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Improving Social Protection's Response to Child Poverty and Vulnerability in Nepal

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Improving Social Protection's Response to Child Poverty and Vulnerability in Nepal Improving Social Protection’s Response to Child Poverty and Vulnerability in Nepal Improving Social Protection’s Response to Child Poverty and Vulnerability in Nepal Acknowledgements This report was written by Keetie Roelen and Helen Karki Chettri from the Centre for Social Protection (CSP) at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in collaboration with Bishwa Pun, Shodashi Rayamajhi, Hemanta Dangal and Disa Sjöblom from Save the Children. The authors gratefully acknowledge the input from all key informants and community members that were interviewed for this report, as well as the support provided by KIRDARC and Tuki Association for arranging fieldwork visits in Kalikot district, Karnali zone, Mid-West region and Sindhupalchowk district, Bagmati zone, Central region. We also thank the participants of the consultative workshop held in Kathmandu in February 2016. 22 March 2016 This report has been produced with support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland. © Save the Children Finland, 2016 Save the Children Finland Koskelantie 38, PL 95 00601 Helsinki, Finland, Nepal Tel: +358 10 843 5000 Fax :+358 10 843 5111 Email: [email protected] Cover photo credit: Bijaya Gajmer For further details please contact Save the Children Nepal Country Office Airport Gate Area, Shambhu Marg Kathmandu, Nepal G.P.O. Box 3394 Tel: +977-1-4468130/4464803 Fax: +977-1-4468132 Email: [email protected] www.nepal.savethechildren.net LIST OF ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank NAYS Nepal Adolescent and Youth Survey CBS Central Bureau of Statistics NDWA Nepal Disabled Women Association CCWB Central Child Welfare Board NFDN National Federation of Disabled, Nepal CCT Conditional Cash Transfer NGO Non-Governmental Organisation CG Child Grant NFSP National Framework for Social CSSP Child Sensitive Social Protection Protection DDC District Development Committee NLSS National Living Standards Survey DEO District Education Officer NPC National Planning Commission DFID Department for International NPHC Nepal Population and Housing Census Development NRS Nepali Rupee DoCR Department of Civil Registration OAA Old Age Allowance DWCO District Women and Children Office PMT Proxy Means Test ERDCN Educational Resource and PW Public Works Development Centre Nepal RCIW Rural Community Infrastructure Works FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation SDIP Safe Delivery Incentive Program FCHV Female Community Health Volunteer SP Social Protection FGD Focus Group Discussion PO - SD Program Officer - Social Development ILO International Labour Organisation SPCSN Social Protection Civil Society Network KEP Karnali Employment Programme SWA Single Women’s Allowance LDO Local Development Officer UNDP United Nations Development Programme MDG Millennium Development Goals UNFCO United Nations Field Coordination MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Office MoE Ministry of Education UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund MoFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local VCPC Village Child Protection Committee Development VDC Village Development Committee MoHP Ministry of Health and Population WFP World Food Programme MoWCWS Ministry of Women, Children and WHO World Health Organisation Social Welfare 5 TaBLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 List of Acronyms ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Table of Contents ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 1. Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 1.1. Rationale for study ..............................................................................................................................................9 1.2. Methodology .......................................................................................................................................................10 1.3. Outline ..................................................................................................................................................................11 2. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................................................12 2.1. Social Protection ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 2.2. Child-Sensitive Social Protection ....................................................................................................................13 3. Child Poverty and Vulnerability in Nepal..........................................................................................................................................15 3.1. Economic Poverty and Livelihoods ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 3.2. Food Security and Nutrition ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 3.3. Health �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 3.4. Education ..............................................................................................................................................................17 3.5. Child Labour .......................................................................................................................................................18 3.6. Child Care and Protection ..............................................................................................................................18 4. Social protection and the impact on child poverty and vulnerability ���������������������������������������20 4.1. Infants: Child Grant �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 4.2. School-Age Children .........................................................................................................................................24 4.2.1. Scholarship Programmes ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 4.2.2. Midday Meal Programme .............................................................................................................................26 4.3. Pregnant and Lactating Women: Safe Mother Programme (Aama) ����������������������������������������������������26 4.4. Working Age Population: Karnali Employment Programme (KEP) ����������������������������������������������������27 4.5. Elderly: Old Age Allowance (OAA) and Single Women’s Allowance (SWA) ������������������������������������31 4.6. Disability Allowance �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32 4.7. Social Protection and Child Poverty and Vulnerability ............................................................................33 5. Challenges for Child-Sensitive Social Protection in Nepal .............................................................35 5.1. Institutional and Administrative Challenges ...............................................................................................35 5.2. Design Challenges .............................................................................................................................................37 5.3. Implementation Challenges �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41 6. Recommendations �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44 References ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 Annex 1 Overview of key informants and focus groups, 2014 and 2016 .......................................55 Annex 2 Overview of workshop participants (29/02/2016) ...................................................................57 7 Improving social protection’s response to child poverty and vulnerability in Nepal 1. INTRODUCTION Social protection in Nepal has rapidly expanded to become part and parcel of the response to poverty and vulnerability. It is also considered a key policy option for addressing issues of child poverty and deprivation. ocial protection in Nepal has rapidly being one of the first low-income countries expanded to become part and parcel of to have introduced a social pension in 1995 Sthe response to poverty and vulnerability. (Koehler, 2014). The country has also greatly It is also considered a key policy option expanded its investment in social protection in for addressing issues of child poverty and the last 5 to 10 years. A National Framework deprivation. Evidence that social protection for Social Protection (NFSP) was drafted in interventions, depending on their design, 2011 and
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