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Erfassung Und Bewertung Der Vorkommen Des Apollofalters (Parnassius Apollo) Im Naturpark Nagelfluhkette

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Erfassung Und Bewertung Der Vorkommen Des Apollofalters (Parnassius Apollo) Im Naturpark Nagelfluhkette Bauer, C. & Feurle, A. W. (2017): Erfassung und Bewertung der Vorkommen des Apollofalters (Parnassius apollo) im Naturpark Nagelfluhkette. inatura – Forschung online, 39: 14 S. Erfassung und Bewertung der Vorkommen Nr. 39 - 2017 des Apollofalters (Parnassius apollo) im Naturpark Nagelfluhkette Carola Bauer1 & Alexander W. Feurle1 1 Mag. Carola Bauer, MMag. Alexander W. Feurle Schwarzen 365/4, A-6861 Alberschwende E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract The Apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo) is a highly endangered and therefore nationally and internationally protected species. The butterfly still occurs in the international natural preserve Naturpark Nagelfluhkette, located between Allgäu (Bavaria, Ger- many) and in the Bregenzerwald (Vorarlberg, Austria) <http://www.nagelfluhkette.info/>. As knowledge about the condition of this local population is sparse, the aim of the present study was to record the Apollo distribution for the Austrian part of the natural preserve. In order to assess the quality of the population, mapping of conglomerate rocks with a plant cover of White Stonecrop (Sedum album), the only larval feeding plant, was carried out. Apollo larvae as well as adult butterflies were counted and mapped by using aerial views and GIS. We found few individuals of larval and imaginal state scattered in the valleys Leck- nertal and Balderschwangertal, interspersed by huge areas which do not provide appropriate habitats. In the two most southern areas located in the municipality of Sibratsgfäll (Feuerstätter and Hochrubach), we did not observe any feeding plant nor Apollo butterflies. By counting imaginal butterflies along a defined transect on an alpine pasture in the Lecknertal, we were able to esti- mate the temporal occurrence dynamics of its population. We documented a case of predation on an Apollo larva by ants. Ants seem to contribute to larval mortality – aside from further factors to be identified. Direct and indirect anthropogenic influence of alpine agriculture land use on the local Apollo populations needs to be further investigated. We observed a positive attitude of the farmers concerning the Apollo butterfly, which is a very important base for the development of conservation programs. To provide the necessary knowledge for the development of an appropriate strategy, further investigations need to be done in order to conserve this endangered butterfly species in this part of the Alps. Key words: Apollofalter (syn. Mountain Apollo, Parnassius apollo), Naturpark Nagelfluhkette, Vorarlberg, Austria, White Stone- crop (Sedum album), habitat, butterfly conservation, alpine transhumance, ants Zusammenfassung Sedum album ernährt, welches nur auf teils durch eine Larvalkartierung ab- Felsen wächst, wurden die potenti- gedeckt werden konnte, finden sich Der seltene Apollofalter (Parnassius ellen Gebiete mittels Luftbildanalyse einige Flächen, die geeignete Voraus- apollo), der in Vorarlberg als poten- anhand ihrer Felsvorkommen auf den setzungen für den Apollofalter bieten. tiell gefährdet eingestuft wird, ist südexponierten Hängen vorsortiert. Es Dennoch konnten wir insgesamt nur im länderübergreifenden Naturpark folgten Geländebegehungen, bei der einen Raupenfund nachweisen. Im Nagelfluhkette sowohl auf Allgäuer, nicht nur die Larvalfunde und die Ima- Lecknertal, welches mit Larvalkartie- als auch auf Bregenzerwälder Seite ginalsichtungen, sondern auch die Be- rung und Imaginalsichtungen erfasst noch zu finden. Ziel der vorliegenden stände von Sedum album auf den Fel- wurde, konnten wir mehrere Funde Arbeit ist es, die Datenbestände des sen kartiert und erfasst wurden. In den verzeichnen. Hier wurde bei der Loch- Schmetterlings in vier ausgewählten Untersuchungsgebieten Sibratsgfäll - alpe ein Transekt als Referenzfläche für Untersuchungsgebieten (Lecknertal; Feuerstätter und Sibratsgfäll - Hoch- unsere weiteren Kartierungen und zur Balderschwangertal; Sibratsgfäll - Feu- rubach konnten wir kein Sedum album Abschätzung der dortigen Population erstätter; Sibratsgfäll - Hochrubach) auf den Felsen und damit auch keine gelegt. Erste Auswertungen deuten zu erheben. Da sich der Apollofalter Funde des Apollofalters verzeichnen. auf unterschiedliche Gründe für die im Raupenstadium ausschließlich von Im Balderschwangertal, welches groß- Raupensterblichkeit bzw. das Rau- Eingegangen: 30.12.2016; Publiziert: 31.03.2017 1 penvorkommen hin, welche genauer gungen in den Habitaten sollen dort 1.1 Biologie des Apollofalters untersucht werden müssen. Für die untersucht sowie Maßnahmen erar- Zukunft sollten noch fehlende Flächen beitet werden, um einen Fortbestand Die Gefährdung des Apollofalters wird kartiert, beobachtete Vorkommen des Apollofalters zu gewährleisten. unter anderem durch dessen speziel- weiter untersucht und die bereits po- Für den Vorarlberger Teil des Natur- le Habitats- und Nahrungsansprüche sitive und offene Haltung der Älpler parks ist die Datengrundlage bislang bedingt. Bei den geeigneten Habita- dem Projekt gegenüber weiter aus- äußerst unzureichend und muss als ten der wärmeliebenden Art handelt gebaut werden. Nur durch die lücken- sehr lückenhaft bezeichnet werden. es sich um Sekundärlebensräume auf lose Erfassung der Bestände und der AISTLEITNER (1998) führt lediglich zwei vom Menschen traditionell bewirt- beeinträchtigenden Faktoren können gesicherte Nachweise aus dem Natur- schafteten Alpflächen. Die extensive entsprechende Pflegemaßnahmenparkgebiet bei den Sipperseggalpen Alpbeweidung mit Rindern führt dazu, zum Schutz des Apollofalters erarbei- (Balderschwangertal) von 1959 und dass die südexponierten, mit Felsblö- tet werden. 1964 an. Der Naturpark Nagelfluhket- cken durchsetzten Hänge und Mager- te hat 2013 und 2014 Nachweise von rasen schon seit Jahrzehnten durch Imagines bei den Schneidenbach- Beweidung und Schwenden offen ge- 1 Einleitung alpen (Lecknertal) erbracht. Weite- halten werden. Diese Gebiete werden re gesicherte Nachweise sind keine so zum Habitat vieler verschiedener Der seltene und bei Sammlern be- bekannt (Datenbankabfrage inatura, Tagfalterarten. Südexponierte, reich gehrte Apollofalter (Parnassius apol- 15.11.2016). Daher wurde über die strukturierte und extensiv bewirt- lo) ist die einzige nichttropische Vorkommen des Apollofalters für den schaftete Hänge mit Konglomerat-Fel- Schmetterlingsart, welche weltweit Vorarlberger Teil des Naturparks eine sen, wie sie die Lochalpe im Lecknertal durch das Washingtoner Artenschutz- Grunderhebung durchgeführt und die bietet, stellen geeignete Habitate dar übereinkommen vor illegalem Han- Ergebnisse in der vorliegenden Arbeit (s. Abb. 1A; GEYER & NUNNER 2013). del geschützt ist (EBERT 1991). Bereits zusammengefasst. im Jahr 1977 wurde der Apollofalter in den Anhang II des Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommens auf- genommen (FLACHSMANN 1977). Der Apollofalter ist europarechtlich streng geschützt: In der Flora-Fauna-Habitat- Richtlinie 92/43/EWG (FFH-Richtlinie) wird die Art unter Anhang IV, »streng zu schützende Arten von gemein- A B schaftlichem Interesse« gelistet (EBERT í í & BAUER 2000). In der Roten Liste ge- fährdeter Tagfalter Bayerns (Stand í 2016) wird der Apollofalter als »sehr selten« und »stark gefährdet, Kate- gorie 2« angeführt (VOITH et al. 2016). Auch in der Roten Liste der gefährde- C ten Schmetterlinge Vorarlbergs wird die Art als »potentiell gefährdet, NT« angeführt (HUEMER 2001). Im länderübergreifenden Naturpark Nagelfluhkette gibt es heute noch zu- sammenhängende Vorkommen des Apollofalters (SCHWARZ 2013). Bereits 2015 startete auf Allgäuer Seite des ë D E Naturparks sowie in den angrenzen- Abb. 1: Zur Biologie des Apollofalters. A: Die Lochalpe stellt mit der sonnenexponierten den Gebieten im Landkreis Oberallgäu Lage und der traditionellen Landwirtschaft ein geeignetes Habitat dar. B: Die auf son- eine auf drei Jahre angelegte Studie nenbeschienenen Felsköpfen wachsende Weiße Fetthenne (Sedum album) ist die ein- zur Untersuchung des Apollofalters zige Futterpflanze der Raupen. C: Die Raupen hinterlassen charakteristische Fraßspu- auf unterschiedlich genutzten Alpflä- ren an den Triebspitzen der Weißen Fetthenne (Pfeile). D: Begattete Weibchen sind am chen. Die limitierenden Beeinträchti- Vorhandensein einer Sphragis zu erkennen (dunkle Struktur; Pfeil). E: Männlicher Falter inatura – Forschung online 39 (2017) 2 (Abb. 1C). Die Falter fallen durch deren im Bereich Hochrubach-Gottesacker Größe und die mit roten Augenflecken (Sibratsgfäll) eine Grunderhebung besetzten weißen Flügel auf (Abb. durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse wer- 1D/E). Sie besuchen bevorzugt violet- den in der vorliegenden Arbeit zu- te Blüten zum Saugen von Nektar. Oft sammengefasst und präsentiert. Auf sind sie auf den Blüten von Kratzdisteln Grundlage der Erkenntnisse der (Cirsium sp.), Dost (Origanum vulgare), ersten Untersuchungsergebnisse Skabiosen (Scabiosa spp.) und ande- der vorliegenden Studie wird ein rer Pflanzen auf dem Rasen zwischen Maß nahmenplan zur Beseitigung den Felsen zu finden. Auch weiße bzw. Minimierung etwaiger Beein- Blüten, wie die von Sedum album, wer- trächtigungen, und damit der lang- den besucht. Die männlichen Tiere fristigen Sicherung der lokalen Apollo- Abb. 2: Jahreszyklus des Apollofalters mit sind durch ihr aktives Flugverhalten falter-Vorkommen erarbeitet werden. einer Generation pro Jahr und die weiblichen Tiere wegen der Um diesen Qualitätsanforderungen Qualität und Quantität der Eier eifrige gerecht zu werden, wurden die Im Fall des Apollofalters sind die Blütenbesucher und daher von blü- exakten Methoden
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