Light in Engineering, Architecture and the Environment WIT Press publishes leading books in Science and Technology. Visit our website for the current list of titles. www.witpress.com WITeLibrary Home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute. Papers presented at Light 2011 are archived in the WIT elibrary in volume 121 of WIT Transactions on the Built Environment (ISSN: 1743-3509). The WIT electronic-library provides the international scientific community with immediate and permanent access to individual papers presented at WIT conferences. http://library.witpress.com. FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIGHTING IN ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT LIGHT IN ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT CONFERENCE CHAIRMEN K. Domke Poznan University of Technology, Poland C.A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE W. Bonenberg D. Gasparovsky J. Grzonkowski R. Nawrowski P. Rombauts J. Schanda J. Suchanek W. Zagan Organised by Wessex Institute of Technology, UK Poznan University of Technology, Poland Sponsored by WIT Transactions on the Built Environment WIT Transactions Transactions Editor Carlos Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton SO40 7AA, UK Email: [email protected] Editorial Board B Abersek University of Maribor, Slovenia G Belingardi Politecnico di Torino, Italy Y N Abousleiman University of Oklahoma, R Belmans Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, USA Belgium P L Aguilar University of Extremadura, Spain C D Bertram The University of New South K S Al Jabri Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Wales, Australia E Alarcon Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, D E Beskos University of Patras, Greece Spain S K Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of A Aldama IMTA, Mexico Technology, India C Alessandri Universita di Ferrara, Italy E Blums Latvian Academy of Sciences, Latvia D Almorza Gomar University of Cadiz, J Boarder Cartref Consulting Systems, UK Spain B Bobee Institut National de la Recherche B Alzahabi Kettering University, USA Scientifique, Canada J A C Ambrosio IDMEC, Portugal H Boileau ESIGEC, France A M Amer Cairo University, Egypt J J Bommer Imperial College London, UK S A Anagnostopoulos University of Patras, M Bonnet Ecole Polytechnique, France Greece C A Borrego University of Aveiro, Portugal M Andretta Montecatini, Italy A R Bretones University of Granada, Spain E Angelino A.R.P.A. Lombardia, Italy J A Bryant University of Exeter, UK H Antes Technische Universitat Braunschweig, F-G Buchholz Universitat Gesanthochschule Germany Paderborn, Germany M A Atherton South Bank University, UK M B Bush The University of Western A G Atkins University of Reading, UK Australia, Australia D Aubry Ecole Centrale de Paris, France F Butera Politecnico di Milano, Italy H Azegami Toyohashi University of J Byrne University of Portsmouth, UK Technology, Japan W Cantwell Liverpool University, UK A F M Azevedo University of Porto, Portugal D J Cartwright Bucknell University, USA J Baish Bucknell University, USA P G Carydis National Technical University of J M Baldasano Universitat Politecnica de Athens, Greece Catalunya, Spain J J Casares Long Universidad de Santiago de J G Bartzis Institute of Nuclear Technology, Compostela, Spain Greece M A Celia Princeton University, USA A Bejan Duke University, USA A Chakrabarti Indian Institute of Science, M P Bekakos Democritus University of India Thrace, Greece A H-D Cheng University of Mississippi, USA J Chilton University of Lincoln, UK J P du Plessis University of Stellenbosch, C-L Chiu University of Pittsburgh, USA South Africa H Choi Kangnung National University, Korea R Duffell University of Hertfordshire, UK A Cieslak Technical University of Lodz, A Ebel University of Cologne, Germany Poland E E Edoutos Democritus University of S Clement Transport System Centre, Australia Thrace, Greece M W Collins Brunel University, UK G K Egan Monash University, Australia J J Connor Massachusetts Institute of K M Elawadly Alexandria University, Egypt Technology, USA K-H Elmer Universitat Hannover, Germany M C Constantinou State University of New D Elms University of Canterbury, New Zealand York at Buffalo, USA M E M El-Sayed Kettering University, USA D E Cormack University of Toronto, Canada D M Elsom Oxford Brookes University, UK M Costantino Royal Bank of Scotland, UK F Erdogan Lehigh University, USA D F Cutler Royal Botanic Gardens, UK F P Escrig University of Seville, Spain W Czyczula Krakow University of D J Evans Nottingham Trent University, UK Technology, Poland J W Everett Rowan University, USA M da Conceicao Cunha University of Coimbra, Portugal M Faghri University of Rhode Island, USA L Dávid Károly Róbert College, Hungary R A Falconer Cardiff University, UK A Davies University of Hertfordshire, UK M N Fardis University of Patras, Greece M Davis Temple University, USA P Fedelinski Silesian Technical University, Poland A B de Almeida Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal H J S Fernando Arizona State University, USA E R de Arantes e Oliveira Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal S Finger Carnegie Mellon University, USA L De Biase University of Milan, Italy J I Frankel University of Tennessee, USA R de Borst Delft University of Technology, D M Fraser University of Cape Town, South Netherlands Africa G De Mey University of Ghent, Belgium M J Fritzler University of Calgary, Canada A De Montis Universita di Cagliari, Italy U Gabbert Otto-von-Guericke Universitat Magdeburg, Germany A De Naeyer Universiteit Ghent, Belgium G Gambolati Universita di Padova, Italy W P De Wilde Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium C J Gantes National Technical University of Athens, Greece L Debnath University of Texas-Pan American, USA L Gaul Universitat Stuttgart, Germany N J Dedios Mimbela Universidad de A Genco University of Palermo, Italy Cordoba, Spain N Georgantzis Universitat Jaume I, Spain G Degrande Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, P Giudici Universita di Pavia, Italy Belgium F Gomez Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, S del Giudice University of Udine, Italy Spain G Deplano Universita di Cagliari, Italy R Gomez Martin University of Granada, I Doltsinis University of Stuttgart, Germany Spain M Domaszewski Universite de Technologie D Goulias University of Maryland, USA de Belfort-Montbeliard, France K G Goulias Pennsylvania State University, J Dominguez University of Seville, Spain USA K Dorow Pacific Northwest National F Grandori Politecnico di Milano, Italy Laboratory, USA W E Grant Texas A & M University, W Dover University College London, UK USA C Dowlen South Bank University, UK S Grilli University of Rhode Island, USA R H J Grimshaw Loughborough University, M Karlsson Linkoping University, Sweden UK T Katayama Doshisha University, Japan D Gross Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, K L Katsifarakis Aristotle University of Germany Thessaloniki, Greece R Grundmann Technische Universitat J T Katsikadelis National Technical Dresden, Germany University of Athens, Greece A Gualtierotti IDHEAP, Switzerland E Kausel Massachusetts Institute of R C Gupta National University of Singapore, Technology, USA Singapore H Kawashima The University of Tokyo, J M Hale University of Newcastle, UK Japan K Hameyer Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B A Kazimee Washington State University, Belgium USA C Hanke Danish Technical University, S Kim University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Denmark D Kirkland Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners K Hayami University of Toyko, Japan Ltd, UK Y Hayashi Nagoya University, Japan E Kita Nagoya University, Japan L Haydock Newage International Limited, UK A S Kobayashi University of Washington, A H Hendrickx Free University of Brussels, USA Belgium T Kobayashi University of Tokyo, Japan C Herman John Hopkins University, USA D Koga Saga University, Japan S Heslop University of Bristol, UK S Kotake University of Tokyo, Japan I Hideaki Nagoya University, Japan A N Kounadis National Technical University D A Hills University of Oxford, UK of Athens, Greece W F Huebner Southwest Research Institute, W B Kratzig Ruhr Universitat Bochum, USA Germany J A C Humphrey Bucknell University, USA T Krauthammer Penn State University, USA M Y Hussaini Florida State University, USA C-H Lai University of Greenwich, UK W Hutchinson Edith Cowan University, M Langseth Norwegian University of Science Australia and Technology, Norway T H Hyde University of Nottingham, UK B S Larsen Technical University of Denmark, Denmark M Iguchi Science University of Tokyo, Japan F Lattarulo Politecnico di Bari, Italy D B Ingham University of Leeds, UK A Lebedev Moscow State University, Russia L Int Panis VITO Expertisecentrum IMS, Belgium L J Leon University of Montreal, Canada N Ishikawa National Defence Academy, Japan D Lewis Mississippi State University, USA J Jaafar UiTm, Malaysia S lghobashi University of California Irvine, USA W Jager Technical University of Dresden, Germany K-C Lin University of New Brunswick, Canada Y Jaluria Rutgers University, USA A A Liolios Democritus University of Thrace, C M Jefferson University of the West of Greece England, UK S Lomov Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, P R Johnston Griffith University, Australia Belgium D R H Jones University of Cambridge, UK J W S Longhurst University of the West of N Jones University of Liverpool, UK England, UK D Kaliampakos National Technical G Loo The University of Auckland, New University of Athens, Greece Zealand N Kamiya Nagoya University, Japan J Lourenco Universidade do Minho, Portugal D L Karabalis University of Patras, Greece J E Luco University of California at San Diego, USA H Lui State Seismological