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Egiptul Antic ...18 E8 ?EME lEaitura I * 5 luNrcARrl 3 Egiptul preistoric (I) .......... 5 Egiptul preistoric (II) ......... 6 Uniflcarea Egiptului ...........7 Vechiul Regat (dinastia a III-a 9i a IV-a) .................. B Declinul Vechiului Regat.............. ..................9 inceputurile Regatului Mij1ociu......... ........10 Noul Regat ............1 1 Dinastia a XVIII-a gi a XIX-a ........12 Dinastia a XX-a ...13 A Treia Perioada Intermediara a Regatului gi Perioada Tar2ie................14 Dinastia Ptolemeica ......... ...............15 C1eopatra........... ....16 Domina[ia romana........ ....17 Religia in Egiptul Antic ...18 Mumiflcarea .........19 Via[a cotidiana............ .......2O Literatura gi gtiin(ele .......21 Arta gi arhitectura..... ........22 Glosar.. ,...23 Raspunsuri....... ....24 Civilizalia egipteanS, a inceput s5, se dezvolte in jurul anului Egiptu 5150 i.Hr. de-a lunENrI fluviului Nil in nord-estu1 Africii. Aceasta uscat q a fost una dintre cele mai importante civilizalii mond.iale, care deqert a fascinat lumea modernS, cu faraonii sii asemeni uno? zeu, geog3a piramidele $i$antice qi mormintele misterioase. Istoria Egiptului permer cuprinde o serie de regate stabile gi unificate - Vechiul Regat, anului Regatul Mfilociu qi NouI Regat. Aceste regate au fost separate ColoniSi de perioade de instabilitate qi anarhie cunoscute ca Perioadele Intermediare - Prima Perioadd Intermediare, A Doua PerioadS, f ,:1,:liltii Intermediar5, A Treia PerioadS, Intermed.iare. Egiptul a :in'.re ei i Si :rr ).farea cunoscut un declin dup5, cea de a Treia PerioadS, IntermediarS, gi a l.Ied:ierar fost cucerit de o succesiune de puteri str5,ine. :r-iburile e P-a:oul S cepusard rimpul irr o binefr ! @5gl 1t:\i - 4t t'*q* , n-1 :-la -.J,'"€ f> ,# [-"r ' k x x il.'; t :1 ll\t i t-/1! t! il \\ ,.::,..-..-..-..*<.. ,t ,. ri: -a 4. -.!J *J \ Ace5ria *-rs"&.-*@1..?..,l.!...t!1lis. metalul a"' '' ' \{aadi. u n-**' i.Hr. in pnma or q**:* ':. ,; ,;',;', ffiHB#m% ffiffiffi figffiffikffitr ffifffiffi %ffi# $trffiffiffik : giptul, situat in partea de nord-est a Africii, este un terit,oriu sra jscal ql arid. Prezenla fluviului Nil care curge spre nord prin .:e t:sert a f5,cut ca oamenii s5, poat5, supravielui in aceastS, zon5, r3ografic5,, din cele mai vechi timpuri. Primele aqezS,ri umane :ului :- 3i'rnanente au inceput s5, apar5, de-a lun$ul fluviului NiI in jurul =.::ului 6000 i.Hr" ColoniEtii Ei dorul Nilului Egiptul de Sus gi Egiptul de Jos :.U-l ^ >tii erau in principal agricultori. Unii incep2nd cu anul 5500 i.Hr., aceqti coloniqti i'i air venit din regiunea Mesopotamiei care traiau in triburi mici au inceput sa formeze .-:r'pil iRoqie, al1ii dln Levant pe Marea o serie de comunita[i avAnd agricultura gi :asia : r'rnA. ln timp ce al1ii faceau parte din creqterea animalelor ca principale ocupalii. In timp, acestea au devenit parte a doua regiuni >,rlrara. FAgia de sol bogat gi negru - Egiptul de Sus 9i Egiptul de Jos. Egiptul de : -: .ie fluviul Nil pe ambele maluri in Jos se intindea in nord gi acopereazona Deltei .:,rrndaqiilor sale anuale s-a dovedit a fi Nilului, in timp ce regiunea din sudul Deltei a ..:. L'r'e pentrU acegtia. pi au nurnit-o darul devenir parte a Egiptului de Sus. r:ffi:s tl ,, tii t.. nra cultura care a folosit **l rLlprlr in Egiptul de Jos. a Cele moi importonte culturi preistorice ole Egiptului de Jos ,ler.inrde (4BOO-4200 i.Hr.) 9i cultura .,4:f;'-^ Tlc- \'e),.irr(+[ /r''t'1i1, n' : 1 1600 :Ql,l,|i 4400 i.Hr.) au inflorit in , )'r' /, i Vechii egipteni giau impS$it -.. Jos in vremuri care aproape au I lara in d.ouA linuturi - Kemet, ..t:it cLl cealalta. Alimentalia lor era ' l:i ',.'i linuiul Negru qi Deshret, Rogu. ., .i,ir cereale precum graul gi orzul. rf,; linuluJ ,,oseau f. BS,rbatii gi femeile apartinS,nd , unelte de piatra, deoarece !! I multor culturi preistorice r-. -i r--ra cunoscut inca. In cultura I din Egipt foloseau produse -,:'r' ? eXistat in perioada 4000-3500 cosmetice pentru a-qi ::-lirti-r1 c1e Jos, a fost folosit pentru imbunS,td,!i inf5,!igarea. ,, ir ruplul. Aceasta a fost cea mai :,-.', cultura din regiune. 5 In vreme ce Egiptul Culturo Bodoriond il. per de a repreZentat CUIttX "IOS Badarienii au rrait pe malul estic al Nilului in Egiptul de un Set de cultufl Sau Sus aproximativ intre anii 5000 - 44OO i.Hr. Acegtia e.a, ReSi comuniteli diferentiate recunoscu{i pentru ceramica lor de inalta calitate, uneltele Sfarqj pe regiuni, culturile de piatra gi utilizarea cuprului. Ei fabricau articole de olarit si a lil t*.X,'*X,l?f lS#,exei1xTi::.if:rfli;#rxrllm:i*:,ffi ^prelioasa, ##jff ffi gi au evoluat in primele periferia agezarilor, cu ...u-f,a bijuterii 9i _ State e$lptene. Cultura vegminte din panza pentru viala de ipoi. Perioot Bad.arianS,urmatS, Noqodo\r , , TimPur de cultura Naqada :=:.:adr Cultura Naqada a preluat elemente din cultura Badariana (imp5f,titE, in tfei : _ :O - :: :.:,a perioacie Naqada r, rr :'^'S,"""'1,'j^l* +"i:,'*"::? :"::fp::t::f *: lq,T::] i qi IrI) au fost cele mai ffi:ji*)li'3f,,t;,"T::'Jjfl ffi['- Uil3'i#i;'j:::1 :.,.ffi impOftante dOU5, CUltUfi timp, s-a intensificat comerlul intre Egiptul de Sus gi Egiptul . .. il; din E$iptUl de SuS. de Jos, precum gi cu alte culturi straine, iar egiptenii aul.l.:-.es)r inceput sa prospere. Acegtia s-au speci ahzat in prelucr?r€a : : : rru1 metalelor, in special a cuprului, care constituia principalul .,_:aUa elementdecomeffi "-..-,.ti :- ,::ual aaaaa a ". -5U[ Unde au trdit Badarienii? ! -:.ificz ! . Egip O MormAnt apar(inAnd 'rraa perioadei Naqada II Noqodo l! Perioada Amratiand a fost urmata de perioada Cerziana (Naqada II) intre 3500 gi 3200 i.Hr. in aceasta perioada a crescut produclia \: I , agricola gi au apSrut primele elemente,de ' mre ' de arhitecturd sub forma,,unor loeuin[e din ehirpici. Egiptenii au incetat sd,mai foloseasca , stuf in construc{ii gi au inceput sa fabrice ,,. , a fi chirpicipentruconstruc{ia.caselor. Primele esre morminte cu mai multe camere'au fost din hrrnrl construite in aceasta perioadA. Iocurii In perioada Naqada III, aproximativ intre anii 52OO - 5O5O i.Hr., :giptul 6. culturile s-au transformat, in diferite state conduse de regi. esria erau F.egii extins controlul c5,tre nord, asupra Egiptului de Si-au "Ios. ' uneltele S;arqitul acestei perioad.e marcheazd"unificarea Egiptului d.e Sus : :':l'i':-cr a Egiptului de Jos de c5,tre regele Narmer (Menes). Unificarea P2']','^"'^::rgiptului alA errs v I a dat naqtere unei serii d.e dinastii, care au condus ;; ;i.il; Egiptul in urms,toare1e trei milenii. irLrterii si Perioodo Dinosticd Timpurie . , .da Dinastica Timpurie Baclariana r I - 2686 i.Hr.) include rn ' Egiptul : t'.'.t: Si a doua dinastie, ,e cultura . , : .:,zAnd aproximativ 17 -. ht acest- -. ?i'inta dinastie a inceput siEgiptul . " - -l:ntnia lui Narmer (sau iprenii au' I :.=s, care a stabilit capitala .eh-rcrarea - :i:.Lllui sau la Memphis. rincipalul _ .r.la si puterea regilor a '.> - -lt in perioada Dinastica :. :-:rie. Ei erau ingropa{i O O ilustratie reprezentAnd inscripfiile de pe Paleta lui Narmer, care -\ :r,orntinte rectangulare infaligeaza victoria regelui din sud Narmer asupra regelui din nord. .i .", ..aie numite ,,mastaba" :r'iu Veoerati prin culte Regii dinostiei o l-o Regii dinostiei o ll-o : 'riare gi temple. (30s0-2890 i.Hr.) (2890-2685 i.Hr.) . Narmer . Hotepsekhemwy . Aha . Raneb & . Djer . I f aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Nynetjer I . Djet . Wneg ! ., .::titi Regele care a I Den . Senedj : icat Egiptul de Sus ' I i . Anedjib . Peribsen .. :qiptul de I Jos. : . Semerkhet . Sekhemib - Perenmaat :::and t raaaaaaaaoartroc :ia II . eaa . Khasekhem(Khasekhemwy) Yechiul Regot - Ero Piromidelor perioada (2655-2rAI i.Flr.) r00 '. rduc{ia = : : riul Regat a acoperit o perioada de cinci secole, :e de 1:-ir: dinastiile a III-a gi a VI-a. Admininstralia era qe din :::ei'nica, iar regii de{ineau controlul absolut. lloseasca -...>li? erau trata{i ca nigte zei gi erau consideraqi lrice a : rrotectorii oamenilor pe pamant. Vechiul Regat rimele r:!.= ie rurTlit pentru primele structuri monumentale St c.:-. iume. piramidele, care erau construite drept l-: -rri de veci pentru regi. 7 I.
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