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Helmintos Parásitos De Fauna Silvestre En Las Costas De Guerrero, Oaxaca

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Helmintos Parásitos De Fauna Silvestre En Las Costas De Guerrero, Oaxaca University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Estudios en Biodiversidad Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 2015 Helmintos parásitos de fauna silvestre en las costas de Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas, México Griselda Pulido-Flores Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, [email protected] Scott onkM s Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, [email protected] Jorge Falcón-Ordaz Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Juan Violante-González Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biodiversidad Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Botany Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Pulido-Flores, Griselda; Monks, Scott; Falcón-Ordaz, Jorge; and Violante-González, Juan, "Helmintos parásitos de fauna silvestre en las costas de Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas, México" (2015). Estudios en Biodiversidad. 6. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biodiversidad/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Estudios en Biodiversidad by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Helmintos parásitos de fauna silvestre en las costas de Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas, México Griselda Pulido-Flores, Scott Monks, Jorge Falcón-Ordaz, y Juan Violante-González Resumen La costa sureste del Pacífico en México es rica en biodiversidad, en parte por la posición en la intersección de las corrientes oceánicas ecuatoriales. Sin embargo, los helmintos son un grupo de organismos que ha sido poco estudiado en la región y los registros están en diversas fuentes de información. El propósito de este trabajo es juntar todos los registros de las diferentes especies de hemintos en uno solo. Los registros publicados de hel- mintos parásitos de vertebrados de la zona incluyen 192 especies de Digenea, Monogenea, Cestoda, Acantho- cephala, Nematoda e Hirudinea. Los Digenea son los mejor representados con 34 familias y 91 especies, se- guido de los Monogenea, con 15 familias y 43 especies. Nematoda, Cestoda, Acanthocephala e Hirudinea son los menos representados (23 familias con 36 especies, 8 familias con 10 especies; 5 familias con 10 especies y 2 familias con 2 especie, respectivamente). Los peces son el grupo de hospederos más estudiados (69 espe- cies; 73% del total). Seguidos por las aves y reptiles (9 especies, 10% para cada uno). Los anfibios y mamíferos no han recibido mucha atención (4 y 3 especies, 4% y 3% respectivamente), y los invertebrados aún menos (3 especies de equinodermos). La distribución geográfica de las especies registradas es asimétrica, ya que gran cantidad de ellas se han reportado en Acapulco, Guerrero. Sin embargo, este patrón es el resultado de la con- centración de los estudios en una región, y no representa la distribución real de las especies. Palabras clave: Platyhelminthes, Acanthocephala, Nematoda, Hirudinea, Pacífico, México Introducción En México, el estudio de los helmintos se remonta al siglo XIX, periodo en el que los parásitos recibie- Los helmintos parásitos son un grupo polifilético de ron escasa atención en el país, y por lo general, las pu- organismos altamente especializados, con amplia dis- blicaciones consistieron en el registro de especies con tribución geográfica, y que conforman un grupo en el importancia médica o veterinaria. Estos trabajos fue- que comúnmente se incluyen a miembros de los Phyla ron publicados en periódicos o revistas de difusión de Platyhelminthes (Aspidogastrea, Digenea, Monoge- sociedades científicas y/o médicas. Lamothe-Argu- nea, Gyrocotylidea, Amphilinidea, Eucestoda), Nema- medo (1993) señaló que en 1869, en el periódico La toda, Acanthocephala y Annelida (Schmidt y Roberts, Naturaleza, Antonio Peñafiel publicó un trabajo so- 1977; Alonso-Aguirre, 2001). En su mayoría, son en- bre Fasciola hepática Linnaeus, 1758; así mismo in- doparásitos del tracto digestivo de vertebrados, con dicó que en el mismo año, Alfonso Herrera publicó un excepción de los miembros de Monogenea e Hirudi- trabajo sobre Strongylus micrurus Mehlis, 1831, una nea que se les considera ectoparásitos de peces, anfi- especie de Nematoda que causa la bronquitis vermi- bios y reptiles (Schmidt y Roberts, 1977; Pérez-Ponce nosa en el ganado de los alrededores de la ciudad de de León y García-Prieto, 2001a). México (Lamothe-Argumedo, 1993). Posteriormente, Publicado en Estudios en Biodiversidad, Volumen I, editores Griselda Pulido-Flores, Scott Monks y Maritza López-Herrera (Lincoln, NE: Zea Books, 2015). 52 Helmintos parásitos de fauna silvestre en las Costas de Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas 53 en la década de los años 30, se dio inicio al estudio de de éstos los Digenea son el grupo de helmintos más los helmintos de fauna silvestre, los trabajos consistie- abundante; seguido por los Nematoda y en tercera po- ron en estudios taxonómicos con el registro, distribu- sición se encuentran los Cestoda; también se ha regis- ción y/o descripción de nuevas especies. Por mencio- trado la presencia de Turbellaria en este tipo de inver- nar algunos, se encuentran los estudios de Caballero y tebrados (Peoples, 2013). Caballero (1930a, b) sobre las helmintiasis de México Pérez Ponce de León et al. (2011) mencionaron que y su profilaxis, y sus contribuciones al conocimiento el registro de los helmintos parásitos de fauna silves- de los hirudineos, particularmente de Limnobdella tre en México ascendía a 1900 especies (5 Aspidogas- mexicana Blanchard, 1893. trea, 634 Digenea, 331 Monogenea, 271 Cestoda; 87 Después, se continuó con estudios de sistemática y Acanthocephala; 538 Nematoda y 34 Annelida), pará- las relaciones filogenéticas a nivel de género y familia, sitas de 1145 especies de vertebrados. Asimismo, estos ecología de poblaciones y comunidades de helmintos autores concluyeron que el registro de helmintos en los en fauna silvestre y biogeografía (Bautista-Hernán- vertebrados silvestres de México es asimétrico, con la dez et al ., 2013). Recientemente, los helmintos se han mayor cantidad de especies en peces (1064), seguidos abordado como indicadores de calidad ambiental de por los mamíferos (332), aves (275), reptiles (242), y los ecosistemas (Pulido-Flores et al ., 2005; Monks et anfibios (156). Cabe mencionar que, el número total al ., 2013); además, su presencia y ausencia permite (2069), no corresponde con las 1900 especies mencio- inferir la riqueza de las especies que los albergan y nadas, porque algunas de las especies de helmintos se el estrés que sufren los ecosistemas (Pulido-Flores y han registrado en dos o más grupos de vertebrados. Monks, 2008). Los helmintos son un componente im- portante de la biodiversidad, que con frecuencia son Sistemática excluidos por falta de conocimiento, o por conside- La nomenclatura y clasificación para cada especie de rarse que son organismos patógenos y sin valor. Sin helminto se realizó con base en las claves taxonómi- embargo, los helmintos juegan un papel importante cas de Gibson et al . (2002, 2008), Schmidt (1986), li- en los ecosistemas, aportan información para el enten- teratura especializada para cada grupo de helminto, dimiento de las interacciones ecológicas, patrones de así como en Index of the Described Animalia of the distribución de hospederos, y la historia de regiones World (Hallan, 2008). Los nombres científicos de los y biotas (Pérez-Ponce de León y García Prieto, 2001). peces y anfibios fueron revisados en FishBase (Froese y El registro helmintológico de parásitos de verte- Pauly, 2013) y Amphibian Species of the World (Frost brados en México es grande, si consideramos que al 2013), respectivamente. menos por cada especie de vertebrado existe una es- Los registros de la Tabla 1 (pp. 64–77), corresponde pecie de helminto, y si se compara el número de es- al registro taxonómico de la zona de estudio. pecies de helmintos con otros grupos de animales. Los vertebrados que se han estudiado con mayor én- fasis en la helmintología son los peces, hecho que se Importancia ecológica y económica refleja en la cantidad de registros de su presencia en Los peces son un grupo de vertebrados de importan- todo el territorio nacional, y las costas del océano Pa- cia para el hombre, por su valor alimenticio y porque cífico, particularmente las de Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chia- su captura es una actividad económica indiscutible. pas, no son la excepción (Tabla 1). Sin embargo, el es- Desde este punto de vista, el conocimiento de sus pa- tudio de los helmintos parásitos en invertebrados en rásitos es importante, ya que tienen un efecto negativo México es prácticamente nulo, Lamothe-Argumedo sobre los peces al reducir su valor comercial, limitar et al. (1997) reportaron 26 especies de helmintos pa- sus poblaciones, o producir mortalidad en masa. Ade- rásitos de invertebrados: 5 en moluscos, 9 en miria- más, algunos de los parásitos pueden transmitirse al poda, 11 en crustacea y una en equinodermos; hecho hombre cuando los peces se consumen crudos o mal que contrasta con el trabajo de Peoples quien regis- cocidos, causando diferentes tipos de ictiozoonosis tró la presencia de 35 especies de helmintos parásitos (Peréz-Ponce de León et al ., 2012). únicamente en Poliquetos, en diversas localidades a Por lo anterior, las enfermedades parasitarias que nivel mundial; los poliquetos actúan como hospede- afectan a los peces de ambientes marinos, dulceacui- ros intermediarios de varias especies de helmintos,
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