171 BECBln' CATAOOIIB R181URCIL [J-. and &da's writings touchiug the courses of sun, moon, and planets; taught U8 the constellations, the zodiac, the C8U8e1 of eclipses, the use of the astrolabe and horoscope, the SUD­ dial) and the tube (tubus). He also made us draw figuree. At night, when the stars came out clear, he observed them himself with us, and summoned all the students to watch, both at their rising and setting, the oblique paths of the stan in the different regions of the firmament.

ARTICLE VII.

SOlIE NOTES ON RECENT CATACOMB RESEARCH AIm ITS LITERATURE.

BY JlBV. PROFBIIOB IOOTT, OBlo.t.GO TIROLOGI04L ...I.AllY.

MODERN Cat&comb research maybe eaidtohavegonethroughthree ItIIgeI of development: the first, ending about thirty years ago, was 11IlICIeo­ tific and dogmatic i the second, still BUrViviog, is scientific and dogma&ic i the third, just making itself heard, claims to be scientific and historic. The uoscientific period though dead is not wholly buried, and quiie a Dumber of traditional errors still encumber the path of archaeological studies. The Catacombs - as Marchi showed - were not ancient 1&Dd­ pits which the Christians occupied for burial purposes. This mode of sepulture was not an invention of the early church, for it was perfecdJ familiar to the heathen, and Jewish catacombs have been lately inveMi­ gated in Rome. These underground cemeteries were not places of retreat concealed and remote. A solitary inscription refers to takiDg refuge in such caves: "0 tempora infauata quibus inter sacra et vo&a ne in cavern is quidem salvari poIIIIimus." On &he contrary the ea. combs were often entered from the public highway, and their portals were at times imposing works of art (c£Schultze, " Die Kirchliche Archiiologie,· 1879, 1880, in the Ztil$chrift fUr Kirchenguchichtf., p. 444, note 2, 1882- an article which has been of great use in preparing these notes - where a number of inaccuracies in Merz's article " Katakomben .. in the new edi­ tion of Herzog's Enc!JlcwptJdie, 1880, are corrected). Th_ homee of the dead were not usual places of worship i hence the theory of Kraaa (article" Altar" in his Real-tneyldopiJd~) that the church altar an.e from the so called 'tpoicro a menlO and presupposes communion aenicea in the Catacombs is imaginary. The Pl'eIIeIlt stone altar is of heatheD origiD. The carl1 church had 0011 a aimple table. OD the other haod,

Digitized by GoogIe 1888.] BKCDT CATACOMB RESEARCH. 178 the fact that burial clubs were oolkgiG licita enabled the Christians to tnmact church bUlinetll and conduct worabip at their funerals under the II&DCtion of law. The great acientific-dogmatic authority, the store-house of Catacomb infOrmation, is De Boeai. His home in Rome, papal favor, and full lit­ erarr and experimental qualifications have conspired to make his well­ mown work (" La Roma sotterranea criatiana," the third volume of which appeared 1877), an indispensable prerequisite to a thorough Imowl­ edge of the subject. Based upon it-in fact, just an abbreviation of it -is the" Roma Sotterranea" of Northcote and Brownlow, the second edition of which appeared t819. London. The German work of Kraus bearing the same title, which reached a second edition 1879, is a trana­ Jation of the F..nglish work. A similar IUDlmary ls the book of Armellini (" I.e Catacomhe &mane," Rom&, 1880), the only valuable part of which is the description of 81. Agnese - a full account of which he has published in a separate work (" n Cimiterio di S. Agnese," Roma, 1880). The dogmatic premmption with which De Rossi and hill school set out u, &bat the pictures, statues, and .n1cles of domestic use which fill the Catacombs were intended to teach symbolically the great doctrines of religiou and morality, and are to be explained accordingly. Strictly in this spirit is written the great work of Garrucci, (" Storia dell' arts cris­ daDa nei primi otto seculi della Chiesa," 1879-80). Preceding volumes embraced the painting on early monuments i the present includes the Christian scwptures of the first eight centuries. The text is of minor importance, but the series of plates, growing in beauty and value, mU:eI the work one of the very best for getting a good view of the whole field of early Christian art. A very valuable contribution to this ~bject has just heen published by T. Roller (" Les Catacombes de Rome, histoire de l'art et des croye aDCe8 religieUB88 pendant les premiers siecles du Christianisme." 2 vola. Paris, 1881, Fr. 250). The writer, a French Protestant, belongs eMeU­ tia1ly to the school of De Rossi, though lese inclined to find intentional apologetics or dogmatic ideas nnderlying every picture and carving. The views of inscriptiODll, sarcophagus reliefil, etc., are heliographic, and the (oar hODdred illustrations form a .plendid gallery of early church art. The dogmatic theory of Roman Catholic scholars, and, with some modiD­ catioos, of moet Protestants, is represented in Germany by F. X. Kraus. lit his lecture "Ueber Begri1I', Umfang, Ge!chichte der christlichen Archi­ oIogie ODd die Bedeutung der monumentalen Studien fUr die historiache Theologie," and in his "BeaHncyklopiidie der christl. Altenthiimer," (1880), he and hi. fellow writers (Roman Catholic) regard earlyworkl of Christian art as petrified or painted doctrines, symbola of deep moral tellclUng. In fact, the fantastic, allegorizing spirit that pervades the BMyklopiidie aoes far beyoad aaythiDg De Rolli would think of. '!'be

Digitized by GoogIe 174 RECENT CATACOHB RESEARCH. [Jan.

work is based upon Martigny'8 "Dictionnaire des antiquites CbreIi­ ennes," and is now publiAhed as far as the letter K. The same nnlristmic mode of inrerpretation is followed in the excellent work of Kraus, "Synchronistischen Tabellen znr christlichen Kunstgeschichte," 1880. Le Blant, in the introduction to his "Lea Sarcopba."aes ChretiaIt d'Arles," discusses the symbolism of early Christian art in a more h'beral • spirit. He is willing to admit that very often the inscriptions and JIIOIl~ mental symbols have merely a sepulchral meaning; but the cnrrent of hiI exegesis is traditional. Victor Schultze, a yonng lecturer in Leipzig, has recently come forward lUI the representative of a thoroughly objective, historic presentatioD fl monumental information. In his essays, -" Die Bedeutung der altehrla&­ lichen Monumente fUr die theologische Fonrchnng," in the enpplemeat to the Lutherische Kirchenzeitung (No. 16, 1819), and "Die Symbolik del altchristlichen Bilderkreises." - in his work "Archiologiscbe Studiea· (Wien. 1880), he condemns the arbitrary and fanciful method of ~ preting Christian art. and lays down the principles of a natural. historic explanation. Instead of the grand contribntions to the history ofdoctriDe, morals, and church government which the old exegesis gave and promiaed, we are now taught that the thonght of the Catacombs moves witbia tile narrow circle of grief for the dead and hope of victory through the PeInJI'o reetion. Early art is an endless resnrrection-bI088Ollling, whOM rooea draw nourishment from the very grave. Later art scenes from biblical history grew naturally out of the earlier expressions which eet forth limply the feelings of mourners. An example or two will show the new aod old way of looking at the same things. In a burial chamber of pre-Cooetaa­ tine times, opened in 1879, occurs an nnique mural painting, represen~ a suppliant, the Good Shepherd, and a naked gladiator in aD atUtude of combat. Marucchi. in a treatise (" Di un ipogeo recentemente ecoperto," etc., 1879), considers the picture an allegorical representation of the ooane of the Christian martyr, as in 1 Cor. ix. 24. Schultze says simply: "n it the picture of a Christian gladiator, who is buried here." In a female ron. on a sarcophagus in ArIes, with the right hand extended, the left holdiDr the palla, Le Blant sees "l'eglise triomphante accueillant Ie defuM.· Schultze finds nothing in it but the deceased in an attitude of 'It'OJ"IIIdp. On the other hand, in his lateet and largest work (U Die KatakombeD," Leipzig. 1882), Schultze lays perhapt! too great 8tress upon the in6ueoee of the antique in Christian art. It certainly sonnda strange to hear that" there was a time when art in the church was that of the heathen unchanged.· We could not have guessed, if we had not been told, that the,...,.. symbol of the fish in an had its origin in Matt. vii. 9 £ And it is a clew exaggeration to think that church history is to reap as much from die field of monumental theology as pro6me history has done from the 11ft fIl Greece aDd Rome. But the work, OD the whole, is the belt ~_

Digitized by GoogIe 1883.] PCERT CAUCOJlB RESEARCH. 175 of the DIOIt recent iDf'ormatioD OIl the subject, - gathered by pel'lOnal iaYeltigation of the Catacombe of Rome, Naples, and Sicily, -and is oonfidently recommended u a calm, well-balanced treatm

Digitized by GoogIe 178 RECENT CATACOMB BESE.UlCB. [J-.

("Greek Christian Inscriptioos," Contemporary Beview, 1880; and" Lada Christian Inscriptions," Contemporary Review, 1881), are of little ecieD­ two value, but neeful in pointing students towards an interesting field of reeearch. These inscriptiona, like alphabets and superscriptions of tile New Testament, become in time more elaborate. Later Jewish and Christian epitaphs add to the name of the deceued bis title, occnpation, Jtc. These notices shed some light upon the offices in the early synagogue And church. Schiirer has accordingly written from them a treati8e OD the constitution of the synagogues in Rome under the emperors (" Die Gemeinde\"erfallsung der Juden in Rom in der Kaizerzeit," pp. 41,1rith forty.five inscriptions,1879). He finds that the Roman synagogues were COG' gregational in their government; there being no trace of a general ~ The many synagogues - at least seven in number - were named, e.g. the Augustine, the Agripplne, the V olumnine; pointing to the Jewish clingiD« to imperial favor. One is called the Hebrew synagogue, perhaps beeauee more conservative, and still retaining the sacred language in its aerrice. The officials mentioned are the ~ulpX'lit the head of the ~; the dp')(OIIT«, an executive committee of the ~la., who were elected "t New Year's for a certain term of office, though occasionally for lifit (11 8ulf3w;); then the d.pXUTWJ.~, whose duty it was to take general charge of public worship, select those who were to officiate, etc; and the lnrqp~, a subordinate of the last named; he was also the schoolmaster. Schiirer points out how the government of the synagogues in the diaspora in general outline was modelled on that of the Greek cities. He rerers ill proof to the technical nee of the word ~, the fact that the Jews ia Bernice had nine archons at their head, after the example of AtheDs, and the ...pfirrOf. Uta of the Synhedrium in Jemealem (Joseph. Antiq. u, 8, 11) being the counterpart of the 3u&.... fIO"O' of the Greek municipality. In this connection, we may refer to the able work of Hatch (" The 0r­ ganization of thee Early Christian Church," 1881), who follows Selaiirer, and makes a skilful UIe of inlcriptiODS iD elaborating hie views of early church government.

Digitized by GoogIe 1888.] BBCDT GEBIlAB' TIDOLOGICAL LI1'EIlATUBB. 177

ARTICLE VIII.

RECENT GERMAN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE, AND UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.

Figura Ierosolymae tempore Jesu Cbristi d. n. existentis illustrata et in carta speciaJi adjecta delineata. By F. L. M. Woernhardt. .to. pp. u. Freiburg i. Br.: Herder. 1882. 1.60 Mark. Theological Symbolic8 (Theologische Symbolik). By Prof. Dr. K. H. G. SeMele (tr. from Swedish). Part II. The Evangelical Lutheran Church. 8Vo. pp.217. Gotha: Schloessmann. 1881. 4 Marks. Evangelical Movements in the Russian Church of To-day (Evangeli­ acbe StrOmungen in der russiMlhen Kirche der Gegenwart). By H. Dalton. 8vo. pp.• 0. Heilbronn: Henninger. 1881. 0.80 Mark. - The pamphlet describes the Stnndista and Lord Radstock's work. The Sources of Flavius Josephus (Die Quellen des F. Josephus). I. The Sources of the Antiquities (Bu. 12-17), and of the Jewisb War (Bk. 1). By Dr. J. von Destinon. 8vo. pp. 129. Kiel: Lipsius und Tischer•. 1882. 3 Marks. Ground Lines of Moral Goverment (Grundlinien der sittlicben Welt-· ordnUDg). A Guide to the Highest Good, for Laymen and Theologians.. By B. Lohmann. 8vo. pp. 339. Wiesbaden: Niedner. 1880. 5 Marks.. Lexicon of Theology and Chnrch (Lexikon fUr Theologie u. Kirchen­ wescn). By Profs. Drs. H. Boltzmann and R. ZoplfeL 8vo. pp. 728. Leipzig: Bibliographic Institute. 1882. 7 Marks. Scientific Lectures on Religious Questions (WiSM!D8Ch. V ortrage lib. religilise Fragen). Fifth Collection. 8vo. pp. 11.. Frankfort a. M. : Diestenreg.· 1882. 1..0 Mark. - Thia collection contains four lectures (1) By Weiss, on" The Significance of Christianity for the Social Life of To-day" i (2) By Holtzmann, on" The First Christians and the Social Questions"; (3) By Kambli, on "Property in the Light of the Gospel "; (.) By Grane, on" The Reformation and the &cial Ideas of Christianity." Libri Danielis, Ezrae, et Nehemiae. Textum MII80reticum &ccuratis­ lime eXpre."8it et fontibus MlIIIOrae codicumque varie ilIustravit adumbra­ done Chaldaismi biblici adjecit S. Baer. Cum praefatione Franc•. Delituch, et glOl~is Babylonicia Frider. Delitzsch. 8vo. pp. 136. Leip­ zig: B. Tauchnitz. 1882. 1.50 Mark. - Be it obsened that 1\ distin­ plahed Semitic scholar (Th. N.) in reviewing the 'Work warna the publia VOL. XL. No. 167. It

Digitized by GoogIe 178 RECENT GERJrIAN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE, [J... against use or the Paradigms attached, and indeed urges the pnbliaher to withdraw them, they are so faulty. The text is, however, valuable. The Arabic· Mss. in the Ducal Library at Gotha (Die arabischeD Bandschriften der herzogl. (Bibliothek zu Gotha). At the COIDJD&IId of B. H. Duke Ernst II. enumerated by Dr. W. Pertscb. Vol. Ill. Pan 2. 8vo. pp. 241-488. Gotha: F. A. Perthes. 1881. 9 Muks. Leviticus XVII. to XXVI. and Ezekiel. A Contribution to Peota&eaeb Criticism. By L. Horst, Lic. TheoL 8vo. pp. 96. Colmar: BartL 1881. S Marks. Carmina veteris testamenti metrice. Notas criticu et diseertationem de re metrica Hebraeorum adjecit Dr. G. Bickell. 8vo. pp. 236. IDu­ brock: Wagner. 1882. 6.40 Marks. Abraham ibn Esra as Grammarian (Abr. ibn. Esra als Grammatiker). A Contribution to the History of Hebrew Philology. By Prof. Dr. W. Bacher (of the Rabbin School in Budapest). 8vo. pp. 192. StraII­ burg: Triibner. 1882. 4 Marks.

UNIVEB8lTY INTELLIGENCE. The following are the subjects of the Courses of Lectures to be de­ livered this winter by notable Professors and Teachers in the various Theological, Philosophical, and Philological Faculties in Germany. Of course not one tenth of all the lectures, nor even of all the lecturet"l, can be named here. We mention such as seem to be of theological im­ portance. The Semester, or half-year's re.

Digitized by GoogIe 1888.] AND UlIIVDSlTY INTELLIGENCE. 179 iDg bow much is dODe eveD by a III1&ller Swill Theological Faculty. Besides the above, this University haa in its Law Faculty five Professors, in its MedicaI Faculty nineteen Profe88!'rs and Teachers, in the Philolog­ ical Historical division of its PhiIOlophical Faculty twenty, and in the di-rision for Mathematics and N &turaJ Science nine. At Berlin: Two hundred and twenty-three Profe88ors and Teachers will lecture.. Of these, fourteen compose the Theological Faculty. We uame only a few out of alL Prof. Dillmann will lecture on Old Testa­ !QeDt Introduction, History of Old Testament Text, Isaiah, The !'maller Exilic parts of Isaiah; Prof. Dorner will conduct a Society for Systematic Theology; Prof. Kleinert lectures 011 Genesis, History of German Hym­ Dology; Prof. Pfteiderer, on Romans, Prolegomena to Dogmatics, and Dog­ matics; Prof. Semisch, on Church History (Part I.), History of Christian Doctrine; Prof. Wei., on New Testament Introduction, Synoptista, B~ry of the Formation of the Synoptic Gospels; Prof. von der Goltz. on Christian Ethics; Prof. Piper, on Sources of Church History, Monu­ mental Church History; Prof. Strack, on Hebrew Grammar, Psalms, Daniel (Aramaic, with Grammar); Priv. Doc. Plath, on General History of Millllions, The first period of Protestant Mi88ions Prof. du BoiF Reywond will lecture on Physiology (Part II.) with Experiments, and on some Results of recent Investigations in Natural History; Prot: Virchow, on General Pathology and Therapeutics, including General Pathological Anatomy. Prof. Curtius will lecture on Sources of Greek History, History of Greek and Roman P188tic Art; Prof. Droysen, on Methodology and Encyclopaedia of History, History of the Age of the Revolution (1768-1816); Prof. Helmholtz, on Experimental Physics (Part I.), Theoretical Physics with application of Differential Calculus; Prof. Hubner on Greek Syntax. Tacitus's Agricola with Introduction to Tacitus; Prof. Kiepert on Geography of Central and Northern Europe, History of Discovery (in recent times); Prof. Lepsius on Egyptian Mon­ uments, specially touching History and Art; Prof. Mommsen, on Roman Imperial History; Prof. Sachan, on Syriac Poets, with Introduction to Earliest Syriac Literature, Syriac Historians. Ibn lfubAm, Arabic Poetry, and on Muhammed, the Koran and the earliest Arabic Literature; Prof. Schrader, on A88yrian and Babylonian Antiquities, A88yrian Lan­ guage and Inscriptions, Chaldee Grammar with Daniel and Ezra; Prof. Weber, on SanscriL GI"I&UJmar. Hymn. of the Rigveda or Athar­ vaveda, Bhavabhftti's MalaktmAdhavan, Zend Grammar; Prof. Zeller, on Gent'ral History of Philoeophy; Prof. Lazarul', on Paedagogics and Dida«.-tiCII; Prof. Barth, on Syriac Grammar, Hebrew Grammar. Arabic Grammarians in de 8acy'. Antbologie Grammaticale; Pro£ Baatian OD Gent'raJ Ethnology; Prof. Dieterici, on Arabic Grammar. the Koran; Prof. Oldenburg, OD Indian Epigraphics, Vedic Ex~, Extracts from Ca&apatba-brihmaDa aDd the Plrafbra.-Sutra with Introduction to Brab-

Digitized by GoogIe 180 RECENT GEIlIlAN' THEOLOGICAL LITE1lATURE, [Jan. mana Literature, Passages of the MahlbArata, the Pall text TheragttbA; Prof. Stein thai, on Encyclopaedia and Methodology of Philology; Doc. Bmgach, on History of ~e Ancient Egyptians, phy oJ Ancient Egypt, Hieroglyphic Grammar. Bonn: Prof. Kamphall8en will lecture on Psalms, Hi.sto of the KiIIP of Israel and Judah; Prof. Mangold, The Three Fi. GosJII!Is. !De Sermon on the Mount and Matt. xxiv. and xxv., New}lll t('!t ...,b1ieal Theology; Prof, Krafft, Church History (Part II. ChCrlem~~to 1700), History of the Roman Catholic Church from the Cdoncil of Trent to the Vatican; Prof. Lange, Ethics; Prof. Christlieb, Ilomiletics and Pas&oraI Theology. Prof. Knoodt, Psychology; Prof. Neuhauser, Psychology,8iJ. tory of Modern Philosophy j Prof. Schaarfschmidt, Determinism aad Freedom, History of Modem Philosophy; Prof. Meyer, History of fbi. loeophy of Rel~ion, Modem Political Philosophy; Prof. Gildemeister, Elements of Arabic. BaidhAvi, Arabic Authors, New Persian. Erlangen: Prof. Franck will lecture on Dogmatics (Part I.), Etbiclj Prof. von Zezschwitz, Practical Theology; Prof. Kohler, Me88ianic Pr0ph­ ecies, Genesis, Songs in Old Testament Historical Booke; Prof. ZaIm, John. New Testament Theology; Prof. Kolde, History of the Early Church, Luther; Prof. Sielfert, New Testament Introduction. Symboliesj Priv. Doc. Bredenkamp, History of Israel, Shorter Pre-exilic Propbe&ai Prof. Ebrard, The Synoptic Gospels. Giessen: Prof. Kattenbuech will lecture on Encyclopaedia of Theology, Dogmatics (Part II.); Prof. Stade, Old Testament Introduction, GenesiI, Exercises in the Theology of the Prophets (in the Seminarium); Prof. Schurer, John, New Testament Biblical Theology; Prof. Harnack, ffit. tory of the Church in the Middle Ages. History of Doctrine, History of Christology to the Council of Chalcedon (in the Seminarium); Prof. Gottschick, History of the Relations between PhilOBOphy and Theology. GOttingen: Prof. Ritechl will lecture on Symbolics, Dogmatics (Part L); Prof. Schultz, Dogmatics (Part II.), Genesis; Prof. Lunemann, JohD'. Gospel and Epistle; Prof. Duhm, Old Testament Theology, Isaiah. Pro(. Bertheau, Psalms, Chaldee Parts of Daniel; Prof. Wiistenfeld, Arabie; Prof. W. Miiller, History of German Literature down to the Six~ Century, Old High German and Middle High German Poe1D8; Pro£ Sauppe, Hermeneutics and Criticism, Horace; Prof. de Lagarde, Arabic, Egyptian Texts, Judas Levitaj Prof. Baumann, Logic, History of Moon ·PhilosophYj Prof. Pei}>\-."'I, History of Philosophy until Kant. Halle-Wittenberg [It may not be known generally that the nnivenity 'of Wittenberg, in which I.uther was a professor, was transplanted 10 Halle and united with the university t\tere in 1817]: Prof. Jacobi willlec­ ture on New Testament Introduction, Church History (Part n.), History of Mediaeval Missions; Prof. Schlottmann, Old Testament Intl'odudioa, Iaalah; Prof. KOetlin, The ~ First Goepela, Extracts f1"Olll Lake, New

Digitized by GoogIe I

IDo 1883.] AND UNIVEBSITY INTELLIGENCE. 181 hi; Testament Theology i Pro£ Beyschlag, Romans, Li!e of Pam; Pro(. Riehm, Genesis, Prophetism and Measianic Prophecy, Old Testament Theology; Prof. Kohler, Encyclopaedia, History of Phitosophical and Theological Ethics, Dogmatics; Pro£ Tschackert, Church History of the Apostolic Age, Church HiBtory of the First Three Centuries, Symbolics; Priv. Doc. Franke, John's Gospels, John's Epistles. Prof. Erdmann, Introduction to Philosophy, History of Philosophy; Prof. Keil, History of the Roman TheatrE', Plautns's Language and Metres and the Miles Glori08D8 i Prof. Ulrici. History of Kant's PhiI08Ophy, History of Plastic Art in tbe Cbristian Era i Prof. Goache, Persian Grammar, Literary His­ Wy of the Mohammedan Peoples, Koran; Prof. Harm, History of Phi­ loeophy, Logic, Lessing. Heid.elberg:' Prof. Schenkel's cou~ will be on Encyclopaedia and Methodology of the Theological Sciences, Liturgics, History of Preaching since the Reformation; Prof. Merx's, Old Testament Introduction, PsallDB, Chaldee or Syriac i Prof. Holstein'S, Matthew, Shorter Pauline Epistles; Prof. Hausrath's, Patristic Church History (Part 111.) i Prof. Fischer's, History of the New Philosophy founded by Kant, Schiller's Life and Works. Innsbrock (Roman Catholic. Its faculty contains one of the ablest of Semitic scholars): Prof. Bickell will lecture on Psalms, Arabic Gram­ mar, Syriac, and Cbaldee translation exercises. Jena: Prof. Base reads on Dogmatics; Prof. Lipsius, John, Life of leaDS, Theological Ethics; Prof. Siegfried, History of the Israelite People, Job, System of Hebrew Grammar; Prof. Grimm, Galatians and Romans; Prot: Hilgenfeld, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, Church History to 760 A.D.; Prof. Ptinjer, PhilO8Ophyof Religion. Prof. Haeckel, ZOOlogy (Part II.), 8ptem and History of Races in the Animal Kingdom, Nature in Ceylon aDd History of the Island; Prof. Delbriick, Sanscrit Grammar, Latiu Syntax, Rigveda or Aitareyabrahmana i Prof. Encken, History (Of Modern PhilO8Ophy before Kant, Important Philosophers. Kiel: Prof. Nitzscb will lecture on PbilO8Ophy of Religion, ~thics; Prot: Haupt, History of the Passion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, New Testament Theology, (part I.) Doctrine of Jesus, (Part II.) The Common Apostolic Belief and the Individual Apostolic Doctrinal Devel­ opmentB compared. Matthew; Prof. Holfmann, Hebrew (Grammatical Exercises and ~ing of Unpointed Texts). Syriac Elements, Arabic, New Persian. Leipzig: Prot: R. H. Hofmann reads on Practical Theology, Paeda­ gogics aud its History, John'8 Epistles; Prof. Kabnis, Chnrch History (Part II.), History of Doctrine; Prof. Luthardt, John, Dogmatics; Prof. Lechler, Church History (Part L) i Prof. Franz Delitzscb, Old Testamjlnt IDRoductiOD, Isaiah, Mishna(Tract Succoth with Bertinoro's Commentary); Prof. Baur. GeIl8llis, Practical 'l'beolog)'; Prot W. Schmidt, Encyclopaedia,

Digitized by GoogIe 182 RECENT GUHA!f THEOLOGICAL LITERA TORE, [Ju.

First and Second Corinthians; Priv. Doc. Guthe, Psalm!', Mode1'1l PaIn­ tine's Inhabitants, Religions, and Civilization; Priv. Doc. Ryuel, Hebrew Grammar, The Old Testament Beliefin.Immortality. Prof. Wundt, HiB­ tory of Made1'1l Philosophy with Introduetion to the Older Philosophies, Psychological Society, Psycho-physical Exerciles for AdvlUlced StndeoD; Prof. Drobisch, Kant's Theory and Criticism of the Iutellect; Prof. Fleischer, The Koran with BeidhAwi, The Hamisa, The Divan of Hafiz, Wickerhauser's Turkish Chrestomathy; Prof. Curtius, Greek Grammar, Exercises in the Iliad (Bk. 21); Prof. Ebers, Ancient Egyptian Grammar (for beginners) ; Prof. Lipsiu8, Attic Political Antiquities; Prof. Windisch, Sanscrit Exercises (for beginners), Introduction to the Rigveda, intro­ duction to Cymric (or Welsh); Prof. Friedrich Delitzsch, History of Babylon and Assyria with special reference to Israel, Hebrew, Deuteron­ omy, Assyrian - (PartJ.) Brief Grammar and Easier Iuscriptions, (Pan UI) Harder Texts, especially Bilingual Inscriptions. Marburg: Prof. Ranke reads on Old Testament Messianic Propheciel, Hebrews; Prof. Heinrici, History of the New Testament Canon, Synoptic Gospels; Prof. Brieger, Church History (Part I), Modern Choreh In. tory; Prof. W. Herrmann, Dogmatics (Part I.), Symbolics; Prof. Couu von BandiBsin, Old Testameut Introduction. Strassburg: Prof. Reuss will lecture on History of New TestameD' TImes, The Present Condition of Pentateuch Criticism; Prof. Holtzmann, Special Introduction to the New Testament, History of Religion; Prof. Kayser, Special Introduction to the Old Testament, The Apocalypee; Prof. Nowack" Psalms, Koheleth. Prof. Noldeke, Kamil. Mufassal, Beladhori, Syriac, Ethiopic; -Prof. Hiibscbmann, Sanscrit Grammar, New Persian Grammar aud Chrestomathy, Chief Results of Indo-Germanic Phnology; Prof. Diimicben, The Hieroglyphic System of Writing, Hieroglyphic and Hieratic Texts, History of the Pharaohs of the Ancient Kingdom; Prof. Goldschmidt, Sanscrit (Part II.), CakuntaIa; Priv. Doc. Landauer. Arabic (Koran), Aramaic (Haggadic Passages from the Talmud); Prof. Wai.­ hinger, General History of Philosophy. Tiibingen: Prof. von Weizlliicker reads on Church History (Part I.), History of Doctrine (Part I.); Prof. Weiss, Homiletics, Romans; Prof. Buder, Christian Doctrine (Part II.), First Corinthians; Prof. KauUBda. Genesis, Old Testament Introduction. Prof. von Sigwart, IntroductioD to Philosophy and Logic. Philosophical Anthropology; Prof. Socin, 'I1Ie Koran, Hariri's Makamas, Pre-exilic Shorter Prophets, New PersiaD (Shahnameh); Prof. von Gutschmid, Early Grecian History, Twentieth Book of Ammianus Marcellinu8; Prof. Pfleiderer, Philosophical Ethics, History of Graeco-Roman Philosophy. Ziirich: Prof. A. Schweizer will leciure on The History of the Doe­ trines of the Reformed Church j Prof. Biedermann, Theological EncyeJo­ paedia, General History of Religiou, Dogmatics (Part I) i Prof. SteiDer.

Digitized by GoogIe 1888.] 1(0TICBS OJ' BBCBR'l' PUBLICATIONS. 183

Beblew Grammar, Psalms, History of the People of 1sraeI, Exegetieal Exercise8 in Second Samuel, Arabic (Part I.).

Prof. Wellhausen, the distinguished Old Testament scholar, has been removed, at his own request. from being Ordinary Professor of Theology in Greifilwald, to become Extraordinary Profe880r in the philosophical &cnlty in Halle. - Prof. Wellhausen announces that neither the second YOlume of his History of Israel, nor a second edition of the first volume (now out of print) will appear in the next few years. Prof. Aug. Miiller, author of the valuable Hebrew Grammar, and long a skilful teacher of Semitic languages in Halle, has been removed from being Extraordinary Professor there, to be Ordinary Professor in Konigsberg. Dr. Bruno Bauer, the nok-d theological author, died at Rixdorf, near Berlin. on the 13th of April last, in his seventy-third year. Dr. J. K. Wilhelm Vatke, Profeuor of Theology in the University of Berlin, now grown famoull because of work done thirty_ven years ago, died in Berlin, on the 19th of Aprillaat, aged seventy-six. Dr. Reinhold Pauli, Professor of History in GOttingen, died in Bremen, OIl the 2d of June lut. A.. D.

ARTICLE IX.

NOTICES OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS. OUTLINE8 011' HEBREW SYNTAX. By Dr. August Muller, Professor of Oriental Languages in the University of Halle. Translated and Edited by James Robertson, M.A., D.D., Professor of Oriental Languages in the University of Glasgow. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, Publishers to the University. 1882. The Introductory Hebrew Grammar of Professor Davidson, of which the first edition was published by T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh, in 1874, baa oonltantly gained in favor in Great Britain and this country until the present time. It is probably, on the whole, the best treatise for beginners in the study of the Hebrew language. But after it has brought them to a certain point and introduced them to the fundamental principles of Syntax, it ll'aves them without any guide to a further study of this most important department of Hebrew Grammar. The translation of this part of Ewald's Lehrbuch der hebriiillchen Sprache, by Mr. James Kennedy (T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1879(, while furnishing a valuable contribu­ tion to the study of Syntax, is not adapted to the needs of the class·room, aince in order to understand a principle it is often neress&ry to read one 01' more pages of context. It was hoped that Dr. Davidson himself would furnish • work which

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