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Annual Report on Climate System 2008

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Annual Report on Climate System 2008 2. Annual summaries of the climate system in 2008 sunny weather was dominant in summer. (d) Autumn (September – November 2008, Figure 2.1 Climate in Japan 2.1.4 (d)) 2.1.1 The average surface temperature Hot or warm weather was dominant in September and October, and temperatures fluctuated widely in November. The annual anomaly of the average surface temperature As a result, seasonal mean temperatures were above over Japan (averaged over 17 observatories confirmed as normal. Sunny weather was dominant in northern Japan being relatively unaffected by urbanization) in 2008 was due to migratory anticyclones, and precipitation amounts 0.46℃ above normal (based on the 1971-2000 average), were significantly below normal. The Pacific side of and was the eleventh highest since 1898. On a longer time northern Japan in particular experienced its lowest scale, average surface temperatures have been rising at a precipitation amounts since 1946 when area-averaged rate of about 1.11°C per century since 1898(Fig.2.1.1). statistics first started. Meanwhile, typhoons struck 2.1.2 Seasonal features Okinawa/Amami repeatedly, and precipitation amounts (a) Winter (December 2007 – February 2008, were significantly above normal in the region. Figure 2.1.4 (a)) (e) December 2008 The pressure pattern of the northwesterly winter In December, the pressure pattern of the northwesterly monsoon rarely appeared, with cyclones and anticyclones winter monsoon rarely appeared, and cyclones periodically passing near Japan in the first half of winter. periodically passed over the Sea of Japan with warm air Consequently, warm and cloudy weather was dominant. masses. Monthly mean temperatures were far above In contrast, the northwesterly winter monsoon was normal in northern and eastern Japan. significant in February, bringing unusually cold weather. As a result, seasonal mean temperatures were near normal 2.2 World Climate in northern, eastern and western Japan. Storms repeatedly 2.2.1 Global average surface temperature passed the Japan archipelago in mid-to-late February, resulting in large amounts of rain and snow. However, The annual anomaly of the global average surface seasonal snowfall amounts were below normal on the Sea temperature in 2008 (i.e., the average of the near-surface of Japan side, reflecting significantly below-normal air temperature over land and the SST) was +0.20℃± snowfall in December and January. 0.13 above normal (based on the 1971 – 2000 average), and was the tenth highest since 1891. On a longer time (b) Spring (March – May 2008, Figure 2.1.4 (b)) scale, global average surface temperatures have been Warm weather was dominant in March and April, and rising at a rate of about 0.67°C per century since 1891 temperatures fluctuated widely in May. As a result, (Figure 2.2.1). seasonal mean temperatures were above normal. On the Pacific side of eastern and western Japan, precipitation 2.2.2 Regional climate amounts were above normal because cyclones frequently Annual mean temperatures were above normal in most passed near the Pacific coast of the main islands in April areas of the world except Alaska, the northern USA and and May. Meanwhile, precipitation was below normal on Australia (Figure 2.2.3). Extremely high temperatures the Sea of Japan side of northern and eastern Japan were frequently observed across wide areas from eastern because cyclones rarely passed over the north of the Siberia to northern Africa, while extremely low country. temperatures were observed from China to central Asia in (c) Summer (June – August 2008, Figure 2.1.4 (c)) January and February. Extremely low temperatures were In eastern and western Japan, cloudy or rainy weather also observed frequently in eastern Australia until August was dominant due to active fronts in June, while a (Figure 2.2.5). prevailing high-pressure system meant that hot and sunny Annual precipitation amounts were above normal from weather was dominant in July and August. On the other Siberia to northern Europe, from Central America to hand, in northern Japan, sunny weather was dominant in northern South America and in Southeast Asia, while they June while cloudy or rainy weather was dominant in July. were below normal in the Middle East and Australia Some areas of mainland Japan were hit by torrential rains (Figure 2.2.4). Extremely heavy monthly precipitation and thunderstorms in August. In particular, at the end of amounts were frequently observed from Siberia to August, some parts of eastern Japan experienced northern Europe, from Central America to northern South record-breaking heavy rains. In Okinawa/Amami, hot and America and in Southeast Asia, while extremely light 6 +1.5 +1.0 +0.5 （℃） 0.0 Anomaly Anomaly -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Fig. 2.1.1 Long-term change in the annual anomaly of the average surface temperature over Japan The bars indicate the annual anomaly of the average surface temperature in each year. The blue line indicates their five-year running mean, and the red line indicates the long-term linear trend. Fig. 2.1.2 Five-day running mean temperature anomalies for subdivisions (January – December 2008) 7 Table 2.1.1 Regional average and rank of annual mean temperature anomalies, annual precipitation ratios and annual sunshine duration ratios for subdivisions (2008) Table 2.1.2 Onset/end of the Baiu (Japan’s rainy season) for each region and total precipitation during the period for major observatories in each region (2008) Average Area Total of total Average Average averaged precipi- precipi- date of date of precipi- tation tation Onset of onset of End of end of Major city tation ratio during during Regions rainy rainy rainy rainy in each during rainy rainy season* season season* season region rainy season in season (1971 - (1971 - season 2008 (mm) 2000) 2000) (%) (mm) (1971 - 2000) Okinawa 22 May 8 May 17 June 23 June 82 Naha 183.5 234.7 Amami 22 May 10 May 2 July 28 June 91 Naze 564.0 511.3 Southern Kyushu 28 May 29 May 6 July 13 July 93 Kagoshima 784.0 540.4 Northern Kyushu 28 May 5 June 6 July 18 July 83 Fukuoka 449.0 338.8 Shikoku 28 May 4 June 6 July 17 July 71 Takamatsu 186.0 201.7 Chugoku 28 May 6 June 6 July 20 July 52 Hiroshima 220.5 327.9 Kinki 28 May 6 June 12 July 19 July 70 Osaka 278.0 296.6 Tokai 28 May 8 June 12 July 20 July 75 Nagoya 296.5 312.7 Kanto- Koshin 29 May 8 June 19 July 20 July 92 Tokyo 307.0 288.2 Hokuriku 19 June 10 June 6 August 22 July 69 Niigata 153.5 276.4 Southern Tohoku 22 June 10 June 6 August 23 July 73 Sendai 131.5 243.8 Northern Tohoku 23 June 12 June 5 August 27 July 104 Aomori 177.0 141.6 * The Onset/End of the rainy season normally has a transitional period about five-days. Dates shown in the table denote the middle day of the transitional period. 8 Table 2.1.3 Number of observatories measuring record-breaking monthly mean temperatures, precipitation amounts and sunshine durations (2008) Temperature Precipitation amount Sunshine duration Highest Lowest Heaviest Lightest Longest Shortest January 1 2 1 February 1 1 11 2 March 16 3 4 April 4 6 May 2 June 2 2 1 July 4 August 2 1 September 1 5 2 October 2 November December 1 1 1 4 Fig. 2.1.3 Annual climate anomalies/ratios over Japan in 2008 9 (a) Winter (b) Spring (c) Summer (d) Autumn Fig. 2.1.4 Seasonal anomalies/ratios over Japan in 2008 (a) Winter (December2007 to February 2008), (b) Spring (March to May), (c) Summer (June to August), (d) Autumn (September to November) 10 Fig. 2.2.1 Long-term change in the annual anomaly of the global average surface temperature The bars indicate the annual anomaly of the global average surface temperature and 90 % confidence intervals in each year. The blue line indicates their five-year running mean, and the red line indicates the long-term linear trend. (9)Wet Jun-Aug (9)Wet Jun-Aug (14)Warm(14)Warm JunJun-Dec-Dec (1)Cold(1)Cold Jan-FebJan-Feb (8)Torrential(8)Torrential rainrain JulJul (15)Wet(15)Wet (2)Warm(2)Warm Mar-NMar-Novov Feb-Mar,Feb-Mar, May-Jun,May-Jun, SepSep (3)Torrential rain (17)Forest-fire (3)Torrential rain (17)Forest-fire (16)Hurricane(16)Hurricane May-Jun Oct May-Jun Oct Aug-SepAug-Sep (4)Typhoon, Torrential rain (10)Wet(10)Wet Jul,Jul, Sep-NovSep-Nov (4)Typhoon, Torrential rain (7)Torrential(7)Torrential Jun-NovJun-Nov (11)Torrential(11)Torrential rainrain OctOct rainrain Jun-SepJun-Sep (5)Wet(5)Wet Year-longYear-long (6)Cyclone(6)Cyclone MayMay (13)Warm(13)Warm (18)Wet(18)Wet Year-longYear-long Aug-DecAug-Dec (19)Cold(19)Cold Mar-May,Mar-May, AugAug (12)Cyclone(12)Cyclone FebFeb (20)Dry(20)Dry YYeaear-longr-long Fig. 2.2.2 Extreme events and weather-related disasters in 2008 Major extreme climatic events and weather-related disasters that occurred during the year are indicated schematically. 11 Fig. 2.2.3 Annual mean temperatures in 2008 Categories are defined by the annual mean temperature anomaly against the normal divided by its standard deviation and averaged in 5° × 5° grid boxes. The thresholds of each category are -1.28σ, -0.44σ, 0, +0.44σ and +1.28σ. The normal values and standard deviations are calculated from 1971-2000 statistics.
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