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Renovation Plan of Kedulan Temple, Yogyakarta, and Geohazard Public Awareness Education

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Renovation Plan of Kedulan Temple, Yogyakarta, and Geohazard Public Awareness Education PROCEEDINGS JOINT CONVENTION SURABAYA 2005-HAGI-IAGI-PERHAPI The 30th HAGI, The 34th IAGI, and the 14th PERHAPI Annual Conference and Exhibition JCS2005-V074 RENOVATION PLAN OF KEDULAN TEMPLE, YOGYAKARTA, AND GEOHAZARD PUBLIC AWARENESS EDUCATION Subagyo Pramumijoyo1, Marno Datun1, Agung Setianto1, Sri Surayati Supangat2, and Haryana2 1Department of Geology, University of Gadjah Mada 2Cultural Heritage Conservations Office of Yogyakarta ABSTRACT Approximately 10 km Northeast of Yogyakarta, there are 2 buried temples, i.e.: Sambisari and Kedulan temples. Sambisari temple was renovated but Kedulan temple, located North of Kalasan, is not renovated yet. The main building of the temple that already existed in 869, has 12 to 12 m2 dimension with approximately 8 m height, and was buried totally by Young Merapi Volcano Sedimentary Units. The detail stratigraphy of Kedulan temple was determined based on geological observation during excavation works and along every excavation walls. 15 layers of sediment were recognize, vary from breccia of laharic deposit, graded sand of river deposits, pyroclastic tuffs, and black clay with wood fragment. Based on temple and part of temple position in the sediment’s layers, it can be conclude that the temple firstly was inondated where sediment layer 2 was deposited, and was totally not used after laharic sediment layer 4 was deposited. The laharic sediment layer 9 to 11 damaged western part of the temple and finally the temple was covered by intercalated river deposits and pyroclastic tuffs. For next renovation, it is proposed to left baren some excavated walls to show to visitors the burial chronology of the temple and also for geohazard public awareness education. INTRODUCTION 2004. During the last excavation the Cultural Heritage Conservations Office of Yogyakarta Approximately 10 km Northeast of Yogyakarta, involving geology in order to understand burial there are 2 buried temples, i.e.: Sambisari and history of the temple. Kedulan temples. These Hindu’s temples were built at the same decade and already existed in This paper will discus its burrial history and its year 869 AD. Both temples have similar size, its important showing some part of its walls to be main building has 12 to 12 m2 dimension with conserved as education media on geohazard approximately 8 m height, and were buried awareness of publics. totally by Young Merapi Volcano Sedimentary Units that consists of breccia, pyroclastic sands STRATIGRAPHY OF KEDULAN TEMPLE and ash, laharic breccia, aglomerate, and andesitic lava flow (Rahardjo et al., 1995; Mulyaningsih, Stratigraphy of Kedulan temple was established 1999). Sambisari temple was renovated but all based on lithologic observation along excavation surounded walls were totally covered by grass, so walls. Fiveteen lithologic units can be recognized the visitors can not observe burial history of the that can be differentiated into 4 types of temple expressed by its strata along the walls. sediments, that are river deposits, debris flow of laharic deposits, surge deposits, and pyroclastic Kedulan temple stones was discovered in 1993 fall. and was excavated firstly in 2001 and secondly in 205 PROCEEDINGS JOINT CONVENTION SURABAYA 2005-HAGI-IAGI-PERHAPI The 30th HAGI, The 34th IAGI, and the 14th PERHAPI Annual Conference and Exhibition Lithologic unit # 1 seems very limited due to erotion during Oldest lithologic unit was observed on the deepest deposition of younger lithologic unit (# 7). excavation well at the main temple’s basement. In the excavation pit E.5., this lithologic unit # 1 consists of dark brown clayey to fine sands that Lithologic unit # 7 was considered as cultural layer with its thickness Unit # 7 that consists of dark grey pebbly coarse more than 20 cm. sand laharic deposits characterized by sub angular andesitic fragments that floats in coarse sands Lithologic unit # 2 matrix. In this matrix can also be found some On the eastern part of this pit’s wall the unit # 1 burning tree branches with its diameter up to 25 was covered by river deposits of lithologic unit # cm due to hot laharic flows. Its thickness is up to 2 that consists of laminated coarse sands and fine 80 cm and can be found on the west and north sands with sandy clay intercalation. This unit # 2 excavation walls. On the north excavation wall, can be observed also in excavation pit D.6., D.10., this unit strongly eroded units # 3 and # 4. This I.8., along south wall of excavation pit P.III. to unit was 20o dipping southward. P.V., and at lowest part of east excavation wall with planar cross stratification. In the lower part Lithologic unit # 8 of coarse sands is commonly found platty rounded This unit consists of graded bedding medium – andesitic pebble with 4 cm in diametre. This unit coarse fluvial sands and on its upper part shows average thickness is vary from 30 to 40 cm. lamination and planar cross stratification structures. This unit can be found along west and Lithologic unit # 3 north excavation walls with its thickness varies This unit consists mostly of light grey pebbly from 8 to 150 cm due to erosion. sands and can be found along east and north excavation walls and south of the temple with its Lithologic units # 9 to 11 thickness vary from 80 to 100 cm. Its fragments These units consist of 3 repetitive laharic consists of sub angular andesite that seems depositional sequences. Each sequence consists of floating in the fine to coarse sands. normal graded bedding, peble size on its lower part becomes sands on its upper part. Its total Lithologic unit # 4 thickness is approximately 250 cm. This unit consists of graded bedding sands that can be found along east and north excavation Lithologic units # 12 to 15 walls with 40 cm average thickness. Coarse sands This unit consists of intercalation between river at its lower part graded into fine sands to clay at and sand size piroclastic fall deposits. Within river its upper part. deposit spotly found pebble-gravel and clay seems. Its total thickness is approximately 120 Lithologic unit # 5 cm. This unit can be seen in excavation pit a.3., a.4., on northern part of west excavation wall and also KEDULAN TEMPLE BURIAL HISTORY on the north excavation wall. This unit strata tha twas dipping south ward, consists mostly of redish At spit ( 35) have found cultural coat that brown sandy clay. At its upper part becomes soil predicted as temple yard. After that temple closed with approximatelly 10 cm thick with remaining by river sediment around 40 cm thick which roots of 5 cm diameter. consist of graded bedding fine-coarse sand. This river deposite cover the lower part of the temple Lithologic unit # 6 (perwara) and main temple in the north, east and Lithologic unit # 6 overlies unit # 5 and can be southern part. Then the temple area hit by cold observed only in excavation pit a.3. It consists of lahar with average 90 cm thick. In north and east black clay with some fine tree branch remnants excavation walls this lahar layers can be trace with thickness not more than 6 cm. Its distribution better. This sediment buried perwara temple into 206 PROCEEDINGS JOINT CONVENTION SURABAYA 2005-HAGI-IAGI-PERHAPI The 30th HAGI, The 34th IAGI, and the 14th PERHAPI Annual Conference and Exhibition middle part, it could possible that the mains besides temple age also time conglomeration of temple also buried by lahar up to inner floor. With temple assumption that damage of temple resulted by this lahar, and it’s position that only reaches inner The excavation wall very interesting because floor in main temple, hence possibility of effort to showing how geology disaster (lahar, hot lahar remove statues which has found not in place. If and floods) menacing attendance of temple. Here only pay attention on the sequence of the east require to be showed in the future that the wall, shows that after the deposition of the lahar complete parts of the temple will show the (layers 3) deposited river sediment ( layers 4) in chronology of the temple buried. By means 80 - 200 cm thick, thickening to the west- seeing, studying mentioned previous, give us soutwest. This sediment buried upper part of awareness that attendance of active mountain perwara temple and even the whole temple. (Merapi Mount) besides giving element of hara required by the plant, in certain moments also can Next layer after layer 4 is layer 5 (into layer 7), become menace of the human being existence. only found in the northern part of the main temple. Contact between these two layers cannot REFERENCES be well observed in the field, proposed from the cross cutting relation in the northern excarvation Bronto, S., Sayudi, D.S, dan Hartono, G., 1996, wall. Layer 5 dipping 20o to the North, found Variasi Luncuran Awan Panas Gunung Merapi indication of soil form with thickness more than dan Bahayanya, Proceeding of 25th IPA Annual 10 cm and also found root spreadly on the whole Convention, 11-12 Desember, Bandung. P. 266- layers. From this condition proposed that this 287. layers has contacted with atmosfer for a long time, probably more than 100 years. In few place above Gustiar dan Suhirman, 1993, Peta Geologi Tata layer 5 found layer 6 wich consist of black clay Lingkukngan, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta-Jawa with abundance of plant debris, from this layer Tengah : skala 100.000, Direktorat Geologi Tata probably from this layer we can determine the age Lingkungan, Bandung. (C14). Above layer 5 and 6 deposited layer 7 wich contain of dark grey massive pebbly sandstone, Katili, J.A., F.G.S. Hons dan Siswomijoyo, S.S., also found charcoal. of trees stem that might 1994, Pemantauan Gunungapi di Indonesia dan burned while the deposition of these hot lahar.
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