Revista de Biologia, 12: 15-48 (1983)

FUNGI OF AMMOPHILA ARENARIA IN EUROPE

by

Ft. W. G. DENNIS Royal Botanic Gardens — Kew

(Received 15 October 1981)

A small tribute «Que das Boreaes partes foi mandada», in the spirit of the old alliance.

LUSIADS, Canto II stanza 57

Ammophila armaria, (L.) LINK (Psatmma AND WOODY DEBRIS BUT AN APPRECIABLE

arenaria (L.) ROEM. & SCHULT.) IS A PER­ NUMBER APPEAR EITHER TO BE CONFINED TO ENNIAL RHIZAMATOUIS GRASS CHARACTERISTIC AmmophUa OR TO HAVE IT AS THEIR PRINCIPAL OF THE SEAWARD EDGE OF MARITIME SANDS, HOST. ALTHOUGH Elymus aremarius AND FREQUENTLY DOMINANT OR FORNIING ALMOST SPECIES OF Agropyron OFTEN GROW ADJACENT PURE STANDS OVER EXTENSIVE AREAS, AND OF TO Ammophila IT SEEMS THEY DO NOT ALWAYS CONSIDERABLE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AS A SHARE THE SAME FUNGI. ONLY RUSTS, MAINLY STABILISER OF SHIFTING DUNES. IN SPITE OF ITS THE VERY COMMON Pwxw&a pygmaea IN A APARENTLY BARRRCN AND HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT RACE WITH COPIOUS UREDO PRODUCTION, LESS IT FORMS DENSE CLUMPS OF TOUGH PERSISTENT OFTEN P. elymi, AND ERGOT, Clawiceps pur­ FOLIAGE AND ITS DEAD LEAVES STILL ATACHED purea, SEEM TO BE ACTIVE PARASITES OF THIS TO THE PLANT OR IN VARIOUS STAGES OF FRAG­ VERY SUCCESSFUL GRASS THOUGH THERE ARE MENTATION PERSIST FOR MONTHS ON THE SUR­ OCCASIONAL RECORDS OF THE SMUT Usttlago FACE BETWEEN THE PLANTS. IN THESE CIRCUMS­ hypoaytm AND POSSIBLY THE ROOT-ROTTING TANCES IT ACTS AS HOST TO A REMARKABLE ASCOMYCETE Gaeumannomyces graminis. NUMBER OF FUNGI, PRINCIPALLY SAPROPHYTES Ammophila IS CLOSELY RELATED TO Calama- OCCURRING AT SUEESSIVE STAGES OF DECAY OF grostis AND COMMONLY CROSSES WITH C. DEAD LEAVES AND CULMS. THE MAJORITY OF epigews TO GIVE THE STERILE INTERGENERIC THESE HAVE A WIDE HOST RANGE, ON OTHER HYBRID Ammmalamagro^tis baltica (MUG- GRASSES OR EVEN ON DICOTYLEDONOUS STEMS GE) P. POURN. A SPECIES OF Calamiagrostis CC. arundinacea OR C. villosa) IS THE TYPE WERE OBTAINED FROM ITS DEBRIS BY ISOLATION HOST OF THE PLOIRIVOROUS GRASS RUST P. coro- IN PURE CULTURE OR BY INCUBATION. MANY OF nata CDA. AND IT IS SOMEWHAT REMARKABLE THE FUNGI THEY RECORD ARE BEST KNOWN AS

THAT NONE HAS1 YET DETECTED A RACE OF THAT COPROPHILOUS SPECIES. THE WRITER HAS LONG ATTACKING Ammophila, SPECIALLY AS ONE BEEN INTERESTED IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI OCCURS ON Ammocalamagrostis baltica ON ON Ammophila THOROUGHOUT THE HEBRIDES THE NORFOLK COAST (E. A. ELLIS, PERSONAL AND IN COMPILING THE PRESENT LIST HE HAS COMMUNICATION). DRAWN NOT ONLY ON HIS OWN EXPERIENCE BUT

Ammophila arenaria EXTENDS ALONG THE ALSO ON INFORMATION FREELY SUPPLIED BY WESTERN SHORES OF EUROPE FROM ABOUT THOSE INDEFATIGABLE EAST ANGLIAN MYCO­ 63° N .IN NORWAY (HULTEN 1971) TO THE LOGISTS E. A., J. P. AND M. B. ELLIS. SHORES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AND NORTH THERE FOLLOW BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS, THE AFRICA I. E. THROUGH SOME 27° OF LATITUDE. MAJORITY ILLUSTRATED BY A FIGURE, OF ABOUT HENCE, IN SPITE OF THE APPARENT UNIFORMITY 100 FUNGI KNOWN TO GROW AND FRUIT ON OR OF ITS HABITAT, IT MUST BE SUBJECT TO CONSI­ IN INTIMATE ASSOCIATION WITH Ammophila DERABLE DIFFERENCES IN CLIMATE AND IT WOULD arenaria IN EUROPE. THE PRECISE NUMBER BE UNWISE TO ASSUME THAT ALL THE FUNGI OF SPECIES INVOLVED DEPENDS ON ONE'S PER­ REPORTED IN ASSOCIATION WITH IT FOLLOW THE SONAL OPINION REGARDING SYNONYMY AND HOST THROUGHOUT ITS GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE. ALSO ON THE STILL LARGELY UNEXPLORED CON­ FOR EXAMPLE, EROQKSON (1967) WAS UNA­ NECTIONS BETWEEN FORM SPECIES OF FUNGI BLE TO FIND Chitonospora ammophilae IN IMPERFECTI AND SPECIES OF ASCOMYCETES. SCANDINAVIA, THOUGH IT IS PLENTIFUL IN IN ADDITION A NUMBER OF THE MOULDS ISOLA­ BRITAIN AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. TED BY APLNTS (1964) AND BY MOREAU

A NUMBER OF MYCOLOGISTS HAVE SHOWN & MOREAU (1941) FROM DUNE SANDS IN INTEREST IN THE FUNGI OF Ammophila. SEVE­ NORMANDY AND BRITTANY ARE LIKELY TO FOE RAL OF THE COMMON SPECIES WERE FIRST FOUND FROM TIME TO TIME FRUITING ON DEAD COLLECTED BY ROBEIIGE FROM THE COAST PARTS OF THE DUNE VEGETATION. MOREAU OF NORMANDY AND DESCRIBED BY DESMA- & MOREAU LISTED ELEVEN SPECIES OF FUNGI ZLERES IN HIS LONG SERIES OF PAPERS ON AS TYPICAL INHABITANTS OF DUNE SAND FIXED FRENCH MIEROFUNGI. ROSTRUP PRINTED A BY Agropyron AND Ammophila. THESE SHORT LIST OF Ammophila FUNGI FROM INCLUDE Alternaria alternata, Cladospo­ DENMARK, SEVERAL WERE DESCRIBED FROM rium herbarum AND Racemosporium sa- HOLLAND BY OUDEMANS AND MANY turnus MOREAU & MOREAU, WHICH MORE FROM THE BELGIAN COAST IN THE VICI­ APPEARS TO BE ANOTHER NAME FOR Papularia NITY OF OSTENDE BY BOMMER & ROUS­ arundinis, AS WELL AS Fusarium culmorum SEAU. BY FAR THE MOST EXTENSIVE LIST SO WHICH APINIS ISOLATED FROM Ammophila. FAR, HOWEVER, IS THAT BY APINIS & OF THE REMAINING SPECIES AT LEAST THE CHEISTERS (1964), IN THE COURSE OF AN COMMON MOULDS Trichothecvum roseum INTENSIVE STUDY OF MARITIME GRASSES AND LINK, Gliomastix convoluta (TTARZ) MASON SOILS IN LINEOISHIRE. IT IS NOT ALWAYS CLEAR, AND Acrostalagmus lateritius MOREAU HOWEVER, WHICH SPECIES THEY OBSERVED & MOREAU (WHICH APPEARS SCARCELY ACTUALLY FRUITING ON THE GRASS AND WHICH DISTINCT FROM THE UBIQUITOUS Vertkdllmm tenerum Nees ex Link) must almost cer­ 8-spored, with broad pore blued by iodine; tainly fruit on the decaying grass from ascospores uniseriate, elliptical, 14-17 X time to time. X 5.5-7 [x, nonseptate, hyaline; paraphy­ It may be hoped the present ses cylindrical, obtuse, 4p, wide. On outer summary of fungi already known surface of dead leaves. Fig. ID. to be associated with this impor­ tant grass will encourage further Helotiaceae collecting, especially in the south­ Belonioscypha culmicola (Desm.) Dennis ern part of its range and stimulate Comm. myc. Inst, mycol. Paper 62 : 39 research into the numerous prob­ (1956) lems still unsolved in taxonomy and Apothecia scattered, superficial, cup- synonymy of the fungi and their shaped, about 1 mm across, smooth, stalk ecology and relationship with the short, cylindrical, white to cream. Asci host. cylmdric-clavate, upi to 140 X 14p,, 8-spo­ Prof. Pinto-Lopes was my close red, pore blued by iodine; ascospores friend for some 35 years and I cylindric-fusifoirm, 19-33 X 3-4 p,, 3-septate, greatly valued his scientific in­ hyaline, with a gelatinous sheath; para­ tegrity and his familiarity with the physes cylindrical. Fig. IE. polypores of Portugal and Portu­ Common on dead grass and herbaceous guese Africa. We collected together stems, not seen on Ammophila by me but throughout Portugal from the Dou- so reported by APINIS & CIIESTERS ro and the Serra da Estrela to (1964) and by BOMMER & ROUSSEAU Evora and the Serra da Arrabida. (1891) as Bekmidium wxatum. His generous hospitality and per­ sonal contacts in the island con­ Cyathiauila cyathoidea (Bull, ex Merat) tributed greatly to the success of de Thuemen my collecting trip in the Agores Fungi austriaci No. 1115 (1874) and I feel it a great privilege to Apothecia externally similar to the be invited to contribute to a volume preceding but usually smaller, asci up to in homage to so distinguished and 50 X 4-5u., ascospores narrowly fusiform, 1 regretted a colleague . 6-12XL-5-2.5.x. Fig. IF. This is a collective species, common Helotiales on dead herbaceous stems and dead Sclerotiniaceae grasses, recorded on Ammophila by API- Ruistroemia maritima (Rob.) Dennis NIS & CHESTERS (1964). Persoonia 2 : 52 (1964) Apothecia scattered, erumpent, about 0. stiipae (Fuck.) Muller 1 mm diameter, cupshaped with a short Beitr. Krypt. Flora Schweiz 15(1) : 36 stalk, soft fleshed, cinnamon, excipulum (1977) with thinwalled, brown, rectangular cells, Apothecia scattered, superficial, black, passing into parallel hyphae at the mar­ up to 1 mm across, cupshaped, narrowed gin. Asci cylindric-clavate, 130-165 X 13p, to a small foot inserted in the host leaf, smooth. Excipulum composed cf parallel Peziz&lla. eburnea (Rob.) Dennis agglutinated hyphae, curving upwards Comm. myc. Inst, mycol. Paper 62 : 61 towards the margin, hyaline in the flesh (1959) but with the terminal superficial cells Apothecia scattered, superficial, oups- dark brown, cylindric-clavate. Asci cylin- haped on a short stalk, up to 400 p. dia­ drie-clavate, 45-50 X 6p, 8-spored, pore meter, white, downy with short, smooth, blued by iodine; ascospores irregularly cylindrical hairs towards the margin. Asci biseriate, elliptic-cylindric, 7-9x2-3p., up to 40 x 5 y,, 8-spored, pore blued by nonseptate, hyaline; paraphyses cylindri­ iodine; ascospores fusiform-clavate, 6-8 x cal, obtuse, 2p, wide, colourless. On dead X 1-1.5 p.; paraphyses filiform. Fig. 1H. leaves in May. Fig. 1G. Common on dead grasses, reported on According to Mt)LLER (1977) the Ammophila by APLNIS & CHESTERS typical variety occurs in the Alps on (1964) who also recorded the little-known Anthoxanthum, Festuca, Phleum, Poa and Phialea straminea (Berk. & Br.) Dennis. Trisetum. The fungus on Ammophila appears to differ from the type in having Hyaloscyphaeeae a thinner dark outer zone in the excipulum Dasyscyphm carneolus (Sacc.) Sacc. var and in having obtuse instead of pointed lomgisporws Dennis tips to' the paraphyses. I hesitate to pro­ Comm. myc. Inst, mycol. Paper 32 : 90 pose a new species on such slender (1949) grounds, in a group of fungi still imper­ Apothecia sparse, superficial, shallow fectly known, but separation at varietal cups about 500 p, broad on slender stalks, level may be advisable: white, soon reddening, clothed throughout var ammophiiae- var. nov. with slender thinwalled hairs, slightly A typo recedit paraphysibus apice tapered to a rounded tip, septate, walls ofotusis. Hab. in foliis eniortuis Ammophi­ granulate. Asci 35-40 X 4 p., 8-spored; lae arenariae., Eilean Garbh, Isle of Gigha, ascospores biseriate, slender, fusiform, 12.5.1981, Typus. 8-12 x 1-1.5 y.; paraphyses lanceolate, 3-4 p, wide, much longer than the asci. Fig. 1L.

Hymenoscyphus robustior (Karst.) Dennis The type host is Bromus erectus but the fungus occurs; on a wide range of dead Persoonia 3 : 75 (1964) grasses and occasionally on Ammophila. Apothecia scattered, superficial, cup It is recognised by the slender delicate up to 2 mm wide, light yellow, on a cylin­ hairs, long stalked reddening apothecia drical stalk which is at first pink, drying and relatively long ascospores. yellowish-brown. Asci cylindrical, 90- 120 x 7-9p,, 8-spored; ascospores biseriate, D. controversus (Cooke) Rehm 26th Ber. elliptic-cylindric, 7-14x3-4p,; paraphyses naturh. Ver. Augsburg 31 (1881) cylindrical, obtuse, 2-2.5p, wide, hyaline. Apothecia gregarious, superficial, fra­ Fig. IV. gile, cupshaped on a short stalk, up to Usually on dead stems of marsh plants 1.5 mm diameter, disc pink, darkening, but occasional on Ammophila in summer. receptacle white to yellow, reddening WITH AGE, CLOTHED WITH CYLINDRICAL, OBTUSE, NOV. ACT. REG. SOC. SEI.UPSAL. SER. 4,8 : 101 SEPTATE HAIRS WITH THIN FINELY GRANULATE (1932)

WALLS, 50-60 X 3.5-4 P.. ASCI 45-50 x 4-5 P,, APOTHECIA SCATTERED ON SURFACE OF LEAF, 8-SPORED; ASCOSPORES FUSIFORM, 8-11X MINUTE, CUPSHAPED, SESSILE, BLACK. EXCIPU­ X 1.5P.; PARAPHYSEIS LANCEOLATE, 4-5 P, WIDE, LUM COMPOSED OF ISODIAMETRIE BROWN- LONGER THAN THE ASCI. FIG. 1J. -WALLED CELLS, 8-10 P. WIDE, BEARING EYLIN- THIS DIFFERS FROM THE PRECEDING IN THE DRIE-ELAIVATE DARK BROWN HAIRS, 20-30 x 4 P. LARGER SUBSESSILE APOTHECIA AND BROADER ASCI CLAVATE, 45-60 x 6 P., 8-SPORED, PORE HAIRS. IT IS TYPICALLY ON Phragmites AND BLUED BY IODINE; ASCOSPORES FUSOID, 7-9 X COMMON ON Photons BUT I HAVE NOT SEEN x2-3[x; PARAPHYSES CYLINDRICAL. FIG. IM, AN UNDOUBTED COLLECTION ON Ammophila, SHOWING PPORTION EXCIPULUM IN SURFACE ON WHICH IT WAS RECORDED BY BOMMER VIEW. & ROUSSEAU. (1891) AND ALSO BY APTNTS Trochiia psammicola ROSTRUP IS A & CHESTERS (1964), WHO REPORTED ALSO SYNONYM. THE RATHER VAGUELY DISTINGUISHED D. car- neolus (SACC.) SACC. HysteropezizeUa prahliana (JAAP) NANNF. OP. CIT. 120 (1932) D. palearum (DESM.) MASSEE APOTHECIA GREGARIOUS, IMMERSED IN THE BRITISH FUNGUS FLORA 4 : 347 (1895) MESOPHYLL, CUPULATE, UP TO 250 P DIAMETER, APOTHECIA SCATTERED, UP TO 1 MM DIA­ BLACK, ERUMPENT TO EXPOSE THE COLOURLESS METER, CUPSHAPED ON A SHORT CYLINDRICAL DISC. EXCIPULUM COMPOSED OF BROWN ISO- STALK, YELLOWISH BROWN, DRYING DARK BROWN, DOAMETRIC CELLS PASSING INTO ROWS OF CLOTHED WITH SHORT BROWN HAIRS; DISC ELONGATED CELLS TOWARDS THE MARGIN. ASCI CONCAVE, CREAM. HAIRS CYLINDRICAL, UP TO CLAVATE, 60 x 15 [x, 8-SPORED, PORE BLUED BY 110 x 3-5 P, WALL FIRM BUT NOT VERY THICK, IODINE; ASCOSPORES BISERIATE, 12.5-14 x YELLOWISH BROWN, CLOSELY SET WITH RATHER X 3.5-5 P, CLAVATE, BIGUTTULATE, BECOMING COARSE GRANULES, MULTISEPTATE, WITH A 1-SEPTATE, HYLINE; PARAPHYSES: CYLINDRICAL, PALER, SHORT, OBTUSELY ROUNDED, APICAL UP TO 2 P. WIDE. CELL, SOMETIMES CAPPED BY LARGE CRYSTALS.

ASCI 45-65 x 4 P, 8-SPORED, PORE BLUED BY COLLECTIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN SO-CALLED IODINE; ASCOSPORES BISERIATE, FUSIFORM, 10- FROM ORKNEY & SHETLAND HAVE NARROW ASCI 14 x 1.5-2 P., NONSEPTATE; PARAPHYSES LAN­ WITH SMALLER ASCOSPORES AND POSSIBLY RE­ CEOLATE, UP TO 5 [x WIDE, LONGER THAN THE PRESENT A DISTINCT SPECIES. H. prahliana ASCI, FIG. IK. WAS IGNORED BY DBFAGO1 (1968) AND IN

THE TYPE HOST IS TRITICUM BUT A FORM THE ABSENCE OF RELIABLE COMPARATIVE MATE­ OF THIS SPECIES IS COMMON ON AmmophMa RIAL OR A MODERN DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES FROM APRIL TO SEPTEMBER. BOMMER & IT IS DIFFICULT to EVALUATE THESE APPARENT ROUSSEAU (1891) RECORDED IT AS D. DIFFERENCES. FOR THE PRESENT IT WILL SUFFICE patens (FR.) REHM. TO DRAW ATTENTION TO THEM BY PROPOSING A VARIETAL NAME FOR THE FUNGUS FROM THE

DERMATEACEAE NORTHERN ISLES: Belonium psammicola (ROSTRUP) NANNF. VAR. orcademis VAR. NOV. A typo sporidiis 10.5-12 (-14) x 2.5-3 MoUisia poueoides Rehm in Rabenhorst, (-4) p. recedit. Hab. in foliis emortuis Krypt. Flora Ed. 2(1), Abt. 3 : 544 (1891) Ammophilae arenariae, Egilsay, 8.7. Apothecia gregarious, erumpent, ses­ 1970, Typus. sile, up to> 0.4 mm diameter, blackish Apothecia gregarious, immersed, sub­ brown with a 'blue-grey dise.Excipiilum cuticular, deeply cupulate, up to 250 p formed of isodiametric brown cells. diameter, closed and appearing as minute Asci eylindric-clavate, 40-50 x 6-8 p, 8- black dots when dry, throwing open spored, pore blued by iodine, ascospores the host cuticle and emerging as shal­ biseriate, fusiform, 7-10 X 2 p, nonseptate; low black cups with deeply concave paraphyses cylindrical, colourless, 2.5 p, grey disc when soaked up. Excipulum wide. thin and soft, composed at the base of REHM described this from dead grass small, thinwalled, dark brown, quadran­ in the Alps but cited under it, with a gular cells but soon passing upwards into query, a collection from Brandenburg on rows of elongated rectangular cells. Basal Ammophila. MULLER (1977) recorded coloured layer very thin, hypothecium the species on Festvjca and Helicotrichon white. Asci cylindric-clavate, short-stal­ and thought records on other hosts were ked, 50-60 x 6 p,, 8-spored, conical above doubtful. COTfirmatory collections on with a minute pore feebly blued by iodine; Ammophila are therefore desirable. ascospores biseriate, narrowly clavate, (8-) 10-12 (-14) x 2.5-4 p., hyaline, some Pyrenopeziza ar&mvaga (Desm.) Boud. becoming 1-septate; paraphyses slender, Hist, Glassif. Diseom. d'Europe 133 (1907) cylindrical, obtuse, hyaline. Fig. IN. Apothecia scattered, erumpent from both surfaces of the leaf, about 1mm Hysterostegiella valvata (Mont.) v. Hohn. across, subglobose, then cupshaped, soft- Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. Kl. fleshed, smooth, dark brown, drying Abt. 1, 126 : 313 (1917) black. Excipular cells isodiametric, 8-12 p Apothecia scattered, elliptical, up to diameter, dark brown, passing into1 paral­ 1 mm long immersed in mesophyll of lel hyphae at the margin. Asci cylindric- dead leaves and covered by an elliptical clavate1, short stalked, 60-75 x 15 p., 8-spo­ grey patch of host epidermis which is red, pore outlined blue in iodine; ascos­ thrown back at maturity to expose the pores irregularly biseriate, elliptic-oblong, grey disc. Excipulum of isodiametric grey- 12-16 x 5-6 p., nonseptate, hyaline; para­ brown cells, passing into parallel hyphae physes slender', obtuse, hyaline. Common, at the margin. Asci cylindric-clavate, April to September. Fig. IP. 45-55 X 5 p, 8-spored, pore blued by io­ dine; ascospores biseriate, 4-7 x 1.5 p; APLNIS & CHESTERS (1964) listed paraphyses lanceolate 5 u, wide, longer «Pyrenopeziza graminis (Desm.) Sacc.» than the asci. Common on Ammophila, from Ammophila but in the absence of June to September, recorded from Portu­ any description it is impossible to say gal in April by DEFAGO (1968). Fig. 10. what they meant by this. DOUBTFUL RECORDS OF DISCOMYCETES, FILAMENTOUS, STRAIGHT OR COILED ABOVE, 60-100 x 1.5 p., HYALINE, NONSEPTATE, WITH REHM VAR. Laehrmm hetotioides ammophi­ A THIN GELATINOUS SHEATH; PARAPHYSES iae REHM FILIFORM, HYALINE, CURLED AT THE TIPS. ANN. MYCOL. 3 : 383 (1905) COMMON. FIG. 1Q. THE TYPE HOST IS REPORTED FROM THE BALTIC COAST BY Phragmites but THE FUNGUS ON Ammophila JAAP. L. heloiioides IS A SUBSESSILE BROWN IS SIMILAR. SPECIES OF Dasyscyphus ON Carex; THE VAR. ammophiiae WAS SAID to DIFFER SOLELY IN CLAVICIPITALES ITS SMALLER ASCOSPORES, 8.5 x 1.5 p.. Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) TUL. ANN. SCI. NAT. BOT. SER, 3, 20 : 45 (1853) Peziza ammophila DUR. & MONT. EXPLOR. SICLEROTIA (ERGOTS) MEDIUM to' LARGE FOR SCLENT, D'ALGER IE, BOTANIQUE. ATLAS TAB. 28, THE SPECIES, UP TO ABOUT 20 x 3 MM, FIG. 2 (1847) STRAIGHT OR CURVED, DARK PURPLISH BROWN THIS MEMBER OF THE PEZIZALES HAS A TO BLACK WITH SOLID WHITE FLESH, GERMINA­ WIDE DISTRIBUTION ON MARITIME SAND DUNES TING IN SPRING TO BEAR1 ONE TO MANY CAPITATE ON BOTH SIDES OF THE ATLANTIC BUT AN ELAVAE, EACH ENCLOSING NUMEROUS PERITHE­ ASSOCIATION WITH Ammophila NEEDS CON­ CIA WITH PAPILLATE OSTIOLES, CONTAINING LONG FIRMATION. NEAR ABERDEEN, TRAIL (1893) CYLINDRICAL ASCI WITH FILIFORM ASCOSPORES. FOUND IT TO BE ASSOCIATED PRINCIPALLY WITH TULASNE SOWED ERGOTS FROM Ammophila Elymus AND FOUND NO CLOSE RELATIONSHIP arenaria IN NORMANDY ON 13.12.1851 AND BETWEEN IT AND Ammophila OR OTHER OBTAINED A SUCCESSION OF PERITHECIAL ELA­ GRASSES. VAE DURING THE FOLLOWING APRIL-JUNE. CLARK'S (1980) RECORD OF Aposiemi- PETCH (1937) ALSO RECORDED SUCCESSFUL dmm norvegicum GREMMEN IS AN ERROR. GERMINATION OF ERGOTS FROM Ammophila. ACCORDING TO LOVELESS (1971) THE PHACIDIALES HONEY-DEW CONIDIA ON FALL IN Lophodermmm arundinaeeum (SCHRAD. EX Ammophila THE SAME MORPHOLOGICAL CATEGORY AS THOSE FR.) CHEV. FLORE GEN. ENV. PARIS 1 : 435 (1826) ON Agropyron, Arrhenatherum:, Dactylis, Holcus, Lolium, Festuca, Secale AND Tri- APOTHECIA SCATTERED IN BLEACHED LEAVES, ticum AND, IF THE SPECIES IS EVENTUALLY BROADLY ELLIPTICAL WITH ROUNDED ENDS, UP DIVIDED ON A BASIS OF CONIDIAL SHAPE, IT IS TO 2.5 MM LONG, SUNK IN THE MESOPHYLL TO THIS GROUP THAT THE EPITHET purpurea BENEATH ABOUT 3 LAYERS OF HOST CELLS, will be RESTRICTED. FIG. 1W. OPENING BY A LONGITUDINAL SLIT. COVERING LAYER FORMED OF HOST CELLS PACKED WITH

DARK BROWN HYPHAE AND OPAQUE MATTER, SPHAERIALES EDGES OF THE SLIT THICKENED, BLACK AND NECTRIACEAE OPAQUE IN SECTION EXCEPT FOR A NARROW Calonevtria minutissima GROVE MARGINAL BAND OF SLENDER HYALINE HYPHAE. JOURNAL OF BOTANY 68 : 131 (1930) ASCI CYLINDRICAL TO SUBCLAVATE, SUBSESSILE PERITHECIA SUPERFICIAL, SPHERICAL, 80- OR STALKED, 70-120 x 7-12 P, 8-SPORED, NOT 100 \x DIAMETER, PALLID, SMOOTH. ASCI CYLIN- BLUED BY IODINE; ASCOSPORES FASCICLED, DRIC-FUSIFORM, 40x5 P., S-SPORED; ASCOS- pores biseriate, cylindrical with tapered A.ammophilae (Phill. & Plowr.) Sacc. ends, flexuous;, 20-22 x 1.5 p, hyaline, 7-9- Sylloge Fungorum 1 : 763 (1882) guttulate. Perithecia scattered singly beneath I have not seen this, there is no mate­ elliptical purplish-black clypei in the host rial in the Grove herbarium. The type was epidermis, black, subglobose, up to 300 y on Elmcharis but it was reported on diameter, with a small apical papilla. Asci Ammophila by AiPlNIS & CHESTERS cylindric, 70-100 x 9-13 y, 8-spored, with (1984). apical ring 3 y, deep blued by iodine; ascospores 1 to 2-seriate, ellipsoid, with a Nectriella exigua spec. nov. dark brown cell 10-14 x 6-8 y bearing a Peritheciis sparsis, immersis, glofoosis, longitudinal germ slit, and a minute, minutis, roseis, ostiolo vix conspicuo, hyaline, basal cell 2 x 2 y; paraphyses mollibus. Ascis elavatis, tenerrimis, 35- diffluent. Abundant wherever Ammophila 45 x 4.5-6 p, octosporis; ascosporis di-tri- occurs on the British coasts. Fig. IS. stichis, oblongis, reetis vel subcurvatis, The type of A. phaeosticta is on Hiero- sufoobtusis, hyalinis, 8-10 x 2 y, biguttu- chlae hrunonis from subantarctic islands latis continuis dein 1-septatis. Fig. IB. south of New Zealand but FRANCIS Hab. in foliis emortuis Ammophilae (1975) finds it morphologically indistin­ arenariae, Perranporth, Feb. 1929, Typus, guishable from A. ammophilae. The very minute perithecia are scar­ cely visible to the naked eye but appear A. lugubris (Rob.) Sacc. under a hand lens as minute pink pimples Sylloge Fungorum 1 : 278 (1882) en the surface of the dead leaf. Externally like the preceding but with slightly larger perithecia and asci Hypocreaceae 125-160 x H-14 y, 8-spored; ascospores Ghromocrea spinulasa (Fuck.) Petch uniseriate, elliptic-fusoid, dark brown, Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc. 33 : 350 (1950) 18-24 x 8-11 y, with indistinct longitudinal Stroniata flattened, superficial, up to germ slit 10-12 y, long. A few collections, 3mm diameter, buff but the upper otherwise similar, have ascospores with surface covered with black dots marking a minute hyaline basal cell about 1 X 1 y. ostioles of included perithecia. Asci cylin­ Fig. 1R. drical, 70-85 x 4 p, 8-spored; ascospores Widespread but apparently less com­ oblong-elliptic, 6.5-9 x 3 y, green, une- mon in Britain than A. phaeosticta, June qualy 1-septate and separating at the to September. septum at maturity to give a 16-spored A. calamagrostidis Brun. is probably ascus, punctate. Fig. 1C. a synonym according to FRANCIS. Recorded on Ammophila by CLARK (1980). Diaporthaceae

Sphaeriaceae Phomatospora arenaria Saec. Bomm. & Anthostomella phaeosticta (Berk.) Sacc. Rouss. Miehelia 1 : 374 (1878) Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Beige 29 : 276 (1890) PERITHECIA SCATTERED, IMMERSED, WITH -CYLINDRIC, 10-13 x 2-2.5 P, HYALINE, WITH 4 PAPILLATE ERUMPENT OSTIOLE, UP TO 140 U. DIA- GUTTULES AND A MEDIAN SEPTUM. FIG. 1A. MATER, BLACK. ASCI CYLINDRICAL WITH SLENDER ON HERBACEOUS STEMS OF ALL KINDS, SAID STALK, 110-126 X 7 U, THINWALLED, WITH IOD­ BY APINIS & CBESTERS (1964) TO BE INE-NEGATIVE APICAL RING, 8-SPORED; ASCOS­ COMMON ON Ammophila IN LINCOLNSHIRE. PORES UNISERIATE, ELLIPSOID, 12-17 x 4-6 P, HYALINE, BIGUTTULATE. COMMON. FIG. IT. AmphispJiaeria culmicola SACC, ORIGI­ THE TYPE WAS ON Elymm IN BELGIUM NALLY FROM Cynodon dactylon IN ITALY, AND ALFINIS & CHESTERS (1964) RE­ WITH BROWN ASCOSPORES 24-26 x 9-10 P IS A PORTED P. dinemasporium WEBSTER ON Am­ DOUBTFUL SPECIES. ERIKSSON (1967) EXA­ mophila. IN LINCOLNSHIRE. IT SEEMS UNLIKELY MINED THE TYPE COLLECTION AND FOUND NO THERE IS MORE THAN ONE SPECIES OF Phoma- PERITHECIA REMAINING. tospora ON Ammophila. Physalospora psammae OUD. WITH HYALINE ASCOSPORES 12-14x5, IN ASCI 70-80 x 12- AMPHISPHAERIACEAE -14 P, WAS PERHAPS A Glomerella, THE ASCI Apiospora montagnei SACC. NUOVO GIORN. SEEM TOO SHORT AND BIOAD FOR Phomatos- BOT. ITAL. 7 : 306 (1875) pora arenaria. ISEE PapulariO) arwndinis. Cliitonospora ammopMlae SACC. BOMM. DOTHIDEALES & ROUSS. BULL. SOC. ROY. BOT. BEIGE 29 : 270 MycosphaereMa lineolata (ROB.) SCHROETER (1890) IN COHN, [KRYPT. FLOR. SCHLESIEN 3(2) :339 PERITHECIA SCATTERED, IMMERSED IN SO­ (1894) MEWHAT BLACKENED DEAD LEAVES, WITHOUT A PSEUDOTHECIA GREGARIOUS, IN LONG ROWS, CLYPEUS, SUBGLOBOSE, ABOUT 300 P ACROSS, UNITED BY BROWN CONNECTING HYPHAE, BLACK, WITH ERUMPENT APICAL PAPILLA. ASCI IMMERSED BUT ERUMPENT BY THEIR OSTIOLES, NARROWLY CLAVATE, SUBSESSILE, 75-19 x 15- ABOUT 100 P, DIAMETER, BLACK. ASCI FEW, -20 P, 8-SPORED; ASCOSPORES BISERIATE, ELLI­ PYRIFORM WITH A VERY THICKWALLED APEX, PTIC-FUSIFORM, 21-39 x 9-14 P., INNER WALL SUBSESSILE, 21-50x 10-22 \x, 8-SPORED; AS­ BROWN, WITH DISTINCT OUTER WALL, BECOMING COSPORES IRREGULARLY ARRANGED, ELLIPTIC-CY- 3i-SEPTATE. FIG. 1U. LINDRIC TO SUBCLAVATE, 14-24 x 35 P, HYA­ LINE, WITH A MEDIAN SEPTUM. FIG. 2R. THE

TRICHOSPHAERIACEAE TYPE HOST IS A Carex BUT THE FUNGUS IS NiessMa exo'Sporioides (DESM.) WINT. IN ABUNDANT ON Ammophila IN BRITAIN AND RAFOENHORST, KRYPT. FLORA ED. 2(1), ABT. SWEDEN. MUNK (1957) HAD IT ABUNDANTLY 2 :197 (1887) IN DENMARK AND RECOGNISED ON Ammophila PERITHECIA GREGARIOUS, SUPERFICIAL, GLO­ TWO ADDITIONAL SPECIES WITH SCATTERED PSEU­

BOSE, UP TO 1501 P, DIAMETER, BLACK, COVERED DOTHECIA, VIZ. WITH STIFF, ERECT, POINTED, DARK BROWN M. psammae (ROSTRUP) LAND WITH ASCOS­ HAIRS, 30-60 x 4 P. ASCI CYLINDRIC-FUSIF ORM, PORES 10-12 x 2.5-3 P AND M. pseudopsam- SUBSESSILE, 40-45 X 6-7 P, WALL THIN BUT mae MUNK WITH ASCOSPORES 13-17 x 3 P. THICKENED AT THE APEX, IODINE NEGATIVE, 8- APINIS & CHESTERS (1964), WHO DID -SPORED; ASCOSPORES 2-3-SERIATE, ELLIPTIC- NOT MENTION M. lineolata, REPORTED M. ely- FIG. 1 mifoliae Munk oh Ammophila, with ascos­ a slitlike ostiole, dark brown, smooth, pores 19-22 X 7-8 p,. Pending a definitive 200-300 p, diameter. Asci clavate, short- monograph of MycosphaereUa and oppor­ stalked, 75-110 X 12-15 p, 8-spored; ascos­ tunity to revise the collections it is not pores biseriate above, fusiform, 30-35 X clear how many of these are actually dis­ X 4-6 p, hyaline, 9-12-septate, broadest tinct. BOMMER & ROUSSEAU (1890) above the middle, with a thick gelatinous reported M. tassiana (de Not.) Johanss. sheath. on Ammophila in Belgium, probably wrong­ Reported by ERIKSSON (1967) on ly as this is an arctic-alpine fungus un­ Ammophila in Finland, not seen by me. known in Britain. Ammophila is not CHESTERS & BELL (1970) ignored this among the numerous hosts listed for it by species and did not record any member von ARX (1949). of the family on Ammophila.

Pleosporales Pleosporaceae Lophiostomataceae Didymella scotica Dennis Lophiostomm dacryosporum Fabre Ann. Kew Bull. 25 : 368 (1971) nat. Bot. Ser. 6, 9:103 (1878) Pseudothecia scattered, i m m e r se d, Pseudothecia gregarious, erumpent, sphaerical, up to 300 p, wide, with minute hemispherical with small, compressed, apical papilla, black. Asci cylindric-cla­ apical papilla, smooth, black, about 500 p. vate, 100-120 X 15 p, 8-spored; ascospores diameter. Asci clavate, short-talked, one to two seriate, elliptic-fusiform, 18- 100 X 18 p, 8-spored; ascospores 2-3-se- 22 X 6-7 p, hyaline, with a median septum. riate, clavate, tapered below, straight or In dead leaves in summer. Fig. 2J. somewhat curved, 28-32 X 7 p., 5-septate, broadest at the third segment, brown. Fig. IX. Didymosphaeria arenaria Mouton Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Belg. 28 : 75 (1889) Reported by ERIKSSON (1967) and Pseudothecia scattered, immersed, el­ MUNIK (1957, as L. vagans Fabre) on lipsoid, up to 350 p long, with an apical Elyymus, occasional on Ammophila. papilla and usually a thin brown clypeus. Lophiotrema microthecwm Vestergren Asci clavate, short-stalked, thickwalled, Bot. Not. 1899 : 158 (1899) 110-215 X 25-30 p, 8-spored; ascospores Pseudothecia gregarious, immersed, irregularly biseriate or almost uniseriate, with erumpent elongated papilla bearing clavate, 28-33 X 12-14 p, with thick red-

FIG. 1. A —• Niesslia exosporioidesi; B — Nectriella exigua; G —• Ghromocrea spinulosa; D — Rutstroemia maritivia; E — Belonioscypha culmicola; F —• Cyathicula cyathoidea; G — Cyathicula stipae var ammophilae; H — PezizeUu eburnea; J —• Dcbsyscyphus controversus; K — D. palearum; L — D. carneoiws var longisporus; M — Belo- nmm psammicola; N — Hysteropezizella prahliama car orcadensis; O — Hysteroe- tegieMa valvata; P —> Pyrenopeziza arenivagm; Q —• Liopfoodermium arundinacewm, with transverse section of apothecium; R— Anthostomella luguforis; S— A. phaeos­ ticta; T —' Phomatospora arenaria;TJ —> Chitonospora ammophilae; V — Hymenoscy- phws robustior; W —1 Claviceps purpurea; X —• Lophiostoma dacryosporwm. dish-brown wall covered by a conspicuous Kiessleriella culmifida (Karst.) Bose hyaline sheath, at firs with a single me­ Phytopath. Zeitscbr. 41 : 128 (1961) dian septum but according to ERIKSSON Pseudothecia scattered, subglobose, (1967) liable to develop thin secondary barely 500 y, across, black, with erumpent septa in a muriform pattern in each ostiolar papilla covered by close set, segment and thus simulate a Pleospora. straight or slightly curved, dark brown, The British material does not show this. pointed, thickwalled bristles, 20-44 x 3-5 p. Fig. 3 Rr. Asci cylindric-clavate, 65-100 x 10-15 p, 8-spored; ascospores biseriate, elliptic-cy- Apparently confined to Ammophila lindric, slightly curved, 22-26 x 5.6 p, hya­ and uncommon but fully described from line, 3-septate, constricted at the septa. Sweden by ERIKSSON. Fig. 2 H.

D. igniaria Both The type host is Phleum but it occurs on many other genera of grasses; MUNK Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc. 51 : 803 (1968) (1957) and ERIKSSON (1967) had it on See Periconia igniaria Mason & Ellis, Elymm, I have not seen it on Ammophila the ascus state is known only in artificial and figure material from Elymus but culture, with ascospores 26-30 x 8-9 p, APINIS & CHESTERS reported it form finely verrucose. Ammophila (as Trichometasphaeria).

D. verdoni Guyot Metasphaeria graminum (Sacc.) Sacc. Bull, Soc. myc. France 65 :104 (1949) Sylloge Fungorum 2 : 174 (1883) Schizostoma, ammophiiae Sacc. Bomm. Pseudothecia scattered, immersed, sub­ & Rouss. Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Eelg. 29 : 263 globose, up to: 100 p. diameter, with an (1890) apical papilla, black. Asci cylindric-cla­ Pseudothecia scattered, immersed, sub­ vate, short-stalked, 50-60 x 12-15 p, 8-spo­ globose, 200-300 p, diameter, black, with red; ascospores biseriate, oblong-fusoid, a papillate ostiole. Asci cylindric-clavate, 15-16 X 4 p, 3-septate, hyaline. Fig. 2 B. Ammophila is the type host. thickwalled, short-stalked, 90-145 x 13- 22 p, 8-spored; ascospores one to two seriate, obtusely ovoid, 15-23 x 7-11 p,, Ophiobolus trichellus Sacc. Bomm. & with a median septum, becoming brown. Rouss. Fig. 3 Ss, after ERIKSSON. Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Belg. 29 : 259 (1890) Though S. ammophiiae is the older Pseudothecia scattered, ovoid or co­ name the epithet cannot be transferred nical, 60 x 100 p, black, bearing over the to Dvdymosphaeria because of the existing upper part erect, unicellular, pointed, D. ammophiiae Fautr. & Roum., see doubt­ brown bristles, 24-33 X 4 p. Asci clavate, ful species. The type host of D. verdoni subsessile, 45-66x 10-16p, 8-spored; as­ is Melica ciliata. It is not yet yet known cospores fascicled, filiform, flexuous, 60 x from Britain. 3 p, hyaline, multiguttuiate. Fig. 2 Q. On lower face of Ammophila leaves, Phaeosphaeria ammophiiae (Lasch) J. & Belgium, July-September. Not seen by me E. IKohlmeyer on Ammophila, figured from Molvnia. Icones Fungorum Maris 1(3), Tab. 55 (1985) Paroyphaeosphaeria michotii (Westend.) P. littoralis (Sacc.) Holm O. Erikss. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 14 (3) : 121 (1957) Arkiv f. Bot, Ser. 2,6(9) : 406 (1967) Leptosphaeria sabuletcrum (Berk. Pseudothecia scattered, immersed, sub­ & Br.) v. Hohn. globose, up to 250 p. diameter, brown, smooth. Asci clavate, subsessile, 60-75 X Hedwigia 60 : 141 (1918) Pseudothecia scattered, immersed, sub­ 12-15(1, 8-spored; ascospores biseriate, globose, with minute apical papilla ope­ elliptic-cylindric, 2-septate, constricted at ning on the upper surface of the leaf and the lower septum, 15-20 X 4-6 p, brown, a black venter 300 p, diameter emerging finely punctate. Fig. 2 A. like a tiny bead in one of the furrows of The type is on Jmvews squarrosus but the lower inrolled surface. Asci cylindric- the species was recorded on AmmophMa 1 clavate, 150-190 X 30-35 p, short-stalked, by ERIKSSON and on Dactylis by WEB­ 8-spored; ascospores biseriate, narrowly STER (1955), who found the conidial stat ellipsoid, 42-48 X 13-16 P,, pale brown, 6-7- to be Coniothyrium sdrpi Trail, with septate. Fig. 2 L>. Very common on dead brown conidia (5)-7-10 X 4-5 p. It is also Ammophila. on Ammophila in the British Isles. P. eustoma (Funk.) Holm PassarinieUa discors (Sacc. & Ellis) Api- Symb. Bot. Upsal. 14(3) : 109 (1957) nis & Chesters Similar to P. microscopica but with Trans. Brit. myc. Soc, 47 : 432 (1964) narrower ascospores, 18-25 X 4.5- Didymo'sphaeria spartinae Grove 5.5 p. Fig. 2 C. Common on many Journal of Botany 71 : 259 (1933) dead grasses, casual on Ammophila. Pseudothecia scattered, somewhat flat­ P. marram (Cke) O. Erikss. differs in tened, black, paler below, with short apical having larger asicospores 25-33 X 5-8 P, in papilla, 200-300 p, diameter, immersed in which the apical cell is longer and nar­ rower than the others. Fig. 2 X. In P. dead leaves, then erumpent. Asci narrowly eustoma and P. microscopica the cells of clavate, 160-288 X 24-30 p, 8-spored; as­ the ascospore are approximately equal in cospores one or two seriate, elliptical, length. Though P. marram was so named 24-33 X 8-13 p,, exceptionally larger, 3- as growing on Ammophila and was also septate, the two large central cells brown recorded on it by BOMMER & ROUSSEAU and the two small terminal ones hyaline. the type host is Elymus according to Fig. 2 V. ERIKSSON and he insists it is confined to Common on Spartina and driftwood that host. Certainly I have not collected but also on debris of Ammophila. it on Ammophila and such British mate- rial I have seen so named on Ammophila riate, clavate, inequilateral, 20-24 X 6.5- has been misde'termined. 7 p, 3-septate, broadest at the centre and slightly constricted at the septa, pale P. luctuosa (Niessl) Otani & Mikawa yellowish brown with perfectly smooth Mem. nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 4 : 78 (1971) wall. Fig. 2D. Pseudothecia scattered or in groups, Common on dead grasses, occasional immersed, globose, up to 200 p, diameter, on Ammophila. According to ERIKSSON black, with an ostiolar palpilla. Asci the var. microscopica differs in having cylindric-clavate, 100-120 X 12-14 p, 8-spo­ the ascospore wall very minutely punctate. red; ascospores! biseriate, fusoid, straight or curved, 26-32 X 5-6 p, yellowish brown, P. vagans (Niessl) O. Erikss. 5-septate, with the third cell from the op. cit. 430 (1967) top slightly enlarged. Fig. 2 E. Pseudothecia scattered, immersed, sub­ Recorded on Ammophila, as Leptos- globose, dark brown, 100-300 p diameter, phaeria, by WEBSTER .&HUDSON (1957), minutely papillate. Asci cylindric-clavate, with a Phaeoseptoria conidial state contai­ short-stalked, 65-100 X 12-18 p, 8-spored; ning 7-12-septate conidia, 52-88 X 2.5-4 p. ascospores biseriate, fusiform, inequilate­ It is interesting that the collective species ral, broader above the middle, 18-32 X P. herpoirichoides (de Not.) Holm, so 6-14 p., yellowish brown, with 5 transverse abundant on most grasses, seems to occur septa and usually 1 or more longitudinal only casually, if at all, on Ammophila. septa in one or more segments but these ERIKSSON, who cited numerous collec­ are sometimes entirely lacking. Fig. 2 G. tions under that name on Elymus, had none This is one of the commonest pyreno­ on Ammophila. AP'INIS & CHESTERS, mycetes on dead grasses. According to however, cite on the latter Leptosphaeria WEBSTER (1955) a culture from Am­ culmifraga, a name which has often, thoug mophila yielded a conidial state with wrongly, been applied to a form of P. Hendersonia conidia 50-60 X 3.5-4 p and herpotrichoides. APINIS & CHESTERS 3-7-septa, also recorded from Ammophila P. fuckelii (Niessl) Holm, in which the ascospores Pleiobolws aremarms (Sacc.) Bomm. & are 5-septate, 22-30 X 3.5-4.5 p. This is Rouss.) O. Erikss. op. cit. 431 (1967) typically on Phalaris arundmacea and Ophioholus arenarius' Sacc. Bomm. confirmation of its occurrence on Ammo­ & Rouss. Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. phila is desirable. Fig. 2 W. Belg. 29 : 259 (1890) Pseudothecia scattered, immersed in P. microscopica (Kast.) O. Eriksson var. mesophyll or cortex, globose, 200 p dia­ culmoTwm (Auersw.) O. Eriksson meter, smooth, black, with erumpent Arkiv f. Bot. Ser. 2, 6(9) : 427 (1967) ostiolar papilla, Asci cylindrical, short- Pseudothecia scattered, immersed, sub­ stalked, 240-330 X 7!-9 p., at first 8-spored; globose, dark brown, 70-150' p diameter. ascospores fascicled and filiform, multi- Asci cylindric-clavate, short- stalked, 55- septate, soon breaking apart at the septa 70 X 15-18 p, 8-spored; ascospores bise­ within the ascus into unicellular parts; spores about 6 X 3 p, hyaline. According This is another common plurivorous to the original diagnosis there are about species, occurring casually on dead 66 of these from one primary ascospore Ammophila, where it was recorded by Fig. 2 IK. Apparently rather uncommon. APINIS &CHESTERS (1964). BOMMER Summer. & ROUSSEAU's recorded of P. microspora NIESSL probably also refers to this spe­ Pleospora herbarum (Pers, ex Fr.) Ra- cies. benhorst in Klotzsch, Herb. Myc. Ed. 2, P. multiseptata Starback No. 547 a (1857) Bot. Not. 1887 : 207 (1887) Pseudothecia scattered, immersed or Pseudothecia immersed, often in pur­ becoming erumpent by a short broad ple-stained tissue, up to 300 \j, diameter, ostiolar papilla, up to 500 p diameter, black, smooth, with prominent ostiolar smooth, black. Asci cylindric-clavate, papilla. Asci few, cylindric-clavate, 160- short-stalked, 110-150 X 25-28 p., 8-spored; 170 X 33-38 p, 8-spored; ascospores ellip- ascospores biseriate, ellipsoid, straight, tie-eylindric, tapered at the ends and broadly rounded at the ends, 24-33 X 10- broadest above the middle, 48-58 X 13- 15 p, yellowish brown, with 7 transverse 17 p, with up to 19 transverse septa and septa and usually 2 longitudinal septa, each segment subdivided by 2 or 3 longi­ at least in central segments, smooth. tudinal septa, to form numerous, small, Fig. 2M. often isodiametrie cells, pale brown, This is a plurivorous fungus, abundant smooth. Fig. 2 O. on all kinds of herbaceous debris, in asso­ The type collection was probably on ciation with its conidial state Stemphy- Artemisia but the fungus is known to imm botryoswm Wallr. Collections on occur occasionally on Ammophila in the grasses often appear to have smaller less Hebrides and Sweden. massive ascocarps and have been distin­ guished by some authors as P. discors P. rubicunda Niessl Verb. Naturf. Ver. (Bur. & Mont) Ces. & de Not. but, accor­ Brunn 14:191 (1876) ding to ERIKSSON, this is a different Pseudothecia scattered in patches of species, occurring on Carex halleriana. purple- stained substrate, immersed, up to 400 p diameter, smooth, black. Asci cylin­ Pleospora mfmtoria Fuck. dric-clavate, 170-240 X 16-22 p, 8-spored; Jabrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk. 23/24 : 132 ascospores one or two seriate, fusiform, (1870) more or les curved, 30-40 X 8-12 p,, light Pseudothecia immersed, subglobose1, brown, smooth, with 9-13 transverse septa up to 300 p diameter, smooth. Asci cylin­ and one or more longitudinal ones, cons­ dric-clavate, stalked, 80-125 X 12-15 p, 8- tricted especially at the median septum. spored; ascospores fusiform, 18-23 X 8- WEBSTER (1957) had this species mainly 10 p, with 3 primary transverse septa, on jetsam thrown up by the sea but API­ finally 5-septate, with one longitudinal NIS & CHESTERS (1964) and ERIKS­ septum in the central segments, yellowish SON (1967) in Sweden both record it on brown, smooth. Fig. 2 N. AmmophMa.

P. rubelloides (Plowr.) Webster Trans. 43-70 X 17-30 p, with 3 transverse septa Brit, mycol. Soc. 40:183 (19571) and one longitudinal septum in at least Very like the preceding but with one segment, light brown, smooth. (Fig. rather smaller ascospores, 20-34 X 6-10 p, 2S) having from 6 to 9, usually 7, transverse This is a a collective species, found on septa, sometimes more in large spores. many genera of grasses, as the ascus state Fig. 2F. of Dreehslera spp. and only casually on According to WEBSTER, this is com­ Ammophila, from which it was recorded mon in summer on rotting grasses, espe­ (as Pleospora) by APINTS ,& CHESTERS cially in estuaries, salt marshes and sand (1964). No Drechslera is reported from dunes. Separation from P. rubicunda may Ammophila and I have not seen this fun­ be difficult owing to the extensive over­ gus on that host. The figure is of mate­ lap in ascospore character©. In doubtful rial on Triticum aestivum. cases it may be necessary to isolate the fungus in pure culture, where P. rubicunda Tubewfia parvula Dennis Kew Bull. 30:362 produces a Phoma conidial state and P. (1975) rubelloides does not. WEBSTER recorded Pseudothecia scattered, superficial, P. rubelloides on Ammophila and other pyriform, with a broad ostiolar papilla, sand dune grasses. smooth, reddish brown, 75 p across. Asci clavate, subsessile, thickwalled above, Pleomassaria ammophilae Oud., with bise­ 47 X 12-14 p, 8-spored; ascospore 2 or riate, brown, muriform ascospores, 10- 3-seriate, elliptic-oblong, 14-15 X 3.5-4 p, 23 X 9-12 p, yith 7 transverse septa, can­ hyaline, 3-septate. not be placed until the type has been On dead inflorescences of Ammophila studied. in May, apparently rare. Fig. 2P.

Pyrenophora trichostoma (Fr.) Fuck. op. Microthyriaceae cit. 215 (1870). Microthyrvum gramineum Sacc. Bomm. & Pseudothecia scattered, immersed, sub­ Rouss. globose to ellipsoid, up ot 500 p, diameter Bull. Soc. roy Bot. Belg. 29 : 241 (1890) or more, more or less clothed with erect Thyriothecia scattered on a yellowish black setae. Asci few, about 275 X 40 p, superficial mycelium, orbicular, 90-120 8-spored; ascospores biseriate, ellipsoid, diameter, scutellum formed of radiating

Fig. 2. A — Paraphaesphaeria micliotii; B — Metasphaeria graminum; C—Phaeosphaeria eus- toma; D — P. microscopica var culmorum; E—P. \uctuosa; F — Pleospora ru- belloides; G — Phaeosphaeria vagans; H—• Keissleriella culmifida; with ostiolar setae; J —• DidtymeUa scotica; K —• Pleiobolus arenarius; L — Phaeosphaeria AmmiophUae; M—Pleospora herbarunv; N—P. i/yufectoria; O — P. multiseptata; P — Tubewfia parvula, with sketch of perithecium; Q —i Ophiobolus trichellus; R —• MycosphaereUa lineolata-.; S — Pyenophora trichostoma; T — Microthyrium gra- minufin; V —• Passuriniella discors; W —• Spore of Phaeosphaeria fuckelii from Pha- laris; X —• Spore of P. marram. rows of light brown irregularly quadran­ cilia. The type host is Dactylis and records gular cells, without a fringed margin. of the species on Ammophila need verifi­ Asci obclavate to ellipsoid, 23-30 X 8-11 p, cation because of its close resemblance to 8-spored; ascospores elliptic-eylindrie, T. ammophiiae. 8-11 X 2.5-3 p, hyaline, 1-septate, with two It is impossible to say what Asterina tufts of 3 short cilia laterally attached. ammophiiae Dur. & Mont., imperfectly Fig. 2T. described from Algeria may have been. On dead grey leaves of Ammophila With hyaline ascospores 10 X 2.5 p it lying on the sand. This is the type host. cannot be an Asterina. Perisporium ammophiiae Dur. & Mont is M. ilicinum: de Not. Erb. Crittog. Ital. even more dubious', without mention of Ser. Ser. 1, No: 904 (1862) asci or spores. Thyriothecia scattered on an abundant APINIS & CHESTERS (1964) also yellow superficial mycelium, orbicular, up recorded from Ammophila the following to 270 p, diameter, scutellum with radia­ ascomycetes characteristic of decaying ting rows of ligth brown quadrangular vegetable matter generally or associated cells, which separate at the margin to with dung or soil: form a short fringe. Asci cylindric, 36- 56 X 8-9 p, 8-spored; ascospores ellipsoid, Peziales straight, 11-14 X 2.5-3.5 p, hyaline, 1-sep­ Ascobolus crenulatus Karst., Iodophanus tate, with 4 apical cilia. On dead leaves, carneus (Pers.) Korf, Rhyparobius cookei often mixed with M. gramineum. var maritvmus Apinis & Chesters.

Trichothyrina ammophiiae J. P. Ellis Sphaeriales Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc. 68 : 146 (1977) Chaetomium aterrimum Ell. & Ev., C. bos- Thyriothecia scattered on a hyaline trychodes Zopf, O. elatum Kze. & Schm. superficial mycelium, orbicular, 60-80 dia­ ex Fr., C. funicola Cke., G. globosum, Kze. meter, with a brown scutellum and also a ex Fr., C. indicum Oda., G. olivaceum Cke. similar basal plate, each composed of ra­ & Ell., G. pachypodioides Ames, C. ther- diating rows of quadrangular brown cells, mophila La Touche, Schizothecium: vesti- margin even. The central ostiole is sur­ cola (Berk. & Br.) Lundq. (as Pleurage rounded by a collar of smaller, dark, thi­ minuta (Fuck.) Kze.) and Sordaria fimi- ckwalled cells. Asci clavate, 22-28 X 7- cola (Rob.) Ces. & de Not. 9 u,, 8-spored; ascospores narrowly ellip­ Plectaseales soid, 8-9.5 X 1.5-2.5 y,, hyaline, 1-septate, Byssochlamys nivea Westl., Dactylomyces often with one or more short lateral cilia. crustaeeus Apinis & Chesters, Emerioella On dead leaves and stems of Ammophila. nidulans (Eidam) Vuill. and Thielavia sepedoniium Emm. T. nigroannulata (Webster) J. P. Ellis cp. cit. 149 (1977) Pleosporales Differs from the preceding in its fu- Preusia terrioola Cain, Sporormia longvpes soid ascospores, with pointed ends and no Masses & Salmon (a doubtful species according to AHMED & CAIN (1972)), Gommvannomyoes graminis (Sacc). v. Arx Sporomiella intermedia (Auersw.) Ahmed & Olivier & Gain, S. lagenifarm-is (Fuck.) Ahmed Trans, Brit, myc Soc. 35:32 (1952) & Cain, S. miwwta (Auersw.) Ahmed & Recorded without data on Ammophila Cain. by APINIS & CHESTERS (1964). This From the Hebrides APLNIS (1964) and its var. avenae (Turner) Dennis are added Lentecospora submarina Lindner root parasites known to attack many and no doubt other marine fungi can be genera of grasses and cereals but ERIKS­ found on debris of Ammophila cast up SON (1967) did not encounter them on from the sea. sand dune grasses. In view of the lack of information the record on Ammophila The following are best regarded for is best regarded as needing confirmation the present as dubious records or inade­ by additional collections. quately described species :

Catharinia maritima (Sacc. Bomm. & Karschia pereosigwa Sacc. Bomm. & Rouss. Rouss.) Sacc. Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Belg. 29:235 (1891) Syll. Fung. 11:350 (1895) Apothecia scattered, sessile, concave, Ascocarp subepidermal, subglobose, 450-600 p diameter, black, sunk between 60-100 p diameter, smooth, black; asci the fibrils. Asci 30-45 X 10-15 p., 4 or 8- sessile, oblong, 54-60 X 15-18 p,; ascospo­ spored; ascospores elliptic, 8-12 X 5.5-6 p, res 2-3-seriate, oblong-subfusoid, 16-25 X biseriate or clustered, brown, 1-septate; 4.5-6 p, with 5 transverse septa and 1 or 2 paraphyses with capitate green apices. longitudinal septa, light brown, with gela­ On Ammophila, Belgium. tinous sheath, on Ammophila, Ostende, The old genus Karschia is now regar­ April. ded as having embraced many unrelated WEHMEYER (1961) suggested this species, some with unitunicatei asci, others might be a Leptosphaerulina or a Wetts- with bitunicate, some lichenised, others teinma. not. The description lacks the data re­ quired to' place it in a modern system and Didymosphaeria ammophilae Fautr. & HAFELLNER (1979) could not trace ma­ Roum. terial for examination in the herbaria at Rev. mycol. 14:4 (1892) Brussels or Padova. Perithecia minute, asci cylindric-cla­ vate, 40-45 X 6-8 p; ascospores 8-10 X 3 p., 1-septate, yellow. Associated with Leptos- Ophiobolus littoralis (Crouan) Sacc. phaeria & Hendersonia species on dead Sylloge Fungorum 2:349 (1883) leaf tip of cultivated Ammophila. France. Described from Agrostis in Brittany The description is inadequate to place but reported on Ammophila, in Belgium by the fungus in a modem system, no mate­ BOMMER & ROUSSEAU, with sessile rial is available at Kew and the species asci 60-70 X 9 p and subhyaline ascospores was ignored by SGHEINPFLUG (1958) 45-60 X 3 p, with 10-14 septa. The species in his revision of Didymosphaeria. was ignored by MULLER (1952) in his revision of Ophiobolus and by ERIKSSON Uredosori epiphyllous, orange, up to (1987). 3mm long; uredospores 23-32 x 20-28 p., with thick wall and scattered pores; teleu- Phaeosphaeria herpotricha (Fr.) Holm tospores cylindric-clavate, 45-90 X 10- Symb. bot. Upsal. 14 (3) :119 (1957) 18 p, often 2 or 3-septate, rounded and ERIKSSON (1967) regarded records of not greatly thickened above. On living this species (as Ophiobolus) on Ammo­ leaves, apparently uncommon on Ammo­ phila as doubtful. phila. Fig. 3Pp. I have not seen indisputable material Phyllachora graminis (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuck. of this on Ammophila. The collection Jahrb. Nass. Ver. f. Naturkunde 23/24: from Spurn Head cited by WILSON & 216 (1870) HENDERSON (1966) cannot be found at Recorded by APINIS & CHESTERS on Edinburgh and other collections so called Ammophila, as well as Agropyron, in Lin­ contain only uredosori. These differ from colnshire. The fungus is common on those of P. pygmaea in lacking capitate Agropyron but not otherwise reported on paraphyses and the spores are thinner Ammophila and confusion of hosts must walled with distinct germ pores but WIL­ be suspected. There is, however, in eas­ SON & HENDERSON point out they could tern North America a P. ammophiiae not be distinguishede from uredosori of P. Orton, Mycologia 36: 39 (1944), with as­ strwformis West, and it must be remembe­ cospores 10-15 x 7-9 p. red occurrence of P. coronata Gda. on this host also- would not be unexpected. Schirrhia depauperata (Desm.) Fuck. Jamb, Nass. Ver. f. Naturkunde 29/30: 25 (1875) Puccinia pygmaea Erikss. This is usually regarded as a synonym Bot. Zbl. 64: 381 (1895) of S. rimo

Basidiomycetes Uredospori epiphyllous, small, orange, Puccinia elymi West. in rows; uredospores 28-36 x 26-30 p,, with Bull. Acad. roy. Belg. 18 : 408 (1851) 8-10 scattered very indistinct pores, Rostrupia elymi (West.) Lagerh. accompanied by numerous thinwalled capi­ JOUIRN. de Bot. 3: 188 (1889) tate paraphyses; teleutosori amphigenous, Puccinia ammophiiae Guyot minute, black, covered; teleutospores Rev. Paht. Veg. 19 : 36 (1932) cylindric-clavate, 31-60 x 15,20 p, short- -stalked, 1-septate, apical wall up to 5 p. Cooke thick. Fig. 3Ff. Beihefte zur Hedwigia 4: 54 (1961) On living leaves, sometimes associated Cyphella griseopaUida Weinm. with yellowish spots, apparently always Hymen. Gast. Rossico Obs. 522 (1836). present in stands of Ammoiphila in Bri­ Fruit bodies gregarious, sessile, cup­ tain but often hard to find until the leaf shaped, about 1 mm across, membranous, is flattened and the furrows of the inrol- light gray and suibtranslucent when fresh, led surface exposed. According to CUM­ drying gray-brown, outer surface conspi­ MINS (1971) var. ammophilina differs cuously fibrillose; hymenium deeply con­ from var. pygmaea on Calamagrostis in cave. Basidia 4-spored, 14-20 x 5-7 p; spo­ having fewer uredoparaphyses and longer res broadly ovate with marked apiculus, teleutospores. The former does not seem 6-9 x 4-5 p, white, smooth, nonamyloid; borne out by British material, the latter hyphae thinwalied, 6 p, wide, without is difficult to assess as teleutosori are clamps, with free obtuse tips on outer seldom found in Britain. surface of the cup'. Fig. 3Mm. In furrows on inrolled surface of dead Ustilaginales leaves, throughout the year, also on many other grasses, herbaceous stems and Ustilago hypodytes (Schlechtendal) Fr. woody debris. Syst. Myc. 3: 518 (1832) Sori in the stems, enveloping interno- Crinipellis stipitarius (Fr.) Pat. des and protected by the leaf sheaths, Essai taxonomique sur.. Hymenomycetes lacking any covering membrane; spores 143 (1900) spherical to ovoid, 4-7 u diameter, smooth, Pileus convex, thin, tough, less than yellow-brown. 1 em. across, light brown, clothed with Apparently rare on Ammophila, darker adpressed fibrils and hairs, with though common on Elymus arenarms, thick walls reddened by iodine; stipe long, Agropyron spp. and many other genera of slender, dark brown, similarly hairy; gills grasses. Fig. 3Qq. white, sinuate to free. Spores white, According to ZUNDEL (1953) U. ovoid, 6.5-9 x 4-6 p, nonamyloid. On dead striaeformis (West.) Niessl occurs on culms and roots, not uncommon on this Ammophila arenaria in eastern U. S. A. and other sand-dune grasses and others. but I have not seen any collections on Fig. 3Kk. Ammophila in Europe, though the smut occurs on species of Calamagrostis and Marasmim littoralis Quel. many other genera. Bull. Soc. Amis Sciences nat. Rouen, Thecaphora ammophiiae Olid, is not a Ser. 2, 15: 169 (1880) smut but a Stemphylium, according to Solitary, pileus convex with shallow Liro. umbilicus, up to 1.5 cm. diam., radiately Agaricales sulcate, smooth, buff, disc darker; stipe Tricholomataceae slender, equal, smooth, brown, horny, Cellypha griseopaUida (Weinm.) W. B. paler above; gills subdistant, equal, free, ventricose, cream colour. Spores white, excrement, probably he had a different tearshape, 13-18 x 4-5 p,, nonamyloid; chei- species of Psathyrella. Fig. 3 Nn. locystidia clavate, brush-like with short brown apical processes, similar cells form Nidulariaies the pileus surface. On dead stems in Cyathus olla Pers. autumn. M. epodms Bres. (1881) is pro­ Syn. Meth. Fung. 237 (1801) bably not a synonym as often stated. Fig. 3L1. Fruit bodies cupshaped, with small base and expanded mouth, 10-15 mm high Coprinaceae and 8-10 mm broad, thinfleshed, tough, Psathyrella ammophila (Dur. & Lev.) smooth, gray to fawn, containing several Orton large (up to 3.5 mm wide), seed-like, hard Trans. Brit, myeol. Soc. 43 Suppl. 142 peridioles, each attached to the inner wall (1960) by a slender thread. Fig. 3Jj. On debris Unlike the members of the Tricholo- of Ammophila as of many other plants. mataceae described above this large Aga­ Spha&rofoolws stellatus Tode ex Pers. ric is not found obviously springing from op. cit. 115 (1801) dead but standing culms or leaves but its association with Ammophila seems well Fruit body at first globose, 1-2 mm attested. WAKEFIELD (1918) found diameter, smooth, white to pale yellow, splitting opien by up to 8 short teeth to the mycelium of P. ammophila always expose an orange inner wall enclosing a connected with buried decaying leaves of single reddishbrown spherical peridiole Ammophila. «Omly occasionally does it which is forcibly ejected by eversion of arise from a single leaf. It may do so if the inner wall. Fig. 3Hh. Oh debris of the leaf is near the surface, in which case AmmopMla as of many other plants and the sandy cord is seen to be directly on dung. connected with a weft of hyphae mixed with sand particles which surrounds the dead leaf. In the majority of cases the Phallales. points of origin are more deeply seated. Phallus hadriam Vent, ex Pers. The «root» tapers to about the thickness op. cit 246 (1801) of medium twine, and then is found to fork As with Psathyrella ammophila an or branch repeatedly. It IS 'ELS £L rule im­ intimate association with Ammophila possible to trace the ultimate ramifica­ seems well attested, though there may be tions on account of their fineness and some uncertainty whether the relationship fragility, but in a few cases I was success­ is purely saprophytic. Dir. E. A. Ellis ful in tracing a branch to a dead Ammo­ assures me that P. hadriani can be traced phila leaf, which was covered by a fine as developing from detritus, of Ammophila weft of hyphae». TEiODOROWTCZ in sand of yellow dunes on the Norfolk (1936), was thus probably mistaken in coast. ANDERSON (1950) tried unsuc­ stating this fungus to grow from rabbit cessfully to detect a connection between P. hadrimvi mycelium and Ammophila Camarographktm metableticum (Trail) roots with which it grew in contact taut Grove ISTVANFFI (1904) in different cireuns- British Stem & Leaf Fungi 2: 108 (1937) tances reported parasitism by the myce­ Pyenidia scattered, immersed, subglo­ lium on roots of a number of plants, in­ bose, 200-250 diameter, with an apical cluding Agropyron repens. Pig. 30o. ostiole, black. Conidia irregularly elli­ psoid, 27-37 x 12-16 [x, brown, with 3 to 7 Fungi Imperfecti transverse septa and one or more longi­ Coelomycefes tudinal septa in some central seguments, smooth. Fig. 3D. Common in dead Ascochyta leptospora (Trail) Hara Ammophila leaves, SUTTON (1980) indi­ Diseases of the rice plant 178 (1918) cated that this is not a true Camarogra- Pyenidia, immersed, subglobose, up to phimm but did not offer any alternative 220 [x diameter, brown, with a darker disposition for it. It is now type species apical ostiole. Conidia elliptic-cylindric, of Amaremographiwm O. Eriksson. mostly 14-16 x 2.5-3 [i, hyaline, with a median septum. Common on dead leaves Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. ex Fr.) and leaf spots of many grasses, including Grove Ammophila. Pig. 3B. Journal of Botany 56: 341 (1918) O. lineola Corda in Sturm, Deutsch- vor. minor Punithalingam lands iKrypt, Flora HI, 3: 41 (Tab. 21) Comm. myc. Inst, mycol. Paper 142: 110 (1837) (1970) Acervuli erumpent from a dark colou­ Differs in its smaller pyenidia, with red, small-celled, basal layer which bears s p o r e s 9-12 x 2-2.5 p., described from a stratum of short sutahyaline conidio- Ammophila in Ireland. phores and a variable number of stiff, Collections on Ammophila published thickwalled, pointed, brown setae. Coni­ as A. graminicola Sacc. are no doubt to dia more or less curved, with pointed ends, be referred to one or other of the above. 18-24 x 2-3.5 ix, hyaline, nonseptate, 18- 22 x 2-4 [x in British material on Ammo­ A. psammae Oudem. phila. Fig. 30. Ned Kruidk. Arehif. Ser. 3,2: 263 (1901) A similar £unguis occurs on many other Pyenidia immersed in brown leaf spots, genera of grasses in Britain but there is becoming erumpent, subglobose, up to no indication that it is a parasite. Some 340 p, diameter, black, with large apical collections on Ammophila have been ostiole. Conidia ellipsoid, tapered to the referred to 0. grammicala (Ces.) Wilson ends, 13-16 x 4-5 [x, rather thickwalled, but SUTTON (1980) restricts this name hyaline to yellowish, with median septum. to a fungus on Zea in tropical and subtro­ Pig. 30. pical climates. 0. Ivneola and C. dema­ Common on Ammophila, distinguished tium were both described from dead dico­ from Tiarospora perforans by the smaller tyledonous stems but SACCARDO exten­ conidia, without appendages. ded the scope of the former to include a collection on a grass (Andropogon) and I have not seen this. The spore size SUTTON regards them as synonyms. is a little small for Tiarospora perforam and one would not expect that to be taken Coniothyrium pmmmae Oudem. for a Diplodfkij even if the spores may Hedwigia 37: 177 (1898) become slightly tinted brown. Pycnidia scattered, immersed, subglo- bose, 120-140 [x diameter, with apical Hendsrsonia calo&pora Fautrey ostiole, black, smooth. Conidia elliptical, Revue myeologique 14: 9 (1892) 6-10 x 3-5 \x, olivaceous. Fig. 3J. Pycnidia amphigenous, immersed, pa­ This may perhaps be the conidial state pillate, grayish-yellow. Conidia fusoid, of Paraphaeospha&ria mvchotii, identified widest at the centre, flexuose, 55-65 x 6 \x, by WEBSTER (1955) with C. scirpi Trail, yellow, with 6 or 7 septa. Not seen. which dates from 1889. The conidia are wider than in either of the Phaieosphaeria conidial states descri­ Dinemasporium strigosum (Pers. ex Fr.) bed fom Ammophila by WEBSTER. Sacc. Hendersonia culmiseda Sacc. Michelia 2: 281 (1881) Sylloge Fumgorum 3: 437 (1884) D. gramimtm (Libert) Lev. Ann. Sci. Pycnidia immersed, spherical, up to nat, Bot. Sar. 3, 5 : 274 (1846) 300 \j, diameter, dark brown, with apical Acervuli scattered, superficial, cupu- ostiole. Conidia fusoid, 12-15 x 4-5 p,, late, up to 200 p diameter, with small brown, 3-septate. celled brown basal and marginal tissue, There seems considerable confusion beaing stiff pointed, thickwalled brown over this name. It is a renaming of H. setae, 60-220 x 4-6 p. Conidiophores culmicoia Cooke, the original hosts of short, covering the floor of the cup and which were Ammophila and Phragmites, bearing terminal, straight to slightly and some British collections on Ammo­ allantoid conidia, 9.5-11 x 1.5-2 |x, hyaline, phila yield conidia of the size stated. nonseptate, with a fine bristle-like pro­ BOiMMER & ROUSSEAU, however, ci­ cess, 5-7 [x long, at each end. Fig. 3N. ted material on Ammophila, in Belgium Common on grasses of all kinds, inclu­ with smaller conidia, 10-11 X 3-4 p. and Bri­ ding Ammophila. The ascus state is said tish collections with such small conidia to be Phomatospora dmemasporium have been called H. culmicoia Sacc. var Webster. mmor Sacc. Fig. 3E. SAOCARDO did not indicate either a type host or a spore size for this variety, which appears tooi vaguely Dvplodia nitens Sacc. Bomm. & Rouss. defined for the name to be satisfactorily Bull. Soc. roy Bot. Belg. 29: 286 (1890) used. It is probably a good species, uncon­ Pycnidia immersed, then erumpent, nected with H. culmicoia. 180-210 [j, diameter. Conidia elliptie-fujsoid, 18-22 x 9-11 [x, thickwalled, violaceous, Lmtostroma donacvnum Sacc var majus then brown, 1-septate. Ammophila culms. Trail July. Scottish Naturalist 8: 267 (1886) Pyenidia elliptical, subcuticular, septate, hyaline to light brown. Fig. 3K. 1-2 mm long, black, shining, opening by a Fairly common on dead leaves of Ammo­ slit, the base of the cavity is covered by phila. short conidiophoires bearing cylindrical, hyaline, conidia, 4-5 x 1-1.5 p.. Fig. 3M. Rhodesia subtecta (Rob.) Grove On dead culms of Ammophila in British Stem & Leaf Fungi 2: 364 (1937) Spring. The type was on an unnamed Fusarium swbtectum Rob. grass. Ann. Sci. nat. Bot. Ser. 3,3: 358 (1845) Myosporina subtecta (Rob.) v. Hohn. Macrophoma fusispora (Rostrup) Bu- Ber. Deutsch. bot. Ges, 37: 115 chwald in Moller Fungi of the Faeroes 2: (1919)

163 (1958) 1 Hymenida psammae Oudem. Pyenidia gregarious, subcuticular, epi- Ned. Kruidk. Arch. Ser. 3, 1: 532 phyllous, depressed. Conidia fusoid, 12- (1898) -16 x 3-4 pi, said to be 1-guttulate. MOLLER Acervuli subcuticular, scattered, up to commented that this seemed scarcely dis­ 250 [x diameter, pink. Conidia carried tinct from Neophoma graminella (Saec.) singly on short cylindrical phialides, ellip­ Petr. & Syd., which is common in the tical, pointed at the ends, 5-7 x 2.5 p,, Hebrides on Anthoxanthum, Cynosurus, hyaline but pink in the mass, nonseptate. Festuca and Molinia but which I have Fig. 3L. Common on outer surface of not yet seen on Ammophila and which dead leaves of Ammophila. tends to have rather shorter, broader, thickwalled conidia 10-14 X 5-6 \x. Septoria ammophilae Syd. Hedwingia 35: 127 (1900) Phoma ammophilae Dur. & Mont. Flore d'Algerie, Cryptogamie 546 (1849) Pyenidia in long narrow leaf spots, Pyenidia gregarious, immersed, sub­ hypophyllous, in rows, globose, 80 \x dia­ globose, 200 ix diameter, black. Conidia meter, brown, erumpent by the ostiole. ovoid or ellipsoid, 4-6 x 2-3 [j,, hyaline, bi- Conidia filiform, flexuous, 35-50 X 2 \x, j guttulate, on slender conidiophores. 3 septate, hyaline. Fig. 3F. Fig. 3H. Because of the long conidiopho­ res this cannot be a Phoma in modern S. arenariae Rostrup terms. Bot. Tiddskr. 22: 275 (1899) Pyenidia hypophyllous, innate, minute. Psammma bommerae Rouss. ,& Saoc. Conidia slender, curved, 60-100 x 0.5-1 \x. Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Belg. 25: 298 (1890) Not seen but the description does not Acervuli scattered, subcuticular, up to suggest any other coelomycete described 1 mm diameter, olivaceous to pale brown. from Ammophila. The conidia, however, Conidiophores short, bearing stellate coni­ apparently resemble those of Eriospora dia consisting of 30 or more arms radia­ lewcostoma Berk. -& Br., described from. ting from a common centre, each arm sub- Carex pamculata but reported on Ammo­ cylindric, obtuse, 20-30 X 2.5 \i, up to 6- phila by BOMMER & ROUSSEAU. S. nodorum (Berk.) Berk. tion to Tiarospora, plentiful Phaeosphae- Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 5: 397 (1850) ria ammophilae and it is usual to find Pycnidia scattered or in rows, immer­ several fungi on a piece of dead Ammo­ sed, globose, 70-100 [x diameter, brown to phila leaf. But on a small packet enclosing black, with an apical ostiole. Conidia a fragment of leaf sent him by ROBERGE elliptie-eylindrie, often curved, 20-30 X as S. perforam, BERKELEY has sketched 2-2.5 p, 3-septate, hyaline. Fig. 3G. Des­ spores with the characteristic appendages cribed from Triticum but common on of Tiarospora. There is a parallel sketch many genera of grasses, including in the BROOME herbarium and I see no Ammophila. reason to reject VON HOHNEL'S conclu­ sion that this was the fungus DESMA­ Tiarospora p&rforans (Rob.) v. Hohn. ZlERES' described as having «Sporidiis hyalinis, bilocularibus». Hedwigia 60: 141 (1918) Dvplodima ammoophilae Trail Scottish Naturalist 8: 76 (1885) Hyphomyeetes. Darluea ammophilae Sacc. Bomm. & Alternaria alternata {FT.) Keissler Rouss. Beih. Bot. Zbl. 29: 434 (1912) Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Belg. 26: 221 A. temms C. G. Nees (1887) Syst. Pilze Schwamme 72 (1817) Tiarospora westendorpii S a c c . & Colonies olive-black, conidiophores March. simple or branched, septate, olivaceous. Revue myeologique 7: 148 (1885) Conidia in long, often branched, chains, Pycnidia immersed, globose, up to ovoid to obclavate, 20-63 x 9-18 jj,, usually 300 [x diameter, black, with an ostiolar with a short conical beak, olivaceous, with papilla. Conidia elliptical, 20-27 X 10-15 ix, up to 8 transverse septa and 1 to 3 longi­ tudinal or oblique septa in the broader rather thickwalled, hyaline to brownish, part, wall smooth or punctate. Fig. 3P. with a median septum and bearing a cap­ like gelatinous appendage at each end. One of the commonest moulds on vege­ Fig. 3A. table debris of all kinds, including Ammo­ phila. Common on Ammophila, often asso­ ciated with Phaeosphaeria ammophilae, but liable to confusion with Ascochyta Arthrinium phaeospermwm (Cda.) M. B. psammme. Ellis Comm. myc. Inst, mycol. Paper 103: 8 (1965) The interpretation of the name Sphae- ria perforam Rob. has been disputed. In Papularia sphaerosperma (Pers.) v. one example of DESMAZlERES' Plantes Hohn. Crypt. France Ed. 1, 1288 PUNITHALIN- •Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. GAM found Didymosphaeria verdoni and !K1. Abt. 1, 125: 114 (1916) MUNK used the name as basis for a Colonies subepidermal, erumpent, es­ ParadidymeUa on Elymus. On an example pecially on dead grasses, black. Cbnidio- of the same number at Kew I find, in addi­ phores cylindrical, hyaline, with conspi- cuous refractive septa; conidia lenticular, Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenb. ex Sch- dark brown, with a hyaline band round the lecht. Synop. PI. crypt in Mesomarchia edge, 8-12 p. diameter in face view, 8-12 x 136 (1824) 5-7 [x in side view. Fig. 3Y. An exten­ E, nigrum Link sive host list additional to Ammophila Magazin Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlim will be found in ELLIS (1965). 7: (1815) Sporodochia piulvinate, black, up to Cladosporium herbarum Link ex S. F. 2 mm diameter associated with reddish Gray staining of the substrate. Conidiophores Natural Arrangement of British Plants short, bearing solitary apical conidia, 1: 556 (1821) which are subglobose, 15-25 in. diameter, Conidiophores often fascicled and with a broad basal cell and remainder mu- springing from a stromatie base but riformly septate, dark brown, verrucose. sometimes effused to form extensive oli­ Fig. 3Gg. vaceous colonies, straight, flexuous or ge­ Common on dead plant matter of all niculate, up to 250 X 3-6 p, olive-brown; kinds, including Ammophila. conidia in chains, ellipsoid, very variable, 5-23 x 3-8 [x with a small scar at one or Myrothecium atroviride (Berk. & Br.) both ends, 0-1-septate, occasionally more, Tulloch Comm. myc. Inst, mycol. Paper olive-brown and finely warted. Fig. 3W. 130: 34 (1972) A cosmopolitan mould on dead herbaceous Crocicreas atroviride (Berk. & Br.) plants. v. Hdhn. Ann. Mycol. 1: 403 (1903) Dematiwm coelosporum Fr. Sporodochia cupulata, less than 1 mm Syst. Myc. 3 : 366 (1832) diameter, with inrolled margin of sterile As currently interpreted this differs hyphae, black. Conidiophores forming from Pemeonia hispiduia mainly in the a flat hymeniform layer, short, branched, larger conidia, 16-20 p. diameter, and bearing terminal narrowly fusiform coni­ seems characteristic of Ammophila. dia, 10-12 x 2-2.5 p,, pale olivaceous, non- septate. Fig. 3Cc. TULLOCH suggested Endophragmia hyalo

The following are dubious records and Phoma nitidum Rob. doubtful species of Fungi Imperfecti re­ Ann. Sc. nat. Bot. Ser. 3, 20: 220 (1853) ported at some time for Ammophila: Pycnida scattered, hemispherical,

Fig'. 3. A — Tiarospora perforans; B— Ascochyta leptos>pora; C — A. psammae; D — Camaro- graphhim metableticum; E —: Hendersmwa culmiseda; F —• Septoria ammophilae; G —> S. nodorum; H — Phoma ammophilae; J —> Ccmiothyrktm psammae; K — P samtrrwna bornvmerae; iL — Rhodesia subtecta; M. — ILeptostroma donacmum var majus; N — Dmemasporiutm strigosum; O—< Colletotriohum dematmm; iP — Al- tetrnaria altemata; Q — Thyrostromella myriana; R —• Ulooladium chartarum; S —• Sporidestrrwwm aturbinatum; T S. leptospmumi; U — Endophragmium hyaios- perma; V —• Torula herbarum.; W — Cladosporiu/m herbarwm; X —• Tetraftloa aris- tata; Y —• Arthrinmm phaeospermum; Z — Patp*ularia arundiwis; Aa —1 Periconia hispidula; Bb —• P. igmaria; Cc —• Myrothecium atroviride; Dd — Saccardata atra; Ee — Myrothecium roridum; Ftf —• Pucoinia pygmaea, wedospore with para- phsis; Gg —• Epicoccwm purpurascens ; Hh —• Sphaeirobolus stellatus; Jj —• Cyathus olla; Kk —• CrinipelMs stipitariius; IA — Maratsmiius littordlvs; Mm —• UeUypha gri- seopallida; Nn — Psathyrella ammophila; Oo — Phallus hadriam; Pp — Pucciwia ebymA, teleuto <£ uredospores from Elymus; Qq —• Ustilago hypodytes; Rr — Spore of Didymosphaeria arenaria; Ss — Spore of D. verdoni, after Eriksson. Fig. 3 Stagonospora arenaria (Sacc.) Sacc. 25-45 x 3-4 u., hyaline to yellowish, with Sylloge Fungorum 3: 453 (1884). from 3 to 5 septa. Pyenidia gregarious, immersed, subglo­ Typical on Elymus arenarius, such dart bose to elliptical, 240 X 2°° V> »>«wn, British collection as I have seen so called with an ostiolar papil^- Conidia subey- on Ammophila were Ascochyta psammae. lindric, obtuse, straight or slightly curved,

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