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Iowa State College Journal of Science 14.3 IOWA STATE COLLEGE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Published on the first day of October, January, April, and July EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, Jay W. Woodrow. AssISTANT EDITOR, Florence Willey Nichols. CONSULTING EDITORS: R. E. Buchanan, C. J. Drake, A. H. Fuller, I. E. Melhus, E. A. Benbrook, P. Mabel Nelson, V. E. Nelson, C. H. Brown. From Sigma Xi: E. W. Lindstrom, 0. R. Sweeney, B. W. Hammer. All manuscripts submitted should be addressed to Jay W. Woodrow, Physics Building, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. All remittances should be addressed to Collegiate Press, Inc., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Single Copies: One Doll,ar.• ~uM.SubiacyiptioI\= Three Dollars; in Can­ ada, Three Doller!! ~ci~~nti.:Jive.Gt?,nls}. :i:io~. Three Dollars and Fifty Cents. •-... ~ : • • • • • • • : ·: :. .. : : . .. .. ... .. ... .. .• . .-y-r-+-.. .• . •. • • . .·.. · :·: .. ... .. ... .. ........ ..: Entered as se~~hd~ttais'i ~~r :r anuari 16,: 193ri, ;t. the postoffice at Ames, Iowa, unde'r'tJ;.e·a~t:q{ !-'Iar~~ s:.ts7~ · ·' · THE EFFICACY OF ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT SOURCES IN KILLING BACTERIA SUSPENDED IN AIR B. A. WHISLER Fram the Department of Civil Engineering, fowa State College Received September 13, 1939 Wells and Fair1 have shown that ultra-violet radiations are effective in destroying bacteria suspended in air. This paper reports the results of a quantitative investigation of the factors involved in this bactericidal action. The investigation was carried out in the Sanitary Engineering laboratories of Harvard University, under the direction of Professor G. M. Fair. The first approach to a solution of the problem was made by the author and W. F. Wells by sampling infected air as it approached an ultra-violet light in a tunnel. This work led to the development, by the author, of apparatus on a laboratory scale. The final equipment used was a duct system in which the infected air could be sampled at several points as it approached the ultra-violet light source at a constant velocity. APPARATUS A diagram of the apparatus used is shown in figure 1. It will be described by following the air flow through the system. Room air passes into a 12-inch-diameter duct. At the point of entrance a dilute culture of bacteria is sprayed into the air by an atomizer and another atomizer humidifies the air to the required value. The air then passes through twelve feet of duct and through a mixing tank provided with baffles. From this tank the air enters the irradiation duct which is a 12-inch-di­ ameter duct 16-feet-long leading into the tank in which the ultra-violet light source is placed. The air passes from the light tank into a section of duct provided with straighteners and an orifice for measuring the flow. Beyond the orifice is a butterfly valve and then a blower for controlling and creating the air flow. From the blower the air is exhausted to the outdoors. Inserted in a tube leading from the entrance of the irradiation duct to the inlet of the blower are a wet bulb thermometer and a dry bulb thermometer for measuring the humidity of the air. At points 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 feet from the ultra-violet light, perforated copper tubes are placed diametrically across the irradiation duct. The two ends of each tube are joined outside the duct and lead, through a small Venturi tube, to the air sampler, a Wells Air Centrifuge2 • The dosing atomizer takes its supply of culture from a constant level supply bottle which is in turn kept filled from a main supply bottle. The atomizer does not spray the culture directly into the air stream, but into a horizontally placed Erlenmeyer flask provided with .side outlets. The coarse droplets impinge on the sides of the bottle and are drained away, [215] 216 B. A. WHISLER PLAN ·o -.;, !I} 4.' ' Botflie: 2' l _ 6_ ELl!:VATION FIG. 1. Diagram of duct system. while the finest droplets pass out the side outlet into the air stream where they evaporate, leaving minute infected particles floating in the air. The compressed air supply for the atomizer is kept at a constant pressure. SOURCES OF ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATIONS As work by Gates8 and others on the irradiation of bacteria upon solid media had indicated that the effective range of radiations lies below a wave length of 302 mµ, light sources particularly effective in that re­ gion were investigated. Four light sources were used: (1) A high pres­ sure quartz mercury arc known as the Uviarc, (2) a low pressure quartz mercury arc which was similar in design to a Cooper-Hewitt lighting unit, but only 14 inches long, (3) a Hanovia Alpine quartz mercury arc, and (4) a carbon arc, operated both with plain carbons and with thera­ peutic carbons. BACTERIA INVESTIGATED The greater part of the work was carried out using Escherichia coli as the experimental organism. Though not normally found in air, it was used because it is a non-pathogenic, easily cultivated, single celled or­ ganism whose cells do not attach themselves to each other. Its general characteristics are well known and it may be grown on a medium which inhibits the growth of other organisms which might interfere with the counts. KILLING BACTERIA SUSPENDED IN AIR 217 A few runs were made on each of three other species of bacteria. Sarcina lutea was used because, in contrast to Escherichia coli, it is a normal inhabitant of the air and it forms tenacious packets containing as many as 64 cells. Staphylococcus aureus was used because it is one of the organisms which should be removed from the air by any air disinfec­ tion method. It is a normal inhabitant of the air and is pathogenic, causing boils, abscesses and wound infections. It grows as single cells and in groups, usually in the form of plates. The third was Bacillus subtilus which differs from the other organisms used, in that it forms spores. It is a normal inhabitant of the air and is non-pathogenic. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Throughout the experiments the general procedure was as follows: a. The velocity of air flow in the irradiation duct was adjusted to a predetermined value. b. The ultra-violet light was started and permitted to warm up. c. The dilute culture of bacteria was placed in the supply bottle and the atomizer started. d. Six successive samples were taken from the 16, 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-foot points in the order named. e. One variable was changed and the procedure repeated. f. The sample tubes were incubated at 37° C. for 24 hours and the developed colonies counted. During each run the following data were recorded: a. The manometer readings from which the flow of air in the system was calculated. b. The voltage drop and current through the ultra-violet light source. c. The wet and dry bulb thermometer readings. d. The identifying mark on the sample tube. e. The duration, time of starting of the sample, and the rate of air flow in the sampler. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF KILLING Following the usual laws of disinfection, the killing effect of ultra­ violet light upon bacteria in air may be expressed as follows: dN = -kNdt (1) In this equation N is the number of bacteria present in a unit volume of air at a given instant, dN is the change in N in the time interval dt, and k is a constant depending upon the light intensity and the particular species ko of bacteria being irradiated. This constant k may be replaced by - x2' where k0 is the killing power constant and x is the distance from the source. 218 B. A. WHISLER If the bacteria are irradiated while at a constant distance x from the light source, this equation may be integrated to give: No ko log10 - = 0.4343 - t (2) Nt x 2 where N0 is the number of bacteria in a unit volume at time zero, Nt is the number remaining at time t, and the factor 0.4343 is introduced when No the logarithm to the base 10 is used. The quantity log10 - is the reduc­ Nt tion and will be designated by F. The actual reduction in the number of bacteria present may be expressed in several ways as shown in table 1. TABLE 1. Reduction factors Number Number Percentage Percentage Reduction starting remaining reduction remaining factor F 10 1 90 10 1 100 1 99 1. 2 1000 1 99.9 0.1 3 10000 1 99.99 0.01 4 100000 1 99.999 0.001 5 Equation (2) may be simplified by substituting the reduction factor F to give: Fx2 t = ---- (3) 0.4343ko If contaminated air is moving at a constant velocity v toward the ultra-violet light source, the velocity required to maintain a certain re­ duction, F, between two points at x0 and x1 distances from the light may dx be found by putting dt = - -- in equation (1) and integrating as be­ v fore. This gives: ko( 1 1) v= 0.434- - •C-- (4) F X 1 xo If contaminated air is moving past an ultra-violet light source at a velocity v in a duct of radius R, the velocity required to maintain a cer­ tain reduction F between points before and after passing the light may be similarly calculated. The mathematics involved are very complicated KILLING BACTERIA SUSPENDED IN AIR 219 however. A very close approximate solution gives the following equa­ tion: ko v= 1.68-­ (5) FR It is apparent in these equations that the killing power k 0 of a given lamp with respect to a certain organism is the only term not established in terms of purely physical measurements.
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