DOCSLIB.ORG

Gender Land and Asset Survey Uganda

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gender Land and Asset Survey Uganda Gender Land and Asset SurveyUGANDA Acknowledgements Funders An Anonymous Donor Partners Associates Research Uganda, Limited University of KwaZulu-Natal The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Hema Swaminathan, Margaret Rugadya, Herbert Kamusiime, Christine Kajumba, Solomon Kabanda, Charles Mukasa, Lawrence Lubyayi, Fred Kalema, Urmilla Bob, Vadi Moodley, Nitesh Poona, Zola Dyasi , Dorah Ncobo, Jyoti Jaggernath, Sazile Mtshali, Innocent Shezi, Humayrah Bassa, Timothy Wiggill, Ms Zaakirah Bassa , Roshini Bob, Juan Muñoz, and Rodrigo Muñoz. Special thanks to the community members who participated in the evaluation research. Several colleagues at ICRW provided tremendous input into the research: Meredith Saggers, Gwennan Hollingworth, Rekha Mehra, Mary Ellsberg, Ellen Weiss, and Sandy Won. We also thank our editor, Margo Young. © 2011 International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). Portions of this report may be reproduced without express permission from but with acknowledgment to ICRW. Cover photo by Krista Jacobs Design: Barbieri & Green Gender Differences in Asset Rights in Central Uganda Aslihan Kes Krista Jacobs Sophie Namy and Ozler 2006; Hallman 2005; Swami- ecent studies have affirmed the importance of women’s nathan, Walker, and Rugadya 2006). Other studies have established that as- asset ownership, including land, housing, and other sets may protect women from experi- R encing domestic violence (Panda and assets, for economic development and social security. Agarwal 2005; Bhatla, Chakraborty, and Duvvury 2006; Swaminathan, Walker, Though data showing the importance of Given the evidence from other contexts and Rugadya 2006). asset ownership for women are proving suggesting a link between women’s valuable in raising awareness about the rights over assets and domestic violence, At the macro level, gender equality in need to recognize and enforce women’s the study also examines whether asset ownership is shown to improve rights, awareness-raising is only a first women’s asset rights influence their ex- agricultural productivity, bolster resist- step. Deeper analysis is needed to un- perience of intimate partner violence in ance to economic shocks, and foster derstand individuals’ engagement with central Uganda. economic growth (Deere and Doss 2006). assets beyond ownership and into use and decision-making, how women’s en- gagement with assets differs from Background men’s, and why asset rights are impor- For individuals and households, asset Current Knowledge on tant. This entails building an under- ownership translates to a secure place Gender and Asset Rights standing of the factors that may be to live, means to earn a livelihood, and in Uganda correlated with women’s asset rights. A the ability to mitigate the economic and The literature on men’s and women’s more specific understanding of these social risks associated with natural dis- asset rights in sub-Saharan Africa is factors in turn will allow movement from asters, disease, and economic shocks quite limited and for the most part fo- awareness to action by providing the (Doss, Grown, and Deere 2008). cused on land. Evidence from these data needed to guide programs and pol- studies points to a substantial and per- icy decisions that will ensure these A growing literature demonstrates the vasive gender gap in asset ownership, rights are upheld. particular benefits of women’s asset with women owning less land than men ownership, not only for themselves, but that is of lower quality (Doss 2006; 2 To provide some of this more in-depth also for their families and the economy Mason and Carlsson 2004; SOFA Team detail on determinants of women’s asset as a whole. In various studies, women’s 2011). Data on assets beyond land are rights, ICRW and Associates Research asset ownership has been linked to in- even scarcer, though general trends Uganda Limited. developed and piloted a creased spending on food, housing, and again suggest a strong advantage survey methodology for collecting and durable goods, and children’s schooling among men in terms of assets such as analyzing individual- and household- (Katz and Chamorro 2003; Quisumbing farm animals and transport vehicles level quantitative data on women’s and Maluccio 2003; Doss 2006). Duflo (Doss, Grown, and Deere 2008). rights over assets.1,2 The Gender, Land, (2000) and Thomas (1990) also found that and Asset Survey (GLAS) is one of the asset ownership by mothers can im- Evidence from Uganda is similar to what first studies to undertake a quantitative prove children’s health outcomes, in- has been found elsewhere in the region. and gendered assessment of men’s and cluding survival rates, and long-term Despite their significant role in the agri- women’s rights over assets – including and short-term nutritional status. cultural sector,3 only about 16 percent of ownership, documentation, and degree Women with more assets are also found Ugandan women own land in their own of control over use, transfer, and trans- to use prenatal care at higher rates than right (Rugadya 2010). Their ownership of actions – and the implications thereof. women with fewer assets (Beegle, registered land is even lower at 7 percent Specifically, this study attempts to an- Frankenberg, and Thomas 2001). (Rugadya 2010; Bikaako and Ssenkumba swer the following questions in the con- 2003). Housing, often considered a com- text of central Uganda: Besides enhancing the well-being of bined asset with land, particularly in rural women and their families, asset owner- areas, is also overwhelmingly owned by • What are the differences in women’s ship is also found to empower women in men (Rugadya 2010). and men’s ownership, use, and deci- their relationships and to give them a sion-making over land, housing, mate- stronger voice in public forums (Katz About half of the farming households in rial assets, livestock, and financial and Chamorro 2003). A number of stud- Uganda are engaged in livestock rear- assets? ies exploring the pathways among ing (Nayenga 2008), which provides • Which socioeconomic/structural fac- women’s asset ownership, socioeco- them an additional source of livelihood. tors influence women’s and men’s nomic status, and HIV risk suggest that Differences also exist in ownership of asset rights and in what ways? asset inequality increases women’s vul- livestock between men and women as nerability to the HIV infection (Beegle well as in the types of livestock they own. Oluka et al.’s study of men’s and A fairly large literature is dedicated to nerability of women’s land rights (Drimie women’s livestock ownership in north- understanding the underpinnings of per- 2002; Izumi 2006). Recent studies reveal eastern Uganda finds a significant gen- sistent gender inequity in land rights, in the extent of property grabbing in HIV-af- der gap. The disparity is most severe in Uganda and elsewhere in sub-Saharan fected households; with about 30 percent cattle ownership with 62 percent of Africa. Commonly examined in this liter- of widows and orphans the victims of men and only 14 percent of women re- ature are customary laws and practices this practice following the death of a porting ownership, but also extends to that continue to shape many individuals’ spouse/parent (Ampaire et al. 2008). poultry and other small stock animals. relationship with land. Molded by soci- Only 22 percent of women versus 39 ety’s patriarchal norms, these laws and The limitations of the statutory legal percent of men indicate they own poul- practices give ownership of land to men framework that includes gender equality try, for instance, which is surprising or male heads of extended families, principles have also been discussed in given that it is often seen as a female while women enjoy “secondary” rights the literature (Cooper 2010). Although asset (Oluka et al. 2005). in the form of access to and use of land Uganda’s statutory laws grant men and through their husbands, fathers, broth- women equal rights to land and other Land, by virtue of being the main produc- ers, or other male relatives (Bikaako property regardless of their marital sta- tive asset and means of wealth accumula- and Ssenkumba 2003; Benschop 2002; tus, application of these laws has been tion for a majority of Ugandans, dominates Rugadya 2010). mired by a number of factors. First, legal the discourse on asset rights in the coun- pluralism that stems from the recognition try. Evidence on gender inequities in asset The implications for Ugandan women of of both customary and statutory land ownership, particularly land, has in recent the primacy of customary law is that tenure in the Constitution and the Land years helped move an extensive legal re- their rights over land and housing de- Act results in multiple conflicts between form process to define and protect pend significantly on the quality of their customary and statutory laws, which are women’s right to own, use, and transfer personal and social relationships, prima- often not mediated by statutory provi- land and other assets. This includes the rily with their intimate partners and to a sions as prescribed in the Constitution. ratification of a new Constitution and sev- lesser extent with other kinship groups The application of statutory laws is fur- eral pivotal pieces of legislation such as (Walker 2002). A number of factors, in- ther complicated by a number of factors, the 1998 Land Act and the pending reform cluding the weakening of the institution including lack of knowledge of the laws of the Succession Act. The draft National of marriage and increased scarcity of and the high costs of legal action to ad- 3 Land Policy further prescribes specific land, have contributed to the deteriora- minister an estate (Ampaire et al. 2008). strategies to ensure that constitutional tion of women’s rights under the custom- The weak institutional capacity of the rights and obligations with regard to gen- ary framework (Tripp 2004; Khadiagala legal system, particularly in rural areas, der equality are upheld, particularly 2002).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Founding Voices of Women's and Gender Studies in Uganda
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 21 Issue 2 Articles from the 5th World Conference Article 2 on Women’s Studies, Bangkok, Thailand April 2020 A Room, A Chair, and A Desk: Founding Voices of Women’s and Gender Studies in Uganda Adrianna L. Ernstberger Marian University Follow this and additional works at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Ernstberger, Adrianna L. (2020). A Room, A Chair, and A Desk: Founding Voices of Women’s and Gender Studies in Uganda. Journal of International Women's Studies, 21(2), 4-16. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol21/iss2/2 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2020 Journal of International Women’s Studies. A Room, A Chair, and A Desk: Founding Voices of Women’s and Gender Studies in Uganda By Adrianna L. Ernstberger1 Abstract This paper studies the birth and development of women’s and gender studies in Uganda. I conducted this research as part of a doctoral thesis on the history of women’s and gender studies in the Global South. Using feminist and standpoint theories, much of the research includes oral histories gathered over the course of three years of field work in Uganda.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Educators in Uganda
    Female Educators in Uganda UNDERSTANDING PROFESSIONAL WELFARE IN GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLS WITH REFUGEE STUDENTS Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies & Creative Associates International SPRING 2019 | SAIS WOMEN LEAD PRACTICUM PROGRAM Table of Contents TABLE OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... III ABOUT THE AUTHORS ......................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... V ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................... VI MAP OF UGANDA............................................................................................................. VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... VIII 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 10 2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................... 13 3. METHODOLOGY & RESULTS ........................................................................................... 18 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 18 ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Uganda: Violence Against Women and Information and Communication Technologies
    Uganda: Violence against Women and Information and Communication Technologies Aramanzan Madanda, Berna Ngolobe and Goretti Zavuga Amuriat1 Association for Progressive Communications (APC) September 2009 Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ 1Goretti Zavuga Amuriat is a Senior Gender and ICT Policy Program Officer at Women of Uganda Network (WOUGNET). She spearheadsa campaign for integrating gender into ICT policy processes in Uganda. She is also project coordinator of the Enhancing Income Growth among Small and Micro Women Entrepreneurs through Use of ICTs initiative in Uganda. URL: www.wougnet.org Berna Twanza Ngolobe is an Advocacy Officer of the Gender and ICT Policy Advocacy Program, Women of Uganda Network (WOUGNET) URL: www.wougnet.org Aramanzan Madanda is currently finalising a PhD researching adoption of ICT and changing gender relations using the example of computing and mobile telephony in Uganda. He is also ICT Programme Coordinator in the Department of Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University Uganda. Email: [email protected], URL www.womenstudies.mak.ac.ug. Table of Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................3 Executive summary........................................................................................................4 1. Overview.............................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Uganda and Rwanda
    Women, Peace and Security: Practical Guidance on Using Law to Empower Women in Post-Conflict Systems Best Practices and Recommendations from the Great Lakes Region of Africa CASE STUDIES UGANDA AND RWANDA Julie L. Arostegui Veronica Eragu Bichetero © 2014 Julie L. Arostegui and WIIS. All rights reserved. Women in International Security (WIIS) 1111 19th Street, NW 12th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Email: [email protected] Website: http://wiisglobal.org UGANDA HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT Uganda has had a history of civil conflict since its independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 - triggered by political instability and a series of military coups between groups of different ethnic and ideological composition that resulted in a series of dictatorships. In 1966, just four years after independence, the central government attacked the Buganda Kingdom, which had dominated during British rule, forced the King to flee, abolished traditional kingdoms and declared Uganda a republic. In 1971 Army Commander Idi Amin Dada overthrew the elected government of Milton Obote, and for eight years led the country through a regime of terror under which many people lost their lives. Amin was overthrown in 1979 by rebel Ugandan soldiers in exile supported by the army of TanZania. Obote returned to power through the 1980 general elections, ruling with army support. In 1981 a five-year civil war broke out led by the current president, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni and the National Resistance Army (NRA), protesting the fraudulent elections. Known as the Ugandan Bush War, the conflict took place mainly in an area of fourteen districts north of Kampala that was known as the Luwero Triangle.
    [Show full text]
  • Uganda's Situation
    United Nations Population Fund Issue Brief 05 Worlds apart in Uganda: Inequalities in women’s health, education and economic empowerment Uganda’s Situation 37.7M Uganda’s population 51% Gender inequalities, inequities and implication to Uganda’s development 49% More than ever before, there is global all women and girls, calls for gender consensus that the path to sustainable equality and empowerment, including but development for the next 15 years must not limited to ending all forms of violence Females constitute be built on a foundation of equality, and discrimination against all women and 51% of the total inclusiveness and universal enjoyment girls, as well as ensuring universal access population of rights. Several studies have further to sexual and reproductive health and indicated that closing the gender gap can rights. SDG 10: Reduced inequality within accelerate development. In this regard, and among countries; ensures equal 3.7% all the 17 Sustainable Development Goals opportunity and reduced inequalities (SDGs) address issues of gender equality of outcome, including eliminating and ensuring that nobody is left behind. discriminatory laws, policies and practices 23% Goal 5 and 10 are specific on gender and promoting appropriate legislation, equality and addressing inequalities. SDG policies and action in this regard. 55% 5: Achieve gender equality and empower Youth (18-30) Children below 18 Older persons Uganda adopted and aligned to the Global Agenda 2030 Sustainable development goals. Uganda’s Vision 2040 statement prioritizes gender equality as a cross-cutting enabler for socio-economic transformation, highlighting the progress made in the legal Three in every ten and policy arena, in political representation, and in lowering gaps in education.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and the Web Bridging the Internet Gap and Creating New Global Opportunities in Low and Middle-Income Countries
    Women and the Web Bridging the Internet gap and creating new global opportunities in low and middle-income countries Women and the Web 1 For over 40 years Intel has been creating technologies that advance the way people live, work, and learn. To foster innovation and drive economic growth, everyone, especially girls and women, needs to be empowered with education, employment and entrepreneurial skills. Through our long-standing commitment to helping drive quality education, we have learned first-hand how investing in girls and women improves not only their own lives, but also their families, their communities and the global economy. With this understanding, Intel is committed to helping give girls and women the opportunities to achieve their individual potential and be a power for change. www.intel.com/shewill For questions or comments about this study, please contact Renee Wittemyer ([email protected]). Dalberg Global Development Advisors is a strategy and policy advisory firm dedicated to global development. Dalberg’s mission is to mobilize effective responses to the world’s most pressing issues. We work with corporations, foundations, NGOs and governments to design policies, programs and partnerships to serve needs and capture opportunities in frontier and emerging markets. www.dalberg.com For twenty-five years, GlobeScan has helped clients measure and build value-generating relationships with their stakeholders, and to work collaboratively in delivering a sustainable and equitable future. Uniquely placed at the nexus of reputation, brand and sustainability, GlobeScan partners with clients to build trust, drive engagement and inspire innovation within, around and beyond their organizations. www.globescan.com Women and the Web 3 FOREWORD BY SHELLY ESQUE Over just two decades, the Internet has worked a thorough revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • In Uganda, but Full Equality with Men Remains a Distant Reality
    For more information about the OECD Development Centre’s gender programme: [email protected] UGANDA www.genderindex.org SIGI COUNTRY REPORT Social Institutions & Gender Index UGANDA SIGI COUNTRY REPORT UGANDA SIGI COUNTRY Uganda SIGI Country Report The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this document are the sole property of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD, its Development Centre or of their member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. © OECD 2015 UGANDA SIGI COUNTRY REPORT © OECD 2015 FOREWORD – 3 Foreword Uganda’s economic and political stability over the past two decades has brought unprecedented opportunities to address social inequalities and improve the well-being of citizens. Investments in key human development areas have reaped benefits in poverty reduction, and seen some improvements on a range of socio-economic indicators: but is everyone benefiting? Ugandan women and girls have partially benefited from these trends. New laws and measures to protect and promote women’s economic, political and human rights have been accompanied by impressive reductions in gender gaps in primary and secondary education and greater female political participation. Yet, wide gender gaps and inequalities remain, including in control of assets, employment and health. Economic development may have improved the status quo of women in Uganda, but full equality with men remains a distant reality. Tackling the discriminatory social norms that drive such gender inequalities and ensuring that women can equally benefit from Uganda’s development were twin objectives of this first in-depth country study of the OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI).
    [Show full text]
  • The Norms Factor: Recent Research on Gender, Social Norms, and Women's
    The norms factor Recent research on gender, social norms, and women’s economic empowerment Rachel Marcus Photo: Scott Wallace / World Bank THE NORMS FACTOR: RECENT RESEARCH ON GENDER, SOCIAL NORMS, AND WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT Rachel Marcus, Overseas Development Institute © 2018 International Development Research Centre This paper was commissioned by IDRC through the GrOW program to review and put in context recently-supported research on social norms and the interaction with women’s economic empowerment. Opinions stated in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of IDRC or the GrOW funders. AUTHOR’S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to Gillian Dowie, Arjan de Haan, Caroline Harper, and Maria Stavropoulou for comments on previous versions, and to Georgia Plank and Ciara Remerscheid for research assistance. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Rachel Marcus is Senior Research Fellow at the Overseas Development Institute. She specialises in evidence reviews on gender, social norms, youth and adolescence, and in recent years has focused on formal and informal education and women’s and girls’ empowerment. She is a lead advisor on the Advancing Learning and Innovation in Gender Norms (ALIGN) project. ABOUT THE GROW PROGRAM The Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) program is a multi-funder partnership between the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development, the Hewlett Foundation, and the International Development Research Centre. www.idrc.ca/grow ABOUT IDRC CONTACT Part of Canada’s foreign affairs and development International Development Research Centre efforts, IDRC invests in knowledge, innovation, and PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON solutions to improve lives and livelihoods in the Canada K1G 3H9 developing world.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of AIDS on Women Uganda
    Impacts of Abstract AIDS on This paper discusses the broad impacts of AIDS on women in Uganda. An extensive literature review and analysis demonstrate that not only is Women. the risk ofHIV-infection and AIDS higher for women than for men in lD Uganda, individual and social impacts of the disease on Ugandan society disproportionately affect women. Both afflicted and non­ Uganda afflicted women are greatly affected by the AIDS scourge through their multiple roles as individuals, caregivers, and mothers. Research by demonstrates that AIDS in Uganda presents severe socioeconomic implications for women as well as a higher risk for infection due to cultural expectations, subordinate status, and patriarchy in the society. Valerie Durrant About the Author Utah State Valerie L. Durrant recently completed her M.S. in Sociology at Utah University State University. Her thesis was entitled "AIDS Prevention: Applying the Theory of Reasoned Action to Sexual Abstinence and Condom Use." She spent a year in Kampala, Uganda, working with AIDS orphans in 1991-1992. She is currently a doctoral student of Sociology at the University of Maryland at College Park. Working Paper #249 October 1994 Women and International Development Michigan State University 202 lntemational Center, East Lansing, Ml 48824-1035 Phone: 517/353-5040, Fax: 517/432-4845 Email: [email protected], Web: http.//www.isp.msu.edulwid See back page for ordering information and call for papers Copyright 1994 MSU Board of Trustees Impacts of AIDS on Women in Uganda Introduction Illness and death caused by AIDS are taking a big toll on Ugandan society. The World Health Organization estimates that 20 to 30 percent of the adults in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, are mv infected (Van De Walle 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • Uganda 2017 Human Rights Report
    UGANDA 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Uganda is a constitutional republic led since 1986 by President Yoweri Museveni of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) party. In February 2016 voters re- elected Museveni to a fifth five-year term and returned an NRM majority to the unicameral parliament. The elections fell short of international standards and were marred by allegations of disenfranchisement and voter intimidation, harassment of the opposition, closure of social media websites, and lack of transparency and independence in the Electoral Commission. The periods before, during, and after the elections were marked by a closing of political space, intimidation of journalists, and widespread use of torture by the security agencies. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. On December 20, Parliament passed a bill removing presidential age limits from the constitution, and on December 27, President Museveni signed the bill, thereby paving the way for him to run for another term. During the period before passage of the bill, the government limited freedoms of speech and assembly. The most significant human rights issues included unlawful killings and torture by security forces; harsh prison conditions; arbitrary detention; restrictions on freedoms of press, expression, assembly, and political participation; official corruption; and criminalization of same-sex consensual sexual conduct, including security force harassment and detention of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex persons. The government was reluctant to investigate, prosecute, or punish officials who committed human rights violations, whether in the security services or elsewhere in government, and impunity was a problem. Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: a.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Gender Measures on Maternal and Child Health in Africa
    Influence of Gender Measures on Maternal and Child Health in Africa MEASURE Evaluation TECHNICAL REPOrt Influence of Gender Measures on Maternal and Child Health in Africa by Kavita Singh, Shelah Bloom, Paul Brodish MEASURE Evaluation is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through Cooperative Agreement GHA-A-00-08-00003-00 and is implemented by the Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, in partnership with Futures Group International, ICF Macro, John Snow, Inc., Management Sciences for Health, and Tulane University. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. TR-11-81 (August 2011). i Influence of Gender Measures on Maternal and Child Health in Africa Table of Contents Executive Summary iii Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 1 1.1 Importance of the Topic 1 1.2 Gender Equality Measures and Health Outcomes 5 1.3 Gender Measures and Low BMI (Maternal Health Outcome) 6 1.4 Gender Measures and Facility Delivery (Utilization of Maternal 7 Health Services) 1.5 Gender Measures and Immunization Services and Treatment for 7 ARIs (Utilization of Child Health Services) Chapter 2 Data and Descriptive Analysis 9 2.1 Available Gender Measures—Autonomy and Social Norms 9 2.2 Outcome Measures 12 2.3 Socioeconomic Variables 14 Chapter 3 Bivariate Analysis 15 3.1 Bivariate Analysis for Low BMI 15 3.2 Bivariate Analysis for Facility Delivery 16 3.3 Bivariate Analysis for Fully Immunized Child 17 3.4 Bivariate
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Africa Assert Their Rights
    Special Edition www.un.org/africarenewal United Nations Department of Public Information Women in Africa assert their rights Battling for equality on all fronts Taking on violence against women Does financing benefit African women? Contents 2012 Special Edition on Women Formerly ‘Africa Recovery’ Introduction 3 African women: asserting their rights Struggle for rights, equality 4 ‘Renewed energy for women’s empowerment’ 7 African women’s long walk to freedom 9 Battling for equality on all fronts 12 NEPAD embraces women’s rights Political empowerment 14 African women are ready to lead 16 Women storm onto Rwanda’s political stage 17 Three women laureates African women themselves are at the 18 North African women on the barricades forefront of the march towards equality. Combating violence UN Photo / Christopher Herwig 21 Taking on violence against women 24 Security reform key to protecting women Improving health 27 Investing in the health of Africa’s mothers In Africa, AIDS often has a woman’s face 30 This special edition of Africa Renewal was 33 Gender violence hampers AIDS fight produced in collaboration with, and the generous support of, UN Women. Economic empowerment 34 Does financing benefit African women? Editor-in-Chief Masimba Tafirenyika 37 Women struggle to secure land rights 41 Tapping women’s entrepreneurship in Ghana Managing Editor Ernest Harsch Resources 43 Resources on women Writers André-Michel Essoungou Kingsley Ighobor Note on original sources In this special edition, all but two of the articles (on pages 17 and 30) were previously published in Africa Research and Media Liaison Renewal, although most have been revised and updated with more recent information.
    [Show full text]