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Revista de Biologia, 12: 15-48 (1983) FUNGI OF AMMOPHILA ARENARIA IN EUROPE by Ft. W. G. DENNIS Royal Botanic Gardens — Kew (Received 15 October 1981) A small tribute «Que das Boreaes partes foi mandada», in the spirit of the old alliance. LUSIADS, Canto II stanza 57 Ammophila armaria, (L.) LINK (Psatmma AND WOODY DEBRIS BUT AN APPRECIABLE arenaria (L.) ROEM. & SCHULT.) IS A PER­ NUMBER APPEAR EITHER TO BE CONFINED TO ENNIAL RHIZAMATOUIS GRASS CHARACTERISTIC AmmophUa OR TO HAVE IT AS THEIR PRINCIPAL OF THE SEAWARD EDGE OF MARITIME SANDS, HOST. ALTHOUGH Elymus aremarius AND FREQUENTLY DOMINANT OR FORNIING ALMOST SPECIES OF Agropyron OFTEN GROW ADJACENT PURE STANDS OVER EXTENSIVE AREAS, AND OF TO Ammophila IT SEEMS THEY DO NOT ALWAYS CONSIDERABLE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AS A SHARE THE SAME FUNGI. ONLY RUSTS, MAINLY STABILISER OF SHIFTING DUNES. IN SPITE OF ITS THE VERY COMMON Pwxw&a pygmaea IN A APARENTLY BARRRCN AND HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT RACE WITH COPIOUS UREDO PRODUCTION, LESS IT FORMS DENSE CLUMPS OF TOUGH PERSISTENT OFTEN P. elymi, AND ERGOT, Clawiceps pur­ FOLIAGE AND ITS DEAD LEAVES STILL ATACHED purea, SEEM TO BE ACTIVE PARASITES OF THIS TO THE PLANT OR IN VARIOUS STAGES OF FRAG­ VERY SUCCESSFUL GRASS THOUGH THERE ARE MENTATION PERSIST FOR MONTHS ON THE SUR­ OCCASIONAL RECORDS OF THE SMUT Usttlago FACE BETWEEN THE PLANTS. IN THESE CIRCUMS­ hypoaytm AND POSSIBLY THE ROOT-ROTTING TANCES IT ACTS AS HOST TO A REMARKABLE ASCOMYCETE Gaeumannomyces graminis. NUMBER OF FUNGI, PRINCIPALLY SAPROPHYTES Ammophila IS CLOSELY RELATED TO Calama- OCCURRING AT SUEESSIVE STAGES OF DECAY OF grostis AND COMMONLY CROSSES WITH C. DEAD LEAVES AND CULMS. THE MAJORITY OF epigews TO GIVE THE STERILE INTERGENERIC THESE HAVE A WIDE HOST RANGE, ON OTHER HYBRID Ammmalamagro^tis baltica (MUG- GRASSES OR EVEN ON DICOTYLEDONOUS STEMS GE) P. POURN. A SPECIES OF Calamiagrostis CC. arundinacea OR C. villosa) IS THE TYPE WERE OBTAINED FROM ITS DEBRIS BY ISOLATION HOST OF THE PLOIRIVOROUS GRASS RUST P. coro- IN PURE CULTURE OR BY INCUBATION. MANY OF nata CDA. AND IT IS SOMEWHAT REMARKABLE THE FUNGI THEY RECORD ARE BEST KNOWN AS THAT NONE HAS1 YET DETECTED A RACE OF THAT COPROPHILOUS SPECIES. THE WRITER HAS LONG ATTACKING Ammophila, SPECIALLY AS ONE BEEN INTERESTED IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI OCCURS ON Ammocalamagrostis baltica ON ON Ammophila THOROUGHOUT THE HEBRIDES THE NORFOLK COAST (E. A. ELLIS, PERSONAL AND IN COMPILING THE PRESENT LIST HE HAS COMMUNICATION). DRAWN NOT ONLY ON HIS OWN EXPERIENCE BUT Ammophila arenaria EXTENDS ALONG THE ALSO ON INFORMATION FREELY SUPPLIED BY WESTERN SHORES OF EUROPE FROM ABOUT THOSE INDEFATIGABLE EAST ANGLIAN MYCO­ 63° N .IN NORWAY (HULTEN 1971) TO THE LOGISTS E. A., J. P. AND M. B. ELLIS. SHORES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AND NORTH THERE FOLLOW BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS, THE AFRICA I. E. THROUGH SOME 27° OF LATITUDE. MAJORITY ILLUSTRATED BY A FIGURE, OF ABOUT HENCE, IN SPITE OF THE APPARENT UNIFORMITY 100 FUNGI KNOWN TO GROW AND FRUIT ON OR OF ITS HABITAT, IT MUST BE SUBJECT TO CONSI­ IN INTIMATE ASSOCIATION WITH Ammophila DERABLE DIFFERENCES IN CLIMATE AND IT WOULD arenaria IN EUROPE. THE PRECISE NUMBER BE UNWISE TO ASSUME THAT ALL THE FUNGI OF SPECIES INVOLVED DEPENDS ON ONE'S PER­ REPORTED IN ASSOCIATION WITH IT FOLLOW THE SONAL OPINION REGARDING SYNONYMY AND HOST THROUGHOUT ITS GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE. ALSO ON THE STILL LARGELY UNEXPLORED CON­ FOR EXAMPLE, EROQKSON (1967) WAS UNA­ NECTIONS BETWEEN FORM SPECIES OF FUNGI BLE TO FIND Chitonospora ammophilae IN IMPERFECTI AND SPECIES OF ASCOMYCETES. SCANDINAVIA, THOUGH IT IS PLENTIFUL IN IN ADDITION A NUMBER OF THE MOULDS ISOLA­ BRITAIN AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. TED BY APLNTS (1964) AND BY MOREAU A NUMBER OF MYCOLOGISTS HAVE SHOWN & MOREAU (1941) FROM DUNE SANDS IN INTEREST IN THE FUNGI OF Ammophila. SEVE­ NORMANDY AND BRITTANY ARE LIKELY TO FOE RAL OF THE COMMON SPECIES WERE FIRST FOUND FROM TIME TO TIME FRUITING ON DEAD COLLECTED BY ROBEIIGE FROM THE COAST PARTS OF THE DUNE VEGETATION. MOREAU OF NORMANDY AND DESCRIBED BY DESMA- & MOREAU LISTED ELEVEN SPECIES OF FUNGI ZLERES IN HIS LONG SERIES OF PAPERS ON AS TYPICAL INHABITANTS OF DUNE SAND FIXED FRENCH MIEROFUNGI. ROSTRUP PRINTED A BY Agropyron AND Ammophila. THESE SHORT LIST OF Ammophila FUNGI FROM INCLUDE Alternaria alternata, Cladospo­ DENMARK, SEVERAL WERE DESCRIBED FROM rium herbarum AND Racemosporium sa- HOLLAND BY OUDEMANS AND MANY turnus MOREAU & MOREAU, WHICH MORE FROM THE BELGIAN COAST IN THE VICI­ APPEARS TO BE ANOTHER NAME FOR Papularia NITY OF OSTENDE BY BOMMER & ROUS­ arundinis, AS WELL AS Fusarium culmorum SEAU. BY FAR THE MOST EXTENSIVE LIST SO WHICH APINIS ISOLATED FROM Ammophila. FAR, HOWEVER, IS THAT BY APINIS & OF THE REMAINING SPECIES AT LEAST THE CHEISTERS (1964), IN THE COURSE OF AN COMMON MOULDS Trichothecvum roseum INTENSIVE STUDY OF MARITIME GRASSES AND LINK, Gliomastix convoluta (TTARZ) MASON SOILS IN LINEOISHIRE. IT IS NOT ALWAYS CLEAR, AND Acrostalagmus lateritius MOREAU HOWEVER, WHICH SPECIES THEY OBSERVED & MOREAU (WHICH APPEARS SCARCELY ACTUALLY FRUITING ON THE GRASS AND WHICH DISTINCT FROM THE UBIQUITOUS Vertkdllmm tenerum Nees ex Link) must almost cer­ 8-spored, with broad pore blued by iodine; tainly fruit on the decaying grass from ascospores uniseriate, elliptical, 14-17 X time to time. X 5.5-7 [x, nonseptate, hyaline; paraphy­ It may be hoped the present ses cylindrical, obtuse, 4p, wide. On outer summary of fungi already known surface of dead leaves. Fig. ID. to be associated with this impor­ tant grass will encourage further Helotiaceae collecting, especially in the south­ Belonioscypha culmicola (Desm.) Dennis ern part of its range and stimulate Comm. myc. Inst, mycol. Paper 62 : 39 research into the numerous prob­ (1956) lems still unsolved in taxonomy and Apothecia scattered, superficial, cup- synonymy of the fungi and their shaped, about 1 mm across, smooth, stalk ecology and relationship with the short, cylindrical, white to cream. Asci host. cylmdric-clavate, upi to 140 X 14p,, 8-spo­ Prof. Pinto-Lopes was my close red, pore blued by iodine; ascospores friend for some 35 years and I cylindric-fusifoirm, 19-33 X 3-4 p,, 3-septate, greatly valued his scientific in­ hyaline, with a gelatinous sheath; para­ tegrity and his familiarity with the physes cylindrical. Fig. IE. polypores of Portugal and Portu­ Common on dead grass and herbaceous guese Africa. We collected together stems, not seen on Ammophila by me but throughout Portugal from the Dou- so reported by APINIS & CIIESTERS ro and the Serra da Estrela to (1964) and by BOMMER & ROUSSEAU Evora and the Serra da Arrabida. (1891) as Bekmidium wxatum. His generous hospitality and per­ sonal contacts in the island con­ Cyathiauila cyathoidea (Bull, ex Merat) tributed greatly to the success of de Thuemen my collecting trip in the Agores Fungi austriaci No. 1115 (1874) and I feel it a great privilege to Apothecia externally similar to the be invited to contribute to a volume preceding but usually smaller, asci up to in homage to so distinguished and 50 X 4-5u., ascospores narrowly fusiform, 1 regretted a colleague . 6-12XL-5-2.5.x. Fig. IF. This is a collective species, common Helotiales on dead herbaceous stems and dead Sclerotiniaceae grasses, recorded on Ammophila by API- Ruistroemia maritima (Rob.) Dennis NIS & CHESTERS (1964). Persoonia 2 : 52 (1964) Apothecia scattered, erumpent, about 0. stiipae (Fuck.) Muller 1 mm diameter, cupshaped with a short Beitr. Krypt. Flora Schweiz 15(1) : 36 stalk, soft fleshed, cinnamon, excipulum (1977) with thinwalled, brown, rectangular cells, Apothecia scattered, superficial, black, passing into parallel hyphae at the mar­ up to 1 mm across, cupshaped, narrowed gin. Asci cylindric-clavate, 130-165 X 13p, to a small foot inserted in the host leaf, smooth. Excipulum composed cf parallel Peziz&lla. eburnea (Rob.) Dennis agglutinated hyphae, curving upwards Comm. myc. Inst, mycol. Paper 62 : 61 towards the margin, hyaline in the flesh (1959) but with the terminal superficial cells Apothecia scattered, superficial, oups- dark brown, cylindric-clavate. Asci cylin- haped on a short stalk, up to 400 p. dia­ drie-clavate, 45-50 X 6p, 8-spored, pore meter, white, downy with short, smooth, blued by iodine; ascospores irregularly cylindrical hairs towards the margin. Asci biseriate, elliptic-cylindric, 7-9x2-3p., up to 40 x 5 y,, 8-spored, pore blued by nonseptate, hyaline; paraphyses cylindri­ iodine; ascospores fusiform-clavate, 6-8 x cal, obtuse, 2p, wide, colourless. On dead X 1-1.5 p.; paraphyses filiform. Fig. 1H. leaves in May. Fig. 1G. Common on dead grasses, reported on According to Mt)LLER (1977) the Ammophila by APLNIS & CHESTERS typical variety occurs in the Alps on (1964) who also recorded the little-known Anthoxanthum, Festuca, Phleum, Poa and Phialea straminea (Berk. & Br.) Dennis. Trisetum. The fungus on Ammophila appears to differ from the type in having Hyaloscyphaeeae a thinner dark outer zone in the excipulum Dasyscyphm carneolus (Sacc.) Sacc. var and in having obtuse instead of pointed lomgisporws Dennis tips to' the paraphyses. I hesitate to pro­ Comm. myc. Inst, mycol. Paper 32 : 90 pose a new species on such slender (1949) grounds, in a group of fungi still imper­ Apothecia sparse, superficial, shallow fectly known, but separation at varietal cups about 500 p, broad on slender stalks, level may be advisable: white, soon reddening, clothed throughout var ammophiiae- var. nov. with slender thinwalled hairs, slightly A typo recedit paraphysibus apice tapered to a rounded tip, septate, walls ofotusis. Hab. in foliis eniortuis Ammophi­ granulate. Asci 35-40 X 4 p., 8-spored; lae arenariae., Eilean Garbh, Isle of Gigha, ascospores biseriate, slender, fusiform, 12.5.1981, Typus. 8-12 x 1-1.5 y.; paraphyses lanceolate, 3-4 p, wide, much longer than the asci.

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