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WRA Species Report Family: Doryanthaceae Taxon: Doryanthes excelsa Synonym: NA Common Name: giant lily flame lily spear lily Illawarra lily Gymea Lily Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 0 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Intermediate substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 5/16/2011 Doryanthes excelsa (Doryanthaceae) Page 1 of 7 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 n 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 y 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score 0 Print Date: 5/16/2011 Doryanthes excelsa (Doryanthaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2009. Dimech, A.M./Ades, P.K./Taylor, [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence P.W.J./Cross, R./Ford, R.. Population diversity of Doryanthes excelsa (Doryanthaceae) in eastern Australia. Cunninghamia. 11( 2): 213–219. 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2009. Dimech, A.M./Ades, P.K./Taylor, [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 1-intermediate] "Doryanthes P.W.J./Cross, R./Ford, R.. Population diversity of excelsa Corrêa (family Doryanthaceae), Giant Lily or Gymea Lily, is a spectacular Doryanthes excelsa (Doryanthaceae) in eastern and morphologically distinctive monocotyledon endemic to the open sclerophyll Australia. Cunninghamia. 11( 2): 213–219. Eucalyptus forests of the Central Coast and North Coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is distributed discontinuously from near Wollongong in the south to the hinterland of Coffs Harbour in the north but there as a large gap between the central coast and northern populations." [Mediterranean climate] 202 2009. Dimech, A.M./Ades, P.K./Taylor, [Quality of climate match data? 2-high] Doryanthes excelsa Corrêa (family P.W.J./Cross, R./Ford, R.. Population diversity of Doryanthaceae), Giant Lily or Gymea Lily, is a spectacular and morphologically Doryanthes excelsa (Doryanthaceae) in eastern distinctive monocotyledon endemic to the open sclerophyll Eucalyptus forests of Australia. Cunninghamia. 11( 2): 213–219. the Central Coast and North Coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is distributed discontinuously from near Wollongong in the south to the hinterland of Coffs Harbour in the north but there as a large gap between the central coast and northern populations." [Mediterranean climate. Native range well known] 203 1998. Riffle, R.L.. The Tropical Look - An [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] " The plants are tender Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. to cold but there are mature specimens in zone 9b." Timber Press, Portland, OR 203 2007. Australian Native Plant Society. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Although native to the Doryanthes excelsa. http://anpsa.org.au/d- Sydney region, it has proven adaptable to a range of climates...The foliage is exc.html frost tolerant but the flowers may be damaged by heavy frost. " 204 2000. Smith, J.. Micropropagation of the Gymea [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No Lily. RIRDC Publication No 00/36. Rural evidence for D. excelsa] "The genus Doryanthes occurs only on the east coast of Industries Research and Development Australia (Newman, 1928; Fairley & Moore, 1989; Nash, 1996) and consists of Corporation, Kingston, AU two species D. excelsa and D. palmeri. Doryanthes excelsa occurs with a limited distribution on the central and mid north coast of NSW (Fairley & Moore, 1989; Nash, 1996), (Figure 1.1) with D. palmeri occurring in northern NSW and southern Queensland on the coastal ranges (Wilson, 1993; Nash, 1996)." 205 2003. Elliot, R.. Australian Plants for [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Mediterranean Climate Gardens. Rosenberg range? Yes] "For truly majestic clump-forming plants there is no Australian genus Publishing, Kenthurst, Australia to rival Doryanthes for planting in Mediterranean and tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. They have proved extremely popular in California and in other Mediterranean regions of the world." 301 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 304 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 305 2006. Australian National Botanic Gardens. [Congeneric weed? No] "A member of the family Agavaceae, D. excelsa belongs Growing Native Plants - Doryanthes excelsa. to an endemic genus of two species, of which it is the more widely cultivated. The http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp12/doryanthes- other species, D. palmeri, occurs in the McPherson Ranges of south-eastern excelsa.html Queensland." 401 1998. Riffle, R.L.. The Tropical Look - An [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "The leaves have the appearance of the Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. tough swords of Agave species, but they are fleshier and not spiny." Timber Press, Portland, OR Print Date: 5/16/2011 Doryanthes excelsa (Doryanthaceae) Page 3 of 7 401 2002. Denham, A.J./Auld , T.D.. Flowering, seed [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Doryanthes excelsa Correa (Gymea lily - dispersal, seed predation and seedling Doryanthaceae) is a large perennial rosette plant with a bulbous rhizome and long recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering broad linear leaves up to 3 m long" resprouters. Australian Journal of Botany. 50(5): 545 - 557. 402 1998. Riffle, R.L.. The Tropical Look - An [Allelopathic? No] No evidence Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR 402 2003. Elliot, R.. Australian Plants for [Allelopathic? No] No evidence Mediterranean Climate Gardens. Rosenberg Publishing, Kenthurst, Australia 402 2009. Dimech, A.M./Ades, P.K./Taylor, [Allelopathic? No] No evidence P.W.J./Cross, R./Ford, R.. Population diversity of Doryanthes excelsa (Doryanthaceae) in eastern Australia. Cunninghamia. 11( 2): 213–219. 403 2002. Denham, A.J./Auld , T.D.. Flowering, seed [Parasitic? No] "Doryanthes excelsa Correa (Gymea lily - Doryanthaceae) is a dispersal, seed predation and seedling large perennial rosette plant with a bulbous rhizome and long broad linear leaves recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering up to 3 m long" resprouters.
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