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Leibniz E O Direito Brasileiro.Pdf RENATO EUGENIO DE FREITAS PERES UMA REVISÃO DAS POSSÍVEIS FONTES LEIBNIZIANAS NA FORMAÇÃO DA CIÊNCIA JURÍDICA BRASILEIRA: UM ESTUDO DA OBRA DE AUGUSTO TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História da Ciência, sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Ana Maria Alfonso-Goldfarb. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo São Paulo 2005 0 RESUMO O presente trabalho trata da seguinte hipótese: Leibniz pode ter sido uma fonte de influência para o direito brasileiro? Para realizar tal investigação, examinamos com uma visão crítica a obra jurídica de dois autores: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz e Augusto Teixeira de Freitas. E o fizemos propondo duas situações que normalmente não são encontradas em trabalhos do gênero. Investigamos a obra jurídica de Leibniz porque embora seu nome seja muito conhecido pelo seu legado filosófico, ele foi também jurista citado como influência. Todavia, seus escritos sobre direito são pouco estudados. Em seguida, estudamos a obra de um jurista brasileiro do ponto de vista da história da ciência. Teixeira de Freitas foi muito importante na época de formação da ciência jurídica brasileira porque ele foi o autor da Consolidação das Leis Civis e do Esboço de Código Civil, textos que foram fundamentais para a teoria e para a prática do direito no Brasil no século XIX. Tratamos de apurar o que Leibniz escreveu em matéria de direito, o que há disponível traduzido para o português ou não, e o que pode ser encontrado na Biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito de São Paulo. Quanto ao jurista brasileiro, foi realizado um levantamento dos principais títulos de sua obra, quase todos disponíveis na Biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito, para verificação de suas principais idéias e posterior cotejo com as de Leibniz. 1 SUMMARY This work is about the following question: Leibniz could have been a source of influence to Brazilian law? To do the investigation, we have a critical point of view about the legal work of two authors: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Augusto Teixeira de Freitas. And we have made it by an unusual way. We have examined the legal works of Leibniz because he was very famous by his philosophical legacy, but his work about law is not usually studied. After we have studied the works of Teixeira de Freitas by the view of the history of science. He was very important in the time of beginning of the science of law in Brazil because he was the author of Consolidação das Leis Civis and of the Esboço de Código Civil, texts of the Nineteenth Century that were basics in the theory and in the practice of law. We have investigated what Leibniz has written about law, which titles are translated or not to Portuguese language, and what can be founded in the Library of São Paulo´s School of Law. And about the brazilian lawyer, it was done a research of his mains pieces of writing also. Almost of them are available in São Paulo. And after, we could have made a comparison with Leibniz. 2 SUMÁRIO I – INTRODUÇÃO 1. Considerações iniciais sobre o problema ......................................................... 04 2. O que diz a literatura sobre a influência de Leibniz ......................................... 08 3. Períodos e paradigmas na história da ciência do direito ................................. 17 II – LEIBNIZ 1. A formação jurídica de Leibniz .................................................................. 23 2. Alguns aspectos dos Elementos de Direito Natural de Leibniz ....................... 26 3. Pontos de convergência ou de afastamento da doutrina de Leibniz em relação à formulação do direito brasileiro ......................................................................... 32 III – TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS 1. Apresentação sobre o Direito no Brasil no início do século XIX .....................48 2. Antecedentes de história de Portugal ..............................................................51 3. A formação da ciência jurídica brasileira ........................................................57 4. O ambiente da Faculdade de Direito ..............................................................61 5. Sobre a vida e a obra de Teixeira de Freitas ...................................................70 6. Postura crítica de Teixeira de Freitas sobre os doutrinadores jurídicos ...........84 IV – CONCLUSÃO ..........................................................................................96 V – BIBLIOGRAFIA .......................................................................................100 3 I – Introdução 1. Considerações iniciais sobre o problema A idéia básica deste trabalho consiste em utilizar a obra de um nome referencial para o direito brasileiro para procurar pistas da influência de um grande nome das ciências. Os escolhidos foram Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646- 1716) e Augusto Teixeira de Freitas (1816-1883). De que maneira Leibniz influenciou o direito em sua época? Será que essa influência deixou alguma herança ao direito que nós conhecemos hoje ou influenciou a obra dos nossos juristas? Leibniz1 foi escolhido por ser um grande nome em diversos campos do conhecimento que se formou na área do direito e escreveu alguns textos sobre a matéria. Seu trabalho é rico em temas de direito natural e em matéria de argumentos filosóficos, elementos que podem ser úteis nos momentos de crise ou de ruptura da ciência do direito. Todavia, os textos jurídicos leibnizianos raramente são estudados. Há poucas edições deles e há escassas fontes secundárias a respeito. Quando o Leibniz jurista é citado, geralmente trata-se de alguma referência sem profundidade, às vezes sem indicação da fonte primária, às vezes é mencionado em decorrência de uma investigação genérica: na literatura há muita indicação de que ele teria sido uma importante fonte de influência na doutrina do direito, mas existe pouco dado concreto a respeito. Uma das intenções do trabalho é resgatar a importância da obra jurídica de Leibniz que ficou esquecida ou relegada a plano secundário pelos estudiosos de direito. Paolo Rossi2 relaciona expressamente os trabalhos jurídicos de Leibniz como exemplos de estudos de lógica e de “arte combinatória”. Entre tais 1 Utilizaremos também as expressões “filósofo” e “germânico”, para diferenciar Leibniz de Teixeira de Freitas, a quem chamaremos também como “jurisconsulto” ou “jurista brasileiro”. 2 P. Rossi, A chave universal, p. 7: “As artes da memorização e a lógica combinatória pertencem, sem dúvida alguma, à categoria dos fósseis da investigação científica. A combinatória desapareceu definitivamente já na segunda metade do século XVII, destruída, e ao mesmo tempo transfigurada, pelo grande trabalho discursivo de Leibniz.” 4 trabalhos jurídicos estão aqueles que contêm as chamadas tábuas de direito e as noções de filosofia e moral sobre as quais trataremos nesta dissertação3. O estudioso italiano afirma que os textos que se referiam a técnicas de memória, doutrina do método e da lógica, foram objeto de estudos por diversos autores numa seqüência histórica. Leibniz estaria incluído na ponta desta tradição. Esses trabalhos e estudos teriam sido “eliminados” da cultura européia4 porque não seriam compatíveis com o racionalismo que começou a se impor logo após o período em que viveu o filósofo germânico. Nas palavras de Rossi, os textos dos autores anteriores foram caindo no esquecimento e os próprios textos de Leibniz, que tratavam da “característica universal”5, de “simbolismo lógico” ou de combinações, acabaram rejeitados como se fossem extravagâncias. Se acreditada essa hipótese, mais difícil ainda seria encontrar influências do Leibniz jurista na doutrina do direito. A biografia do filósofo germânico revela que a formação inicial dele foi a de jurista, ainda que ele se dedicasse à filosofia e a outros ramos do saber. Com efeito, nos primeiros anos de atividade, ele desenvolveu significativos conceitos filosóficos e de “arte combinatória” que acabaram expostos nos Elementos de Direito Natural. Poderemos então investigar vários elementos de filosofia, de lógica, de estilo de redação que são importantes para eventualmente detectar sua influência na doutrina jurídica posterior considerando o modo científico ou acadêmico de estudar o direito e as necessidades de fato que o direito tinha que atender. Augusto Teixeira de Freitas foi um nome marcante no direito brasileiro. Foi um dos primeiros estudantes de direito no Brasil, na década de 1830 e participou na formação da ciência jurídica nacional, conforme mostraremos no capítulo a ele dedicado. Ou seja, o jurisconsulto teve papel extremamente relevante na formatação da ciência do direito brasileiro ao trabalhar pela redação de um código civil e ao exercer cargos políticos relevantes. Sua obra foi utilizada durante muito tempo como referência na prática forense. 3 A relação desses textos, que continham tais idéias, incluiria os trabalhos jurídicos, Elementos de Direito Natural e outros como Nova Methodus discendae docendaeque jurisprudentiae, este último não publicado comercialmente; vide P. Rossi, op. cit., pp. 134, 345, 353. 4 Ibid., pp. 26-7. 5 Leibniz menciona a “Característica”, vide: G. W. Leibniz, Los Elementos del Derecho Natural, p. 69. 5 Leibniz viveu no período do chamado “jusnaturalismo”, na virada do século XVII para o XVIII, conforme indicaremos no capítulo seguinte. Após aquela época, fatos muito relevantes ocorreram na história do conhecimento humano até meados do século XIX, época de Teixeira de Freitas. O jurista
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