, zoo, zoom】 5. There is another specific nasal consonant pronouncing through nose: 【﹦ng: ng - of bring, spring; (夾) -holding between chopsticks】 6. There are two nasal consonants being used like vowels: as follows: 【﹦ng: ng of bring, spring; (黃)-yellow】 【﹦m: m 伓（不）-no】closing both lips tightly and pronounce through nose. (it means “no”) 7. Five of the vowel sounds in Taiwanese are pronounced as the nasal sounds of the similar vowels in Mandarin. It is not so difficult for Mandarin speaker to learn the pronunciation these nasal sounds. To write the symbols of nasal vowels, you just add enclosing at the tails of the reciprocal Mandarin vowel symbols. However, the enclosing circle should extend beyond the original stroke. Please see the examples below: 【ㄚ→】、【→】、【→】、【→】、 【ㄨ→】 8. Listed below are 5 combined vowels which are a comprised of two single sounds: 【﹦ㄚ＋】、【﹦ㄚ＋】、【﹦ㄚ＋ㄇ】、 【﹦＋ㄇ】、【﹦＋】 9. As a result, the actual number of pronunciation symbols that is specific for Taiwanese is only 6, compared to what you should have to learn in Madarin. These symbols are as follows: 【、、、、、】 10. For the reciprocal Taiwanese Roman spelling phonetic symbols issued by Taiwan Ministry of Education and IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet), please refer to the contrast table of 「The contrast table of Bopomo for Taiwanese and Roman spelling for Taiwanese」in the appendix I. (5) Tone symbols 1. There are seven tones in the spoken Taiwanese. In many occasions, it was mentioned that there are eight tones in spoken Taiwanese. As the matter of fact, the second tone and sixth tone are duplicated. 2. The tone symbols are as follows: * First tone【no symbols】：陰平調－high flat tone（），similar to first tone in Mandarin. * Second tone【】：上聲調－high falling tone（），nearly the same as 4th tone in Mandarin. * Third tone【】：陰去調－low falling tone（），almost the same as anterior half of the third tone in Mandarin. * The fifth tone【】 ： 陽平調－middle rising tone （），sort of like the tone between the second and third tone in Mandarin. * The sixth tone：the same as the second tone. * The seventh tone 【】：陽去調－middle flat tone（），there is no corresponding tone in Mandarin. Example: as Taipei city- city in Taiwanese: ─市. # Vowel end in －ㄅ- b、ㄉ- d、ㄍ- g、ㄏ- h－are called jip-tone【入聲】- (Stop sound or/and glottal sounds)：there are two jip-tones－ * The fourth tone【□，□，□，□】：陰入調－low short tone （）. * The eighth tone【□，□，□，□】：陽入調－high short tone（）. The small dot on the top of the small phonetic symbols represents the eighth tone, such as【】 For the details of the Jip-tones, refer to the next section. (6) Jip sound/tone (Stop or glottal stop sound) 1. The fourth and eighth tones of Taiwanese are named Jip-sound, which are not present in modern Mandarin. The Jip-sound in ancient Chinese is incorporated into the four tones in modern Mandarin. The jip-sound can be used in Mandarin when composing poem. However, it is still present in daily conversation of spoken Taiwanese nowadays. In Japanese, the jip-sound is named as 「urged sound」, while in English, is named as 「Stop consonant or glottal stop」. 2. The syllables are ended with consonant （ㄅ、ㄉ、ㄍ、ㄏ－ p, t, k, h）. 3. Similar examples exist in Japanese and English. For example: in Japanese, 「school」is composed of two Kanji characters pronounced as「gaku」 (學) and 「koo」(校), respectively. However, when these two Kanji characters of 「school」(學校) is pronounced together, it is pronounced as 「gak-koo」.
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