DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dry Moat Surrounding the Step Pyramid Complex

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dry Moat Surrounding the Step Pyramid Complex THE DRY MOAT SURROUNDING THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX AT SAQQARA THE GREAT RECTANGULAR MONUMENTS OF MIDDLE SAQQARA THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX WAS BUILT BY IMHOTEP AND WAS RESTORED BY JEAN-PHILIPPE LAUER THE RECTANGULAR MONUMENTS AT ABYDOS WERE SURROUNDED BY DOUBLE WALLS OR TOMBS OF COURTIERS TOMBS OF COURTIERS ALSO SURROUNDED THE ROYAL TOMBS AT ABYDOS *** THE TOMB OF DEN THE GREAT RECTANGULAR MONUMENTS AT MIDDLE SAQQARA ARE NOT SURROUNDED BY EITHER DOUBLE WALLS OR TOMBS OF COURTIERS THE DISCOVERY OF THE DRY MOAT WITH THE HELP OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF 1924 AND 1950 THE DISCOVERY WAS ANNOUNCED AT THE 4TH CONGRESS OF EGYPTOLOGISTS MUNICH 1985 AND PUBLISHED LONDON 1988 AND VIENNA 2006 THE PLAN OF THE DRY MOAT SHOWS CHANNELS WHICH OVERLAP ON THE SOUTH SIDE THE HIEROGLYPHS BATTLMENTED ENCLOSURE, REED SHELTER IN THE FIELDS AND ON NARMER’S MACE HEAD; THE ENCLOSURE HAS OVERLAPPING WALLS GUNTER DREYER DISCOVERED THAT AT THE ROYAL TOMBS OF ABYDOS AN EMBANKMENT WALL WHICH SURROUNDED THE LOWER TUMULUS WAS OVERLAPPING ON ONE SIDE THE SOUTHERN OVERLAPING WALLS AT GISR EL MODIR THE ELBOW IN THE SOUTH TEMENOS WALL OF THE PYRAMID OF KHAFRA TO APPROACH THE DRY MOAT WE HAVE TO CONSIDER THE ROYAL TOMBS OF THE SECOND DYNASTY, THE PYRAMID OF UNAS, ITS CAUSEWAY AND BOAT PITS THE POSITION OF THE PYRAMID OF UNAS AT MIDDLE SAQQARA THE PYRAMID OF UNAS WAS BUILT OVER AN UNEXCAVATED PIT AND THE GALLERIES OF HOTEPSEKHEMWY THE UNEXCAVATED PIT EXTENDING UNDER THE PYRAMID OF UNAS THE PYRAMID OF UNAS AND THE UPPER TEMPLE OVER THE TOMB OF HOTEPSEKHEMWY THE LAYOUT OF THE ROYAL TOMBS OF THE SECOND DYNASTY AT SAQARA THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL BEGINS AT THE AREA OF THE UNAS BOAT PITS THE BOAT PITS MAY HAVE BEEN PARTLY CONSTRUCTED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL THE UNAS CAUSEWAY DIKE BY THE MASTABA OF NEFERSESHEMPTAH SECTION IN THE UNAS CAUSEWAY DIKE BUILT IN THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL BY THE TOMBS OF NEFER AND THE 2 BROTHERS AHMED MOUSSA DISCOVERED THOSE AND OTHER ROCK TOMBS ALONG THE CAUSEWAY OF UNAS (IN THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL) THE EAST CHANNEL GOES BY THE GREAT SHAFT LEPSIUS 21 AND THE PYRAMID OF USERKAF THE PYRAMID OF USERKAF WAS THE FIRST INTRUSION IN THE AREA ENCLOSED BY THE DRY MOAT THE UPPER TEMPLE OF THE PYRAMID OF USERKAF IS FOUND ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE PYRAMID BECAUSE OF THE DRY MOAT THE CHANNELS OF THE DRY MOAT IN 1927 THE NORTH WEST CORNER OF THE DRY MOAT AS SEEN FROM THE TOP OF THE STEP PYRAMID THE WEST CHANNEL OF THE DRY MOAT ***** AT THE AREA OF PTAHHOTEP, 40 METRES OF THE EAST BANK WERE UNITENTIALLY CLEARED BY AHMED MOUSSA TO THE SOUTH IS THE WORK OF THE POLISH EXPEDITION UNDER KAROL MYSLIWIEC THE POLISH EXCAVATION THE WESTERN CHANNEL OF THE DRY MOAT AND GISR EL MODIR THE CHANNELS OF THE DRY MOAT IN 1933 TIMELINES studies in honour of MAFRED BIETAK OLA 149, three volumes, 2006 THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL EXCAVATIONS REVEALED 2 ANCIENT FILLINGS DATING TO DYNASTIES 5 AND 6 OVER SEVERAL DEEP COMPARTMENTS THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL COULD NOT BE SEEN ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN BEFORE THE EARLY FORTIES THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE NORTH BANK OF THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE NORTH BANK AND THE SOUTH EAST CORNER OF THE TEMENOS WALL OF THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX THE SECOND AREA ALONG THE NORTH BANK THE ROCK TOMBS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SOUTH ROCK WALL OF THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL; SPECTACULAR COMPARTMENTS WERE TUNNELLED AT 4 LEVELS BEFORE 1937 THE EASTERN COMPARTMENT WAS COMPLETELY BURIED MASTABAS OF HOTEP, ‘X’, ‘Y’AND ‘Z’ WERE EXCAVATED AT THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK IN 1937-1938 SELIM HASSAH INVESTGATED THOSE MASTABAS AND PARTLY UNEARTHED THREE COMPARTMENTS AT THE FIRST AREA IN 1975 ZAKI ISKANDER PUBLISHED THE FIELD NOTES OF SELIM HASSAN WHICH OTHERWISE WOULD HAVE BEEN LOST, THEY DID NOT MENTION THE COMPARTMENTS PLAN AND SECTIONS OF THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE EASTERN, MIDDLE AND WESTERN COMPARTMENTS THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE EASTERN COMPARTMENT AFTER THE CLEARANCE THE SOUTH AND NORTH ROCK WALLS OF THE FIRST COMPARTMENT AND REMAINS OF THE UPPER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF THE 3 COMPARTMENTS HAVE CONNECTING CORRIDORS THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE MIDDLE COMPARTMENT WITH REMAINS OF THE UPPER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF THE MIDDLE COMPARTMENT WITH REMAINS OF THE HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF UNDER MASTABA ‘Z’, THE WESTERN COMPARTMENT IS PARTLY BLOCKED ITS FLOOR IS AT CORRIDOR LEVEL WEST OF THE WESTERN COMPARTMENT IS NOT ACCESSIBLE MASTABA Z IN 1939-1943 ZAKI SAAD MADE IMPORTANT DISCOVRIES SEEN ON UNPUBLISHED PHOTOGRAPHS AT THE SECOND AND THIRD AREAS THE SECOND AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE GREAT COMPARTMENT. PLAN AND SECTIONS THE SECOND AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK IN 1939 THE GREAT COMPARTMENT AND REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF THE WESTERN FILLING AND THE THIRD AREA ALONG SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT 1943 THE SOUTH BANK BY THE PYRAMID OF UNAS THE THIRD AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT BEING EXCAVATED WITH REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF LOOKING WEST SEASON 1939 THE THIRD AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT BEING EXCAVATED WITH REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF LOOKING EAST SEASON 1939 THE THIRD AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT WEST END WITH REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF SEASON 1943 THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM SPANS OVER THE END OF THE NEW COMPARTMENT IN THE FORM OF A ROCK VAULT THE THIRD AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK THE NEW COMPARTMENT COMPLETELY EXCAVATED WITH REMAINS OF THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF AND THE 10 NICHES LOOKING EAST SEASON 1943 THE 10 NICHES AND THE UNLEVELLED BED DRAWN BY ZAKI SAAD LOOKING SOUTH A RUIN OF LAYERS OF THIRD DYNASTY MASONRY ON THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM WEST OF THE NEW COMPARTMENT NORTH OF UNAS THE SOUTH BANK OF THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL CREATED SECTIONS IN EARLIER GALLERIES ABOVE THE LAYER MASONRY EXCAVATING THE TOMB OF PRINCESS KHENKAWES 20 METRES FROM THE SOUTH WEST CORNER OF THE DRY MOAT 1943 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible Has Never Told
    Ghana Journal of Linguistics 9.1: 72-96 (2020) ______________________________________________________________________________ http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v9i1.4 EDITORIAL BOOK CRITIQUE: THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD AMEN: ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE THE BIBLE HAS NEVER TOLD Ọbádélé Bakari Kambon Editor-in-Chief Abstract: The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told is a book that promises to pique the interest of any reader interested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks’, mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs,’ the Akan language, and historical-linguistic connections between the three. Specifically, the book promises to deliver information about how the word imn ‘Amen,’ as attested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks,’ persists in the contemporary Akan language. While under a steady hand this should be a simple enough thesis to substantiate, unfortunately, the authors’ obvious lack of grounding in historical linguistics, their lack of knowledge of mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs’ as well as their lack of understanding the morphology (word structure) of the Akan language all mar the analyses presented in the book. Keywords: Amen, Heru Narmer, historical linguistics, folk etymology Osei, O. K., Issa, J., & Faraji, S. (2020). The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told. Long Beach, CA: Amen-Ra Theological Seminary Press. 1. Introduction In The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told, what should be an open-and-shut case is saddled with a plethora of spurious look-alikes and folk etymologies prompted by attempts to analyze one language with another without actually having studying the language to be analyzed itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Who's Who in Ancient Egypt
    Who’s Who IN ANCIENT EGYPT Available from Routledge worldwide: Who’s Who in Ancient Egypt Michael Rice Who’s Who in the Ancient Near East Gwendolyn Leick Who’s Who in Classical Mythology Michael Grant and John Hazel Who’s Who in World Politics Alan Palmer Who’s Who in Dickens Donald Hawes Who’s Who in Jewish History Joan Comay, new edition revised by Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok Who’s Who in Military History John Keegan and Andrew Wheatcroft Who’s Who in Nazi Germany Robert S.Wistrich Who’s Who in the New Testament Ronald Brownrigg Who’s Who in Non-Classical Mythology Egerton Sykes, new edition revised by Alan Kendall Who’s Who in the Old Testament Joan Comay Who’s Who in Russia since 1900 Martin McCauley Who’s Who in Shakespeare Peter Quennell and Hamish Johnson Who’s Who in World War Two Edited by John Keegan Who’s Who IN ANCIENT EGYPT Michael Rice 0 London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 1999 Michael Rice The right of Michael Rice to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomy, Topography and Dynastic History in the Age of the Pyramids
    Astronomy, topography and dynastic history in the Age of the Pyramids. Giulio Magli Faculty of Civil Architecture - Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy It is known since the 19 century that in the layout of the pyramid field of the pharaohs of the 4 th Egyptian dynasty at Giza, a “main axis” exists. Indeed, the south-east corners of these monuments align towards the site of the temple of Heliopolis, which was plainly visible in ancient times. It was later discovered that a similar situation occurs in the main pyramid field of the subsequent dynasty at Abu Sir. Here, the north-west corners of three chronologically successive pyramids again voluntarily align towards Heliopolis. However, the temple was in this case not visible, due to the rock outcrop- today occupied by the Cairo citadel - which blocks the view. In the present paper, a multi-disciplinary approach based on historical, topographical and archaeoastronomical analysis is developed in an attempt at understanding this peculiar feature, which governed from the very beginning the planning of such wonderful monuments. A general pattern actually arises, which appears to have inspired the choice of the sites and the disposition on the ground of almost all the funerary complexes of the kings during the Old Kingdom. 1. Introduction An interesting feature exists in the layouts of the pyramids of Giza and Abu Sir: the presence of a “main axis” directed to the area where the ancient temple of the sun of Heliopolis once stood, on the opposite bank of the Nile. These axes are connected with a process of “solarisation” of the pharaoh which probably started with Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid.
    [Show full text]
  • Geometry and Perspective in the Landscape of the Saqqara Pyramids
    GEOMETRY AND PERSPECTIVE IN THE LANDSCAPE OF THE SAQQARA PYRAMIDS MAGLI Giulio, (I) Abstract. A series of peculiar, visual alignments between the pyramids of the pharaohs of the 4th , the 5th and the 6th Egyptian dynasties exists. These alignments governed from the very beginning the planning of the funerary monuments of successive kings and, in some cases, led to establish building sites in quite inconvenient locations from the technical viewpoint. Explaining the topography of these monuments means therefore also investigating on their symbolic motivations: religion, power, dynastic lineage and social context, as well as getting insights on the skills of the ancient architects in astronomy and geometry. In the present paper we focus on the relationships between the Old Kingdom pyramids at Saqqara. Key words. Ancient astronomy. Ancient and sacred geometry. Egyptian pyramids. Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 01A16, 51-03. 1 Introduction th It is known since the 19 century that an interesting feature exists in the layouts of the pyramids of th the 4 dynasty at Giza: the presence of a “main axis” connecting the south-east corners of the three main monuments and directed to the area where the ancient temple of the sun of Heliopolis once stood, on the opposite bank of the Nile [1,2,3]. This line is connected with a process of “solarisation” of the pharaohs which started with Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid, and th lasted up Menkaure, the builder of the third Giza pyramid [4,5]. The kings of the 5 dynasty moved - in spite of the presence of several favorable places to the immediate south of Giza - some 7 Kms apart on the plateau of Abusir.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF (587.4
    Chronological table (Based on J� von Beckerath, Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten. Die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr., Mainz am Rhein 1997)� Predynastic period dynasty 0, about 150 years Early dynastic period dynasty I, ca� 2982–2803 BC including pharaohs named Hor Aha (= Menes), Hor Dewen, Hor Semerkhet dynasty II, ca� 2803–2657 BC including pharaohs named Hor Hotepsekhemwy, Hor Nynetjer, Hor Sekhemib Old Kingdom dynasty III, ca� 2657–2589 BC including pharaohs named Nebka, Djoser (= Hor Netjerikhet), Djoser-tety (= Hor Sekhemkhet) dynasty IV, ca� 2589–2454 BC including pharaohs named Snofru, Cheops (= Khufu), Chephren (= Khafre), Mykerinos (= Menkaure), Shepseskaf dynasty V, ca� 2454–2297 BC including pharaohs named Userkaf, Sahure, Neferirkare Kakai, Shepseskare, Niuserre Ini, Djedkare Izezi dynasty VI, ca� 2297–2166 BC pharaohs named Teti, Userkare, Pepi I, Nemti-em-saf I (= Merenre), Pepi II, Nemti-em-saf II, Queen Nitokris ephemeral dynasties VII-VIII: dynasty VIII, ca� 2166–2120 BC First Intermediate Period dynasties IX-X (in Herakleopolis), ca� 2120–2020 BC Middle Kingdom dynasty XI (first in Thebes, later in the whole of Egypt), ca� 2119––1976 BC including pharaohs named Mentuhotep I–IV, Antef I–III dynasty XII, ca� 1976–1793 BC including pharaohs named Sesostris I–III, Ammenemes I–IV, Queen Nefrusobek Karol Jan Myliwiec - 9783631820612 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/24/2021 04:34:59AM via free access 16 Chronological table Second Intermediate Period, ca� 1793–1550 BC ephemeral
    [Show full text]
  • Pharaoh Chronology (Pdf)
    Egypt's chronology in sync with the Holy Bible by Eve Engelbrite (c)2021, p1 Egypt's Chronology in Synchronization with the Bible This Egyptian chronology is based upon the historically accurate facts in the Holy Bible which are supported by archaeological evidence and challenge many assumptions. A major breakthrough was recognizing Joseph and Moses lived during the reigns of several pharaohs, not just one. During the 18th dynasty in which Joseph and Moses lived, the average reign was about 15 years; and Joseph lived 110 years and Moses lived 120 years. The last third of Moses' life was during the 19th dynasty. Though Rameses II had a reign of 66 years, the average reign of the other pharaohs was only seven years. Biblical chronology is superior to traditional Egyptian chronology Joseph was born in 1745 BC during the reign of Tao II. Joseph was 17 when he was sold into slavery (1728 BC), which was during the reign of Ahmose I, for the historically accurate amount of 20 pieces of silver.1 Moses (1571-1451 BC) was born 250 years after the death of the Hebrew patriarch, Abraham. Moses lived in Egypt and wrote extensively about his conversations and interactions with the pharaoh of the Hebrews' exodus from Egypt; thus providing a primary source. The history of the Hebrews continued to be written by contemporaries for the next thousand years. These books (scrolls) were accurately copied and widely disseminated. The Dead Sea Scrolls contained 2,000 year old copies of every book of the Bible, except Esther, and the high accuracy of these copies to today's copies in original languages is truly astonishing.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom
    A Short History of Egypt Part I: From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom Shawn C. Knight Spring 2009 (This document last revised December 2, 2008) 1 The Predynastic Period Two broad phases of history in Predynastic Egypt are observed, and they are named after the town of Naqada, in Upper Egypt between Abydos and Thebes, where artifacts from both phases were found in distinct excavations. Naqada I culture has small-scale village agriculture and not a very complex large-scale social system. This culture had developed well-made stone tools and fine earthenware pottery, but no evidence indicates relations with people outside the Nile valley.1 Naqada II culture, on the other hand, shows signs of relations and \cultural boundaries" with the Nubians to the south, and it is during this phase that the Two Lands developed as aggregates of the smaller nomes. There is also much evidence of trade, both between the Two Lands and with the inhabitants of Sinai, Palestine, and even Mesopotamia. It is in late Naqada II culture that we find the invention of the serekh, the first formal way of writing the name of the king. A cemetery at Abydos is believed to contain the tombs of late Naqada II rulers, which may explain the prominence of Abydos in later Egyptian religion.2 During the predynastic period, the \pit-burial" developed for the common people of Egypt, and it remained in vogue for much of pharaonic history. The deceased was curled up in fetal position and buried in a simple pit dug in the sand in the desert to the west of civilization.
    [Show full text]
  • Come My Staff, I Lean Upon You: an Iconographic and Contextual Study of Sticks and Staves from 18Th Dynasty Egypt
    The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences Come My Staff, I Lean Upon You: an Iconographic and Contextual Study of Sticks and Staves from 18th Dynasty Egypt A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology and Egyptology (SAPE) In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Degree of Master of Arts By: Nicholas R. Brown Under the Supervision of Dr. Salima Ikram First Reader: Dr. Lisa Sabbahy Second Reader: Dr. Fayza Haikal December, 2015 DEDICATION “All men dream, but not equally. Those who dream by night in the dusty recesses of their minds, wake in the day to find that it was vanity: but the dreamers of the day are dangerous men, for they may act on their dreams with open eyes, to make them possible. This I did.” -T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom To my grandmother, Nana Joan. For first showing me the “Wonderful Things” of ancient Egypt. I love you dearly. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many individuals and institutions to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thankfulness. Without their help, encouragement, support, and patience I would not have been able to complete my degree nor this thesis. Firstly, to my advisor Dr. Salima Ikram: I am grateful for your suggesting the idea of studying sticks in ancient Egypt, and for the many lessons that you have taught and opportunities you have provided for me throughout this entire process. I am, hopefully, a better scholar (and speller!) because of your investment in my research. Thank you. To my readers Doctors Lisa Sabbahy and Fayza Haikal, thank you for taking the time to review, comment upon, and edit my thesis draft.
    [Show full text]
  • New Insights Into the Step Pyramid Complex: Klasens' Unpublished
    New Insights into the Step Pyramid Complex: Klasens’ Unpublished Seal Impression Drawings Tatjana Beuthe Independent Researcher, University College London, UK Abstract The Egypt Exploration Society archive contains unpublished pencil drawings by A. Klasens of seal impressions found in the Step Pyramid complex of Saqqara. Digitally inked versions of these drawings are published here for the first time. The seal impressions can be sourced to the Northern Galleries of the complex. The impressions were sealed on clay formerly plastered on a wall, and also bore the imprints of the end(s) of cylinder seals. To explain the presence of seal impressions of Khasekhemwy among the sealings drawn by Klasens, an attempt is made to trace the construction and use history of the Northern Galleries and the contemporary Western Galleries. Possible parallels between some of the Step Pyramid sealings and Beit Khallaf sealings are also discussed. Keywords: Saqqara, Step Pyramid, Northern Galleries, Western Galleries, Khasekhemwy, Netjerikhet, Klasens, sealings, seal impressions Introduction will reconstruct the original carved surface of seals based on evidence from fragmentary im- By analysing previously unpublished sealings pressions. These reconstructions are referred to from the Step Pyramid complex of Saqqara, here as ‘seal images’. and examining available published documen- Three pages of drawings on tracing paper tation on the appearance and find location of depicting impressions on clay sealings and la- these artefacts, this article sheds new light on belled in the handwriting of A. Klasens were re- the Northern Gallery sealed material, which cently rediscovered by the author in the Egypt represents the earliest known incidence of end- Exploration Society (EES) archives of W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decree of Saïs
    Underwater Egypt in Region Canopic the in Archaeology OCMA Underwater Archaeology in the Canopic Region in Egypt The Decree of Saïs The Decree of Saïs of Decree The The cover illustrations show the perfectly preserved stele of Thonis-Heracleion, intact after having spent over 1000 years at the bottom of the sea. It is the second known stele containing the text of the decree promulgated by Nectanebo I,founder of the thirtieth dynasty, and announces a permanent donation to the goddess Neith, ‘Mistress of the Floods’, out of the customs dues received in the town of Thonis- Heracleion and out of the taxes on Greek trade in the town of Naukratis. ISBN 978-1-905905-23-2 Published by the Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology at the School of Archaeology, University of Oxford Anne-Sophie von Bomhard The Decree of Saïs The Stelae of Thonis-Heracleion and Naukratis Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monograph Series Series editors: Franck Goddio and Damian Robinson 1 Topography and Excavation of Heracleion-Thonis and East Canopus (1996–2006) by Franck Goddio 2 Geoarchaeology by Jean-Daniel Stanley et al 3 The Naos of the Decades by Anne-Sophie von Bomhard 4 La stèle de Ptolémée VIII Évergète II à Héracléion by Christophe Thiers 5 Alexandria and the North-Western Delta edited by Damian Robinson and Andrew Wilson 6 Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean edited by Damian Robinson and Andrew Wilson The Underwater Archaeology of the Canopic Region in Egypt The Decree of Saïs The Stelae of Thonis-Heracleion and Naukratis by Anne-Sophie von Bomhard Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology: Monograph 7 School of Archaeology, University of Oxford 2012 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Egiptul Antic ...18
    E8 ?EME lEaitura I * 5 luNrcARrl 3 Egiptul preistoric (I) .......... 5 Egiptul preistoric (II) ......... 6 Uniflcarea Egiptului ...........7 Vechiul Regat (dinastia a III-a 9i a IV-a) .................. B Declinul Vechiului Regat.............. ..................9 inceputurile Regatului Mij1ociu......... ........10 Noul Regat ............1 1 Dinastia a XVIII-a gi a XIX-a ........12 Dinastia a XX-a ...13 A Treia Perioada Intermediara a Regatului gi Perioada Tar2ie................14 Dinastia Ptolemeica ......... ...............15 C1eopatra........... ....16 Domina[ia romana........ ....17 Religia in Egiptul Antic ...18 Mumiflcarea .........19 Via[a cotidiana............ .......2O Literatura gi gtiin(ele .......21 Arta gi arhitectura..... ........22 Glosar.. ,...23 Raspunsuri....... ....24 Civilizalia egipteanS, a inceput s5, se dezvolte in jurul anului Egiptu 5150 i.Hr. de-a lunENrI fluviului Nil in nord-estu1 Africii. Aceasta uscat q a fost una dintre cele mai importante civilizalii mond.iale, care deqert a fascinat lumea modernS, cu faraonii sii asemeni uno? zeu, geog3a piramidele $i$antice qi mormintele misterioase. Istoria Egiptului permer cuprinde o serie de regate stabile gi unificate - Vechiul Regat, anului Regatul Mfilociu qi NouI Regat. Aceste regate au fost separate ColoniSi de perioade de instabilitate qi anarhie cunoscute ca Perioadele Intermediare - Prima Perioadd Intermediare, A Doua PerioadS, f ,:1,:liltii Intermediar5, A Treia PerioadS, Intermed.iare. Egiptul a :in'.re ei i Si :rr ).farea cunoscut un declin dup5, cea de a Treia PerioadS, IntermediarS, gi a l.Ied:ierar fost cucerit de o succesiune de puteri str5,ine. :r-iburile e P-a:oul S cepusard rimpul irr o binefr ! @5gl 1t:\i - 4t t'*q* , n-1 :-la -.J,'"€ f> ,# [-"r ' k x x il.'; t :1 ll\t i t-/1! t! il \\ ,.::,..-..-..-..*<.
    [Show full text]
  • Palarch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 7(6), 2010
    Miatello, Khufu’s Grand Gallery PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 7(6) (2010) Examining thE grand gallEry in thE Pyramid of Khufu and its fEaturEs Luca Miatello* *Via garibaldi 18 22070 albiolo, Co, italy [email protected] Miatello, Luca. 2010. Examining the grand gallery in the Pyramid of Khufu and its features. – Palarch’s Journal of archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 7(6) (2010), 1-36. issn 1567-214x. 36 pages + 14 figures, 3 tables (incl.a ppendix). Keywords: old Kingdom architecture, royal funerary complexes, pyramid of Khufu, grand gallery, architecture and decoration programme AbstrAct the explanation of the symmetrical features on the west and east sides of the grand gal- lery in the pyramid of Khufu has always been an intricate puzzle for researchers. the existence of such peculiar features is generally related to the function of parking the granite plugs, but only three or four granite blocks were presumably used to plug the ascending corridor, while a much larger number of slots and niches are found in the gal- lery. Previous interpretations of niches, slots, cuttings and grooves are unsatisfactory, and the present investigation focuses on important, formerly neglected aspects. the analysis of numerical patterns in the design of the grand gallery provides crucial evidence, and a new interpretation of the features in the gallery is, therefore, proposed, by considering the numerous variables implied in the problem. the grand gallery in the pyramid of Khufu, still today block the ascending corridor. how- with its astonishing corbelled ceiling made of ever, previous interpretations of the functions huge limestone blocks, has no parallel in in- of the peculiar features on the west and east ternal passages of pyramid tombs.
    [Show full text]