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Primera Hoja UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS INFLUENCIA DE Β-GLUCANOS Y ÁCIDO ASCÓRBICO EN LA RESPUESTA INMUNE DEL BAGRE DE CANAL (Ictalurus punctatus) (RAFINESQUE, 1818) EN INFECCIONES CON Ligictaluridus floridanus (MUELLER, 1936) (ANCYROCEPHALIDAE) Por FLAVIANO BENAVIDES GONZÁLEZ Como requisito parcial para obtener el Grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS CON ESPECIALIDAD EN MICROBIOLOGÍA S e p t i e m b r e, 2 0 1 5 ii AGRADECIMIENTOS A Dios, todo lo puedo a través de Él que me fortalece. Al Dr. Jaime Luis Rábago Castro, por creer en mí, por la oportunidad e invitación para colaborar en este proyecto, por impulsarme a buscar la perfección académica y personal en cada aspecto de la vida. Al Dr. Jesús Genaro Sánchez Martínez y al Dr. Ricardo Alberto Gómez Flores, por compartir sus conocimientos y su experiencia profesional para fortalecer este trabajo con calidad internacional. A la Dra. Patricia Tamez Guerra y al Dr. Emilio Mendoza Gamboa por aceptar integrar mi comité de tesis y por sus oportunas observaciones y sugerencias a este manuscrito. A la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León y a la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas por brindarme los espacios y la oportunidad de sacar adelante este proyecto a través de ellas. A Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) y al Programa para el Desarrollo del Personal Docente (PRODEP) de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas por las becas y el apoyo económico recibido durante el desarrollo de este proyecto. Al Comité de Sanidad Acuícola del Estado de Tamaulipas A.C. y al Sistema Producto Bagre de Tamaulipas, por contribuir a esta investigación con el aporte de ejemplares y apoyo con equipo técnico y de transporte, en especial al MC. Isidro Otoniel Montelongo Alfaro y al Dr. Héctor Hugo Gojon Báez, quienes siempre apoyaron incondicionalmente el desarrollo de esta investigación. iii Al personal docente y técnicos de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas quienes colaboraron en el proyecto y compartieron sus conocimientos para concluirlo satisfactoriamente, en particular a la Técnico Laboratorista María Dora López Aguilar, Dr. Roberto Pérez Castañeda, MIE Antonio Joel Ruiz Uribe, Dr. José Vázquez Villanueva, Dr. Hugo Brígido Barrios García y Dra. María Lorena Torres Rodríguez. A los alumnos de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia por ayudarme a concluir la etapa experimental de este estudio en especial al MVZ Itzel Annilú Martínez Bárcenas, MVZ Gilberto Rivas Zarazúa, César Octavio Rodríguez Manríquez, Juan Carlos Antonio Grimaldo Hernández. iv DEDICATORIA Este manuscrito está dedicado en especial a mi familia, a mi esposa MVZ Brenda Paulina Mosqueda Jaime y a mis hijos Andrés Humberto y Ana Lucía Benavides Mosqueda; durante estos últimos años, ellos realizaron sacrificios para impulsarme a terminar este proyecto; en especial, dejando a un lado nuestro tiempo en familia; gracias por darme la fuerza y motivación para seguir adelante. A mis hermanos MVZ Héctor Benavides Gonzáles y al LAE Ricardo Morales Malo, a quienes les agradezco estar ahí siempre que los necesité, incondicionalmente apoyando; permitiéndome desarrollar satisfactoriamente este posgrado. v TABLA DE CONTENIDO Sección Página AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................. iii DEDICATORIA .............................................................................................................. v LISTA DE TABLAS ...................................................................................................... ix LISTA DE FIGURAS .................................................................................................... xi NOMENCLATURA ..................................................................................................... xiii RESUMEN .................................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xv 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 1 2. ANTECEDENTES ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Acuacultura en México ......................................................................................... 3 2.2. Importancia de las enfermedades en los peces ...................................................... 3 2.3. Enfermedades parasitarias del bagre de canal ....................................................... 4 2.4. Sistema Inmune de los peces teleósteos ................................................................ 6 2.4.1. Órganos linfoides ........................................................................................... 7 2.4.2. Sistema inmune inespecífico ......................................................................... 8 2.4.2.1. Factores humorales ................................................................................ 8 2.4.2.2. Respuesta inflamatoria ......................................................................... 13 2.4.2.3. Factores celulares ................................................................................. 14 2.4.3. Sistema inmune específico .......................................................................... 17 2.4.3.1. Factores humorales .............................................................................. 17 2.4.3.2. Factores celulares ................................................................................. 18 2.5. El estrés en los peces teleósteos .......................................................................... 19 2.6. Uso de ácido ascórbico y β-glucanos en acuacultura .......................................... 22 2.6.1. Ácido ascórbico o vitamina C ..................................................................... 22 2.6.2. β-glucanos .................................................................................................... 25 3. DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA Y JUSTIFICACIÓN ...................................... 27 4. HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................................... 28 5. OBJETIVO GENERAL ........................................................................................... 29 vi 5.1. Objetivos particulares ........................................................................................... 29 6. CAPITULO 1. EVALUACIÓN DE AGENTES ANTIPARASITARIOS EN INFECCIONES NATURALES DE L. floridanus EN EL BAGRE DE CANAL .. 30 6.1. Resumen ............................................................................................................... 30 6.2. Introducción .......................................................................................................... 31 6.3. Material y métodos ............................................................................................... 33 6.3.1. Diseño experimental ..................................................................................... 33 6.3.1.1. Eficacia in vitro e in vivo del praziquantel como antiparasitario .......... 33 6.3.1.1.1. Análisis estadístico ........................................................................ 35 6.3.1.2. Eficacia in vitro e in vivo del peróxido de hidrógeno y metrifonato como antiparasitarios ......................................................................................... 36 6.3.1.2.1. Análisis estadístico ........................................................................ 37 6.4. Resultados ............................................................................................................ 38 6.4.1. Eficacia in vitro e in vivo del praziquantel como antiparasitario .................. 38 6.4.2. Eficacia in vitro e in vivo del peróxido de hidrógeno y metrifonato como antiparasitarios ........................................................................................................ 43 6.5. Discusión .............................................................................................................. 48 6.5.1. Eficacia in vitro e in vivo del praziquantel como antiparasitario .................. 48 6.5.2. Eficacia in vitro e in vivo del peróxido de hidrógeno y metrifonato como antiparasitarios ........................................................................................................ 51 7. CAPITULO 2. EVALUACIÓN DEL EFECTO DE LOS Β-GLUCANOS (1,3 / 1,6) Y ÁCIDO ASCÓRBICO EN LA INMUNOESTIMULACIÓN DE JUVENILES DE BAGRE DE CANAL AL SER ADICIONADOS A UNA DIETA COMERCIAL DEL BAGRE DE CANAL, Ictalurus punctatus. ............... 54 7.1. Resumen ............................................................................................................... 54 7.2. Introducción .......................................................................................................... 55 7.3. Material y métodos ............................................................................................... 57 7.3.1. Diseño experimental ..................................................................................... 57 7.3.2. Tratamientos/alimentación ........................................................................... 58 7.3.2.1. Preparación de dietas ...........................................................................
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  • Page 701-800
    Phenotypic convergence between Rhodnius neglectus and Rhodnius nasutus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) from Copernicia prunifera palm trees in Northeastern Brazil Gurgel-Gonçalves, Rodrigo1; Antonio, Jessica Correa2; Morelli, Karina Alessandra2; Pavan, Marcio Galvão2; Fernando Araujo Monteiro2 1Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil. 2Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Fiocruz, RJ, Brazil. BACKGROUND: Triatomines, vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, are able to develop morphological changes in response to adaptation to new habitats. Different triatomine species might converge phenotypically when inhabiting the same ecotope. In this study we describe this phenomenon for two Rhodnius species often found occurring in the palm tree Copernicia prunifera. METHODS: 117 palm trees from 19 municipalities of northeastern Brazil were inspected for the presence of triatomines. Sampling covered almost the entire geographic distribution of C. prunifera. Species-level identification of triatomines was achieved via morphological and molecular taxonomy based on a 630-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (mtCytb). RESULTS: Seventy-four palm trees (63%) were infested with 389 triatomines of the following species: Rhodnius nasutus, Rhodnius neglectus, Triatoma sordida, and Triatoma pseudomaculata. R. nasutus and R. neglectus were by far the most frequently captured species (51 and 46%, respectively). The molecular analysis revealed inconsistencies in the morphological identification of R. neglectus and R. nasutus. Specimens morphologically identified as R. nasutus clustered together with R. neglectus reference sequences (Posterior Probability = 1.0). These molecularly identified R. neglectus specimens displayed a pale yellowish-brown color without prominent darker connexivum spots, as observed for R. nasutus. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that specimens of R. neglectus found in C.
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