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(AM), BRAZIL Comissão
936 Cira Hortensia Pérez Garcia et al. Comissão 2.3 - Mineralogia do solo CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND MINERALOGY OF SOILS WITH PLINTHITE AND PETROPLINTHITE IN IRANDUBA (AM), BRAZIL(1) Cira Hortensia Pérez Garcia(2), Hedinaldo Narciso Lima(3), Francisco Weliton Rocha Silva(4), Afrânio Ferreira Neves Junior(5), Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira(6), Rodrigo Santana Macedo(7) & Sérgio Guimarães Tavares(8) SUMMARY Large areas of Plinthosols with ferruginous materials such as plinthite and/or petroplinthite are fairly common in the Brazilian Amazon basin. This work was carried out to investigate the chemical behavior, mineralogical composition and weathering stage of four representative soil profiles with plinthite and petroplinthite, in Iranduba, AM (Central Amazon). Three well-drained soil profiles at high elevations were studied (P1, Plinthic Vetic Ferralsol; P2 and P3, Vetic Endopetric Plinthosol) and a contrasting poorly drained soil (P4 Haplic Plinthosol), located at low elevation. After profile descriptions, soil samples were collected from each horizon, air-dried, sieved (2 mm), and analyzed for particle-size distribution, pH, exchangeable cations (Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+), as well as available P and total organic carbon (TOC) content. The minerals present in the clay and sand fractions, as well as in the ferruginous materials were identified by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The weathering stage of these soils was assessed by means of Ki and Kr indexes, and the amounts of free and amorphous Fe and Al oxides by using dithionite citrate bicarbonate (DBC) and ammonium oxalate dissolution procedures, respectively. The results showed that all soils were extremely unfertile, with pH levels ranging between strong and moderate acidity, very low sum of bases and organic matter content, and of available P. -
Soil Physics and Agricultural Production
Conference reports Soil physics and agricultural production by K. Reichardt* Agricultural production depends very much on the behaviour of field soils in relation to crop production, physical properties of the soil, and mainly on those and to develop effective management practices that related to the soil's water holding and transmission improve and conserve the quality and quantity of capacities. These properties affect the availability of agricultural lands. Emphasis is being given to field- water to crops and may, therefore, be responsible for measured soil-water properties that characterize the crop yields. The knowledge of the physical properties water economy of a field, as well as to those that bear of soil is essential in defining and/or improving soil on the quality of the soil solution within the profile water management practices to achieve optimal and that water which leaches below the reach of plant productivity for each soil/climatic condition. In many roots and eventually into ground and surface waters. The parts of the world, crop production is also severely fundamental principles and processes that govern limited by the high salt content of soils and water. the reactions of water and its solutes within soil profiles •Such soils, classified either as saline or sodic/saline are generally well understood. On the other hand, depending on their alkalinity, are capable of supporting the technology to monitor the behaviour of field soils very little vegetative growth. remains poorly defined primarily because of the heterogeneous nature of the landscape. Note was According to statistics released by the Food and taken of the concept of representative elementary soil Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world population volume in defining soil properties, in making soil physical is expected to double by the year 2000 at its current measurements, and in using physical theory in soil-water rate of growth. -
World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. -
Fundamentals of Geoenvironmental Engineering
NPTEL – Civil – Geoenvironmental Engineering Module 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING A) Scope of geoenvironmental engineering Any project that deals with the interrelationship among environment, ground surface and subsurface (soil, rock and groundwater) falls under the purview of geoenvironmental engineering (Fang and Daniels 2006). The scope is vast and requires the knowledge of different branches of engineering and science put together to solve the multi-disciplinary problems. A geoenvironmental engineer should work in an open domain of knowledge and should be willing to use any concepts of engineering and science to effectively solve the problem at hand. The most challenging aspect is to identify the unconventional nature of the problem, which may have its bearing on multiple factors. For example, an underground pipe leakage may not be due to the faulty construction of the pipe but caused due to the highly corrosive soil surrounding it. The reason for high corrosiveness may be attributed to single or multiple manmade factors, which need to be clearly identified for the holistic solution of the problem. The conventional approach of assessing the material strength of the pipe alone will not solve the problem at hand. A lot of emphasis has been laid for achieving a “green environment”. Despite a lot of effort, it is very difficult to cut off the harmful effects of pollutants disposed off into the geoenvironment. The damage has already been done to the subsurface and ground water resources, which is precious. An effective waste containment system is one of the solutions to this problem. However, such a project has different socio-economic and technical perspectives. -
Introduction to Soil Physics - S.W
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES – Vol. I - Introduction to Soil Physics - S.W. Duiker and D.D. Fritton INTRODUCTION TO SOIL PHYSICS S.W. Duiker and D.D. Fritton The Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA. Keywords: Soil physics, soil texture, organic matter, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, water holding capacity, soil temperature, erosion, compaction, irrigation, drainage, water use efficiency, systems approach, interdisciplinary Contents 1. The beginning of soil physics 2. Contemporary soil physics 2.1. Theory of soil physics 2.1.1. Solid phase 2.1.2. Liquid phase 2.1.3. Gaseous phase 2.1.4. Heat flow and temperature 2.2. Applications of soil physics 2.2.1. Soil erosion 2.2.2. Soil organic matter management 2.2.3. Soil compaction 2.2.4. Irrigation 2.2.5. Drainage 2.2.6. Water use efficiency 3. The future of soil physics Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Soil physics is the study of the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of soils and of fluxes of fluids and energy in soils. The solid phase consists of mineral and organic matter. The dominantUNESCO liquid in soils is water, and the– dominant EOLSS gases are similar to those in the atmosphere, except that soils contain more CO2 and water vapor and less O2. Interactions between the three phases in soils determine the movement of fluids and energy. Soil physicsSAMPLE established itself as a scientific CHAPTERS discipline in the early 20th century. Much progress has been made since then in the characterization of the physical properties and processes in soils. -
Effect of Environmental Factors on Pore Water Pressure
Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 416 Effect of Environmental Factors on Pore Water Pressure in River Bank Sediments, Sollefteå, Sweden Påverkan av miljöfaktorer på porvattentryck i flodbanksediment, Sollefteå, Sverige Hanna Fritzson INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 416 Effect of Environmental Factors on Pore Water Pressure in River Bank Sediments, Sollefteå, Sweden Påverkan av miljöfaktorer på porvattentryck i flodbanksediment, Sollefteå, Sverige Hanna Fritzson ISSN 1650-6553 Copyright © Hanna Fritzson Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2017 Abstract Effect of Environmental Factors on Pore Water Pressure in River Bank Sediments, Sollefteå, Sweden Hanna Fritzson Pore water pressure in a silt slope in Sollefteå, Sweden, was measured from 2009-2016. The results from 2009-2012 were presented and evaluated in a publication by Westerberg et al. (2014) and this report is an extension of that project. In a silt slope the pore water pressures are generally negative, contributing to the stability of the slope. In this report the pore water pressure variations are analyzed using basic statistics and a connection between the pore water pressure variations, the geology and parameters such as temperature, precipitation and soil moisture are discussed. The soils in the slope at Nipuddsvägen consists of sandy silt, silt, clayey silt and silty clay. The main findings were that at 2, 4 and 6 m depth there are significant increases and decreases in the pore water pressure that can be linked with the changing of the seasons, for example there is a significant increase in the spring when the ground frost melts. -
Part 533 – Geotechnical Engineering
Title 210 – National Engineering Manual Part 533 – Geotechnical Engineering Subpart C – Operations 533.20 General A. Soil mechanics is a branch of soil physics and engineering mechanics that describes the behavior of soils and provides the theoretical basis for analysis in geotechnical engineering. Soil mechanics is the application of the laws and principles of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with soil as an engineering material. The testing of soil’s properties are typically done at a testing laboratory with specialized equipment or can be measured or correlated in the field. Soil mechanics is a subdivision of civil engineering and engineering geology that evaluates the action of forces within a soil mass for natural or artificial structures that are supported on or made of soil. B. Collection and analysis of geotechnical engineering data are essential in the investigation and design of engineering structures. The examination and verification of soil properties during construction are critical. Specialized training and experience in geotechnical engineering are needed due to the many factors which depend on interpretation and judgment of soil related issues. Close coordination is needed between the investigation, soil testing, design, and construction functions. C. Soil mechanics testing provides data for evaluating soil and rock as engineering materials for planning, design, and construction. Test results identify the index, chemical, and engineering properties used in the analysis and design of foundations and earth or earth-supported structures such as dams, buildings, bridge foundations, retaining walls, as well as the support structure of buried pipeline systems. 533.21 Data Collection A. The engineering staff or team that prepares the final design will assist in planning of the geotechnical site investigation, sample selection, and final soil testing program. -
Soil Science 1
Soil Science 1 Soil Chemistry and Plant Nutrition: Nutrient cycling; nutrient recovery from wastewater; molecular visualization of soil minerals SOIL SCIENCE and molecules; soil acidification. The Department of Soil Science provides undergraduate and graduate Professor William Bleam education in the environmental, agricultural, and natural resource Surface and Colloid Chemistry: Physical chemistry of soil aspects of soils. Areas of emphasis include soil ecology; soil erosion colloids and sorption processes, chemistry of humic substances, management; soil fertility and plant nutrition; soil physical and chemical factors controlling biological availability of contaminants to characterization; biogeochemistry; urban soils; soil carbon; soil health; microorganisms, magnetic resonance and synchrotron studies of soil contaminants; waste management; pedology; and land-use analysis. adsorption and precipitation. Soils are a critical natural resource in environmental protection, food Assistant Professor Zachary Freedman and fiber production, turf and grounds management, rural and urban planning, and waste disposal. All of these facets are integrated into the Soil microbiology, ecology and sustainability: Effects of environmental department's course offerings and research programs. Soil Science change on biogeochemical cycles; community ecology and trophic majors prepare for professional, technical, consulting, and project dynamics; forest soil ecology; soil organic matter dynamics; sustainable positions in environmental sciences, ecology and restoration, crop and agroecosystems; bio-based product crop production on marginal lands. timber production, soil informatics, soil conservation, environmental pollution control, turf and grounds management, and land-use planning. Professor Alfred Hartemink Please contact the department for further information on career Pedology and Digital Soil Mapping: Pedology, soil carbon; digital soil opportunities. mapping; tropical soils; history and philosophy of soil science. -
Zinc-Induced Effects on Productivity, Zinc Use Efficiency, and Grain
agronomy Article Zinc-Induced Effects on Productivity, Zinc Use Efficiency, and Grain Biofortification of Bread Wheat under Different Tillage Permutations Usman Zulfiqar 1 , Saddam Hussain 1,* , Muhammad Ishfaq 1, Amar Matloob 2, Nauman Ali 3, Muhammad Ahmad 1, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni 4 and Parvaiz Ahmad 4,5,* 1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; usmanzulfi[email protected] (U.Z.); [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (M.A.) 2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan; [email protected] 3 Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; [email protected] 4 Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190001, India * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] or [email protected] (P.A.) Received: 7 September 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 14 October 2020 Abstract: Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a global concern for human health and causes a decrease in crop production and nutritional characteristics. A two-year field study was planned to evaluate comparative effects of various Zn application approaches in bread wheat under plough tillage (PT) and zero tillage (ZT) system. Cultivation of wheat under ZT improved the soil organic carbon (17%), total soil porosity (11%), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (5%), and carbon (5%) in comparison to PT system averaged across the two years. Various efficiency indices were significantly influenced by Zn application methods during both years of experimentation. -
Sos 314 Course Title: Introduction to Pedology and Soil Physics Number of Units
http://www.unaab.edu.ng COURSE CODE: SOS 314 COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO PEDOLOGY AND SOIL PHYSICS NUMBER OF UNITS: 3 Units COURSE DURATION: Two hours per week COURSECOURSE DETAILS:DETAILS: Course Coordinator: Dr. J. K. Adesodun BSc., MSc., PhD Email: [email protected] Office Location: Room 233, COLPLANT Other Lecturers: Dr. B.A Senjobi., Dr. G.A. Ajiboye; Dr. S.J. Akinsete; and Dr. M.A. Busari COURSE CONTENT: Factors and processes of soil formation; rock weathering and common minerals in soil; soil morphological characteristics and profile description; characterization of soils using diagnostic properties; soil survey, mapping and classification. Soil texture and surface area of particles; volume-mass relationships in soil; bulk density; porosity; soil water; hydrological cycle; water balance; water content and water retention; field capacity and permanent wilting point; water flow in soils; energy balance; soil erosion and its control; conservation tillage. Practical: Field: Soil profile description; morphology; texture by feel; colour; horizon designation; sampling soil profile for water content and bulk density determination; comparing soil texture by feel wit texture by particle size distribution, soil temperature measurement in the field COURSE REQUIREMENTS: This is a compulsory course for all students in 300 level of B. Agric program in the University. In view of this, students are expected to participate in all the course activities and have a minimum of 70 % attendance to be able to write the final examination. READING LIST: 1. Fitzpatrick, E.A., 1980. Soils – Their Formation, Classification and Distribution. London: Longman, 353 pp. 2. Fitz Patrick, E.A., 1986. An Introduction to Soil Science, 2nd edn. -
Annex: Soil Groups, Characteristics, Distribution and Ecosystem Services
Status of the World’s Main Report Soil Resources Annex Soil groups, characteristics, distribution and ecosystem services © FAO | Giuseppe Bizzarri © FAO INTERGOVERNMENTAL TECHNICAL PANEL ON SOILS Disclaimer and copyright Recommended citation: FAO and ITPS. 2015. Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR) – Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-109004-6 © FAO, 2015 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. -
Miroslav Kutílek Professor of Soil Science, Soil Physics and Soil Hydrology
Soil & Water Res., 3, 2008 (Special Issue 1): S5–S6 Miroslav KUTÍLEK Professor of Soil Science, Soil Physics and Soil Hydrology This thematic issue of Soil and Water Research is dedicated to Prof. Miroslav Kutílek, who cel- ebrated his 80th birthday in the past year. Prof. Kutílek has been internationally recognised for his expertise in soil science, physics and hydrology not only in the former Czechoslovakia, but worldwide. I am delighted to recapitulate here briefly his personal professional highlights as a preface to this special issue in his honour. Prof. Kutílek was born on October 8th, 1927, in Trutnov in the Czech Republic. In 1951, he was graduated at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, the Czech Technical University in Prague (Ing. degree). In 1956, he defended his Ph.D. work (CSc. degree), and in 1966, he was awarded DrSc. degree, also by CTU Prague. He entered the faculty there as an associate professor and held this post from 1962 to 1965 and again from 1968 to1973, and later served as a professor (1973–1990 and 1992–1993). He had also several long-term running lecturing and research contracts at many universities abroad: Baghdad University in 1960; the University of Khartoum, Faculty of Agriculture, Sudan, from 1965 to 1968; Bayreuth University, Fachbereich Geoökologie, Bayreuth, Germany, from 1990 to 1992; L’Institut de Mécanique, Université Grenoble, France, for many years (1979–1980, 1985, 1991); the University of California, Davis, USA, 1981–1982, and Die Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany, in 1989. Prof. Kutílek played a key role in the development of physical and mathematical methods aimed at replacing the empirical methods originally used in the soil science.