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Background I. Names
Background I. Names 1. China It used to be thought that the name ‘China’ derived from the name of China’s early Qin dynasty (Chin or Ch’in in older transcriptions), whose rulers conquered all rivals and initiated the dynasty in 221 BC. But, as Wilkinson notes (Chinese History: A Manual: 753, and fn 7), the original pronunciation of the name ‘Qin’ was rather different, and would make it an unlikely source for the name China. Instead, China is thought to derive from a Persian root, and was, apparently, first used for porcelain, and only later applied to the country from which the finest examples of that material came. Another name, Cathay, now rather poetic in English, but surviving as the regular name for the country in languages such as Russian (Kitai), is said to derive from the name of the Khitan Tarters, who formed the Liao dynasty in north China in the 10th century. The Khitan dynasty was the first to make a capital on the site of Beijing. The Chinese now call their country Zhōngguó, often translated as ‘Middle Kingdom’. Originally, this name meant the central – or royal – state of the many that occupied the region prior to the unification of Qin. Other names were used before Zhōngguó became current. One of the earliest was Huá (or Huáxià, combining Huá with the name of the earliest dynasty, the Xià). Xià, in fact, combined with the Zhōng of Zhōngguó, appears in the modern official names of the country, as we see below. 2. Chinese places a) The People’s Republic of China (PRC) [Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó] This is the political entity proclaimed by Máo Zédōng when he gave his speech (‘China has risen again’) at the Gate of Heavenly Peace [Tiān’ān Mén] in Beijing on October 1, 1949. -
Schwa Deletion: Investigating Improved Approach for Text-To-IPA System for Shiri Guru Granth Sahib
ISSN (Online) 2278-1021 ISSN (Print) 2319-5940 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 4, Issue 4, April 2015 Schwa Deletion: Investigating Improved Approach for Text-to-IPA System for Shiri Guru Granth Sahib Sandeep Kaur1, Dr. Amitoj Singh2 Pursuing M.E, CSE, Chitkara University, India 1 Associate Director, CSE, Chitkara University , India 2 Abstract: Punjabi (Omniglot) is an interesting language for more than one reasons. This is the only living Indo- Europen language which is a fully tonal language. Punjabi language is an abugida writing system, with each consonant having an inherent vowel, SCHWA sound. This sound is modifiable using vowel symbols attached to consonant bearing the vowel. Shri Guru Granth Sahib is a voluminous text of 1430 pages with 511,874 words, 1,720,345 characters, and 28,534 lines and contains hymns of 36 composers written in twenty-two languages in Gurmukhi script (Lal). In addition to text being in form of hymns and coming from so many composers belonging to different languages, what makes the language of Shri Guru Granth Sahib even more different from contemporary Punjabi. The task of developing an accurate Letter-to-Sound system is made difficult due to two further reasons: 1. Punjabi being the only tonal language 2. Historical and Cultural circumstance/period of writings in terms of historical and religious nature of text and use of words from multiple languages and non-native phonemes. The handling of schwa deletion is of great concern for development of accurate/ near perfect system, the presented work intend to report the state-of-the-art in terms of schwa deletion for Indian languages, in general and for Gurmukhi Punjabi, in particular. -
Localizing Into Chinese: the Two Most Common Questions White Paper Answered
Localizing into Chinese: the two most common questions White Paper answered Different writing systems, a variety of languages and dialects, political and cultural sensitivities and, of course, the ever-evolving nature of language itself. ALPHA CRC LTD It’s no wonder that localizing in Chinese can seem complicated to the uninitiated. St Andrew’s House For a start, there is no single “Chinese” language to localize into. St Andrew’s Road Cambridge CB4 1DL United Kingdom Most Westerners referring to the Chinese language probably mean Mandarin; but @alpha_crc you should definitely not assume this as the de facto language for all audiences both within and outside mainland China. alphacrc.com To clear up any confusion, we talked to our regional language experts to find out the most definitive and useful answers to two of the most commonly asked questions when localizing into Chinese. 1. What’s the difference between Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese? 2. Does localizing into “Chinese” mean localizing into Mandarin, Cantonese or both? Actually, these are really pertinent questions because they get to the heart of some of the linguistic, political and cultural complexities that need to be taken into account when localizing for this region. Because of the important nature of these issues, we’ve gone a little more in depth than some of the articles on related themes elsewhere on the internet. We think you’ll find the answers a useful starting point for any considerations about localizing for the Chinese-language market. And, taking in linguistic nuances and cultural history, we hope you’ll find them an interesting read too. -
Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
Rdfa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing Rdfa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing
RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing A collection of attributes and processing rules for extending XHTML to support RDF W3C Recommendation 14 October 2008 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-rdfa-syntax-20081014 Latest version: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-syntax Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/PR-rdfa-syntax-20080904 Diff from previous version: rdfa-syntax-diff.html Editors: Ben Adida, Creative Commons [email protected] Mark Birbeck, webBackplane [email protected] Shane McCarron, Applied Testing and Technology, Inc. [email protected] Steven Pemberton, CWI Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections. This document is also available in these non-normative formats: PostScript version, PDF version, ZIP archive, and Gzip’d TAR archive. The English version of this specification is the only normative version. Non-normative translations may also be available. Copyright © 2007-2008 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract The current Web is primarily made up of an enormous number of documents that have been created using HTML. These documents contain significant amounts of structured data, which is largely unavailable to tools and applications. When publishers can express this data more completely, and when tools can read it, a new world of user functionality becomes available, letting users transfer structured data between applications and web sites, and allowing browsing applications to improve the user experience: an event on a web page can be directly imported - 1 - How to Read this Document RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing into a user’s desktop calendar; a license on a document can be detected so that users can be informed of their rights automatically; a photo’s creator, camera setting information, resolution, location and topic can be published as easily as the original photo itself, enabling structured search and sharing. -
HTML5 Favorite Twitter Searches App Browser-Based Mobile Apps with HTML5, CSS3, Javascript and Web Storage
Androidfp_19.fm Page 1 Friday, May 18, 2012 10:32 AM 19 HTML5 Favorite Twitter Searches App Browser-Based Mobile Apps with HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript and Web Storage Objectives In this chapter you’ll: ■ Implement a web-based version of the Favorite Twitter Searches app from Chapter 5. ■ Use HTML5 and CSS3 to implement the interface of a web app. ■ Use JavaScript to implement the logic of a web app. ■ Use HTML5’s Web Storage APIs to store key-value pairs of data that persist between executions of a web app. ■ Use a CSS reset to remove all browser specific HTML- element formatting before styling an HTML document’s elements. ■ Save a shortcut for a web app to your device’s home screen so you can easily launch a web app. = DRAFT: © Copyright 1992–2012 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Androidfp_19.fm Page 2 Friday, May 18, 2012 10:32 AM 2 Chapter 19 HTML5 Favorite Twitter Searches App 19.1 Introduction 19.5 Building the App 19.2 Test-Driving the Favorite Twitter 19.5.1 HTML5 Document Searches App 19.5.2 CSS 19.5.3 JavaScript 19.3 Technologies Overview Outline 19.6 Wrap-Up 19.1 Introduction The Favorite Twitter Searches app from Chapter 5 allowed users to save their favorite Twit- ter search strings with easy-to-remember, user-chosen, short tag names. Users could then conveniently follow tweets on their favorite topics. In this chapter, we reimplement the Fa- vorite Twitter Searches app as a web app, using HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript. -
Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 264 December, 2016 Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present edited by Victor H. Mair Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
An Investigation Into World Wide Web Publishing with the Hypertext Markup Language Eric Joseph Cohen
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections 11-1-1995 An Investigation into world wide web publishing with the hypertext markup language Eric Joseph Cohen Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Cohen, Eric Joseph, "An Investigation into world wide web publishing with the hypertext markup language" (1995). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Investigation into World Wide Web Publishing with the Hypertext Markup Language by Eric Joseph Cohen A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Printing Management and Sciences in the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences of the Rochester Institute of Technology November 1995 Thesis Advisor: Professor Frank Romano School of Printing Management and Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York Certificate of Approval Master1s Thesis This is to certify that the Master's Thesis of Eric joseph Cohen With a major in Graphic Arts Publishing has been approved by the Thesis Committee as satisfactory for the thesis requirement for the Master of Science degree at the convocation of November 1995 Thesis Committee: Frank Romano Thesis Advisor Marie Freckleton Graduate Program Coordinator C. Harold Goffin Director or Designate Title of Thesis: An Investigation into World Wide Web Publishing with the Hypertext Markup Language September 12, 1995 I, Eric Joseph Cohen, hereby grant permission to the Wallace Memorial Library of RIT to reproduce my thesis in whole or in part. -
Multimedia Foundations Glossary of Terms Chapter 7 – Web Design
Multimedia Foundations Glossary of Terms Chapter 7 – Web Design Absolute URL A path statement that includes the complete physical address of a file on the WWW, often beginning with the protocol http://. Alternative Text A short narrative description of a web-based image intended to convey the essence of its content for users with disabilities. ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The world’s first packet-switching network became operational in 1969. The predecessor of the global Internet. Attribute HTML syntax used to modify an HTML element (or tag). Usually occurs as a name-value pair, separated by "=". Background Image The image file source (usually a JPEG or GIF) that serves as the visual background for an HTML element. Block-Level Element HTML elements specifically designed to handle large chunks of information (e.g. paragraphs, lists, and list items). Body The main section of an HTML document containing information the user will see or code that directly affects its presentation. Browser Or Web browser. A software program designed for accessing HTML-based documents and presenting them on screen for viewing (e.g. Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Safari). Button An object or widget in a graphical user interface that performs an action when selected by the user. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) An external style sheet (a .css file) containing instructions for the physical appearance of HTML content on the screen. Character Reference Special character commands used in HTML that allow you to use symbols (a.k.a. glyphs) that are not part of the standard HTML character set, such as a copyright symbol © and quotation marks. -
Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System: a Corpus Based Approach
Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System: A Corpus based Approach Tejinder Singh Saini1 and Gurpreet Singh Lehal2 1 Advanced Centre for Technical Development of Punjabi Language, Literature & Culture, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India [email protected] http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org 2 Department of Computer Science, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India [email protected] Abstract. This research paper describes a corpus based transliteration system for Punjabi language. The existence of two scripts for Punjabi language has created a script barrier between the Punjabi literature written in India and in Pakistan. This research project has developed a new system for the first time of its kind for Shahmukhi script of Punjabi language. The proposed system for Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi transliteration has been implemented with various research techniques based on language corpus. The corpus analysis program has been run on both Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi corpora for generating statistical data for different types like character, word and n-gram frequencies. This statistical analysis is used in different phases of transliteration. Potentially, all members of the substantial Punjabi community will benefit vastly from this transliteration system. 1 Introduction One of the great challenges before Information Technology is to overcome language barriers dividing the mankind so that everyone can communicate with everyone else on the planet in real time. South Asia is one of those unique parts of the world where a single language is written in different scripts. This is the case, for example, with Punjabi language spoken by tens of millions of people but written in Indian East Punjab (20 million) in Gurmukhi script (a left to right script based on Devanagari) and in Pakistani West Punjab (80 million), written in Shahmukhi script (a right to left script based on Arabic), and by a growing number of Punjabis (2 million) in the EU and the US in the Roman script. -
INF3580/4580 – Semantic Technologies – Spring 2016 Lecture 15: Rdfa
INF3580/4580 { Semantic Technologies { Spring 2016 Lecture 15: RDFa Martin Giese 30th May 2016 Department of University of Informatics Oslo Repetition 18 June: Guest lecture, Lars Marius Garshol 25 May: no lecture (Whit Monday) 1st June is reserved for \Repetition" No fixed lecture material You, the students, say what you want to hear Let me know in time, so I'm prepared. Drop a mail to [email protected] until 18th May INF3580/4580 :: Spring 2016 Lecture 15 :: 30th May 2 / 29 Today's Plan 1 Reminder 2 Linking RDF to HTML 3 RDFa 4 Conclusion INF3580/4580 :: Spring 2016 Lecture 15 :: 30th May 3 / 29 Reminder Outline 1 Reminder 2 Linking RDF to HTML 3 RDFa 4 Conclusion INF3580/4580 :: Spring 2016 Lecture 15 :: 30th May 4 / 29 FOAF profiles data files from dbpedia.org, geonames, etc. In RSS 1.0 feeds for instance dbpedia.org, dblp, and others In RDF files, downloadable with HTTP, FTP, etc. Published using LOD principles (hash/slash namespaces) As metadata in PDF/A files As data model behind SPARQL query endpoints Embedded in HTML, as RDFa Reminder RDF on the Web RDF data exists in many forms: INF3580/4580 :: Spring 2016 Lecture 15 :: 30th May 5 / 29 for instance dbpedia.org, dblp, and others FOAF profiles data files from dbpedia.org, geonames, etc. In RSS 1.0 feeds Published using LOD principles (hash/slash namespaces) As metadata in PDF/A files As data model behind SPARQL query endpoints Embedded in HTML, as RDFa Reminder RDF on the Web RDF data exists in many forms: In RDF files, downloadable with HTTP, FTP, etc. -
Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding A
Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding Adobe-Symbol-Encoding csHPPSMath Adobe-Zapf-Dingbats-Encoding csZapfDingbats Arabic ISO-8859-6, csISOLatinArabic, iso-ir-127, ECMA-114, ASMO-708 ASCII US-ASCII, ANSI_X3.4-1968, iso-ir-6, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, csASCI big-endian ISO-10646-UCS-2, BigEndian, 68k, PowerPC, Mac, Macintosh Big5 csBig5, cn-big5, x-x-big5 Big5Plus Big5+, csBig5Plus BMP ISO-10646-UCS-2, BMPstring CCSID-1027 csCCSID1027, IBM1027 CCSID-1047 csCCSID1047, IBM1047 CCSID-290 csCCSID290, CCSID290, IBM290 CCSID-300 csCCSID300, CCSID300, IBM300 CCSID-930 csCCSID930, CCSID930, IBM930 CCSID-935 csCCSID935, CCSID935, IBM935 CCSID-937 csCCSID937, CCSID937, IBM937 CCSID-939 csCCSID939, CCSID939, IBM939 CCSID-942 csCCSID942, CCSID942, IBM942 ChineseAutoDetect csChineseAutoDetect: Candidate encodings: GB2312, Big5, GB18030, UTF32:UTF8, UCS2, UTF32 EUC-H, csCNS11643EUC, EUC-TW, TW-EUC, H-EUC, CNS-11643-1992, EUC-H-1992, csCNS11643-1992-EUC, EUC-TW-1992, CNS-11643 TW-EUC-1992, H-EUC-1992 CNS-11643-1986 EUC-H-1986, csCNS11643_1986_EUC, EUC-TW-1986, TW-EUC-1986, H-EUC-1986 CP10000 csCP10000, windows-10000 CP10001 csCP10001, windows-10001 CP10002 csCP10002, windows-10002 CP10003 csCP10003, windows-10003 CP10004 csCP10004, windows-10004 CP10005 csCP10005, windows-10005 CP10006 csCP10006, windows-10006 CP10007 csCP10007, windows-10007 CP10008 csCP10008, windows-10008 CP10010 csCP10010, windows-10010 CP10017 csCP10017, windows-10017 CP10029 csCP10029, windows-10029 CP10079 csCP10079, windows-10079