Giuseppe Mazzini Biography Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) was a writer and political activist who strived to found a unified democratic republic of Italy. Throughout his life, he founded and supported revolutionary groups who sought to free Italy of foreign powers and unite the different states. During his lifetime, his aspirations were only partially fulfilled, and he considered himself to have failed. But, when Italy was finally united, Mazzini was credited with playing a significant role. Mazzini also helped define early ideas of a united Europe and was a leading figure in the European movement for popular democracy in a republican state. Mazzini has been referred to as ‘the soul of Italy’ and ‘the beating heart of Italy’ Early Life Mazzini Mazzini was born in Genoa, then part of the Ligurian Republic under the rule of the French Empire. His father was a university professor, and the young Mazzini proved to be a precocious intellect and voracious reader. At the age of only 14, he entered university, graduating with a law degree in 1826. Although he became known as a revolutionary, people commented that the young Mazzini was kind, gentle and compassionate. He had a magnetic personality which drew many to him. After graduating from university, Mazzini worked as a ‘poor man’s lawyer’ and also began a fledgling journalistic career. Mazzini took an active interest in politics and was drawn to the movement seeking to unify Italy and throw off foreign powers. In 1827, he joined the Carbonari, a secret organisation working for Italian independence. However, the Carbonari had limited influence, and Mazzini was betrayed as it was broken up. As a result of his involvement in revolutionary activity, Mazzini spent six months in jail in Savona (1830-31). During his time in jail he became even more committed to the movement of working for an Italian republic. His term was “apostolate”- working to achieve “liberty of country” for “Italia.” In 1831, he was released, on the condition he would accept exile. “A Country is not a mere territory; the particular territory is only its foundation. The Country is the idea which rises upon that foundation; it is the sentiment of love, the sense of fellowship which binds together all the sons of that territory.” Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini in Exile Mazzini agreed to exile in Marseille, France. Here in Marseille, Mazzini became a charismatic leader of the Italian exiles, seeking to continue the struggle for Italian independence. Mazzini wrote a stream of articles, arguing for a Republic of Italian states. He also founded a new political society called ‘La giovine Italia (Young Italy) to support the goal of Italian unification. Young Italy’s goals were Unification of the several Italian states and kingdoms A single republic (no monarchy) One, independent, Free Republic. The motto of Young Italy was ‘God and the People’. Mazzini was not a Christian but believed in God and the power of the people. He declared: “Neither pope nor king. Only God and the people will open the way of the future to us.” The movement gained influence and 60,000 members. Mazzini was influential in inspiring Giuseppe Garibaldi in devoting his life to the cause of Italian independence. However, their attempted insurrections were unsuccessful and were ruthlessly put down in Chambery and later Piedmontese. These failures were a great set back for Mazzini, who felt a sense of personal failure. However, although the revolutions were unsuccessful, it raised the issue of national unity in the public consciousness. As Mazzini himself prophetically said. “Ideas ripen quickly when nourished by the blood of martyrs.” Young Italy disintegrated as a political organisation, but its ideas became disseminated throughout Italy. Mazzini moved to Switzerland, where he founded Young Europe and also Young Germany / Young Poland. Although Mazzini struggled with the setbacks in Italy, he continued to hold onto the ideal of a united Europe, which he felt had to come first through national unity free of foreign influence. Through his creation of Young Europe, Mazzini is seen as an early visionary of a united European Union, which only came into being after the Second World War. In 1837, Mazzini moved to England, where he wrote frequently and even started a school for Italian boys. Mazzini became relatively well known in England, and there was considerable support for Mazzini from liberal figures – especially after Parliament admitted opening his letters. He re-founded ‘Young Italy’ to help strengthen the feeling of Italian solidarity. He continued to write to agents across Europe and was supportive of the Bandiera brothers who made an unsuccessful attempt to start a revolt in Calabria. In 1849, Mazzini triumphantly was able to return to Italy after Tuscany and Rome were declared Republics. Mazzini was elected as triumvir of the new republic. Mazzini had fulfilled his lifelong dream of leading the beginnings of an Italian republic, and he began energetically reforming Italian society. However, the Republic was short lived as the Pope appealed for military help from the French and the Catholic forces were able to destroy the fledgling republic and restore the Pope. Mazzini again had to retreat to London and Switzerland. In the 1850s, Mazzini was active in supporting attempts at insurrections across Italy. Again these insurrections failed to achieve their immediate goal. But, there was public support for their ideals, and the insurrections kept the dream of Italian independence in the public mind. To some Mazzini was an inspirational figure. However, Mazzini also had serious detractors, some declared him a traitor. Others felt he achieved nothing worthwhile. In 1861, the vision of Mazzini was partially fulfilled with the declaration of a new united Kingdom of Italy – only missing Venice and Rome, but also it was a monarchy rather than a republic like Mazzini wanted to see. In 1870, he was arrested after leading a republican uprising in Sicily But, fortunately, was released after Italian troops occupied Rome. Mazzini died from pleurisy at Pisa in March, 1872, he was buried in his home town of Genoa. He never married, though had an affair with the attractive Giuditta Bellerio Sidoli, a Modenese widow. Mazzini’s revolutionary beliefs In the 1860s, Mazzini was in contact with Marx and members of the Socialist First International. However, after initial contacts, Mazzini withdrew. He had a strong belief in God, and could not accept the ‘atheistic’ Communism of Marx or the Anarchism of Bakunin. Marx criticised Mazzini saying his ideas were increasingly reactionary and represented “nothing better than the old idea of a middle-class republic.” Mazzini, in turn, described Marx as “a destructive spirit whose heart was filled with hatred rather than love of mankind. Despite the communist egalitarianism which [Marx] preaches he is the absolute ruler of his party, admittedly he does everything himself but he is also the only one to give orders and he tolerates no opposition.” .