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Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI - Europe and Middle East - 2018 This Bulletin is compiled in cooperation with the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services in WMO Region RA VI Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2018 2 ISSN: 1438 – 7522 Internet version: http://www.rccra6.org/rcccm Draft Version: 07.05.2020 Revised Version: 30.06.2020 Editor: Deutscher Wetterdienst P.O.Box 10 04 65, D-63004 Offenbach am Main, Germany Phone: +49 69 8062 4306 Fax: +49 69 8062 3759 E-mail: [email protected] Responsible: Maarit Lockhoff, Deutscher Wetterdienst E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements: We thank all the contributors from the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services and from other organisations, institutes or agencies with a similar role for their input and feedback; many thanks go as to the staff of RCC Node-CM. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2018 3 The Bulletin is a summary of contributions from the following 41 National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) and was co-ordinated by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, Germany) Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2018 4 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6 Box 1 | The climate in 2018 - overview ..................................................................................... 8 2. Annual survey ........................................................................................................................ 9 Annual averages and anomalies of selected essential climate variables ........................... 9 2.1.1. Sea level pressure ..................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2. Temperature ............................................................................................................ 10 2.1.3. Precipitation ............................................................................................................. 14 2.1.4. Annual extreme values of temperature and precipitation .......................................... 15 2.1.5. Sunshine duration .................................................................................................... 16 2.1.6. Drought situation ...................................................................................................... 17 Box 2 | Contributions by NMHs - drought ............................................................................... 18 2.1.7. Snow cover .............................................................................................................. 19 Selected climate indices for 2018.................................................................................... 22 3. Seasonal survey .................................................................................................................. 25 Seasonal averages and anomalies of selected climate variables .................................... 25 3.1.1. Sea level pressure and circulation indices ............................................................... 25 3.1.2. Temperature ............................................................................................................ 27 Box 3 | Contributions by NMHS – Seasonal temperature: summer ........................................ 31 3.1.3. Precipitation ............................................................................................................. 32 3.1.4. Sunshine duration .................................................................................................... 36 3.1.5. Drought .................................................................................................................... 38 4. Monthly survey .................................................................................................................... 40 Sea surface pressure and circulation indices .................................................................. 40 Temperature ................................................................................................................... 45 Box 4 | Contributions by NMHSs – Temperature February ..................................................... 49 Precipitation .................................................................................................................... 55 Box 5 | Contributions by NMHSs – Precipitation April ............................................................ 57 Box 6 | Contributions by NMHSs – Precipitation October ....................................................... 60 Sunshine duration ........................................................................................................... 64 Maps of monthly climate extremes and events................................................................ 67 Box 7 | Contributions by NMHSs – Extreme events October .................................................. 70 Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2018 5 5. Long-term variability of the selected climate parameters - Regional examples .............. 73 Temperature ................................................................................................................... 74 Precipitation .................................................................................................................... 90 Sunshine duration ......................................................................................................... 102 6. Annex: Monthly and annual tables ................................................................................... 107 7. References to national reports ......................................................................................... 112 8. References ......................................................................................................................... 114 9. Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 115 Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2018 6 1. Introduction The Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI (Europe and Middle East with 50 Members) provides an overview of climate characteristics and phenomena in Europe and the Middle East for the preceding year. It is mainly based on dedicated national reports from RA VI National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) as well as general climate monitoring information from their official Websites. Supported by the European Climate Support Network (ECSN) and WMO´s World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme (WCDMP) the Bulletin provides an excellent example of international collaboration across cultural and political borders since its first publication in 1994. The Bulletin is seen as a regional contribution to WMO’s climate system monitoring, complementing and detailing well-known regular global assessments, such as WMO’s Annual Statement on the Status of the Global Climate and the State of the Climate published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS). The evolution of the RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network (RCC Network) allowed adding a couple of RA VI-wide maps in order to provide a certain degree of consistency across the information and the national borders. Otherwise, basic methodologies for, and operations of, climate monitoring activities still differ among the various RA VI NMHSs. Maps and information compiled in this Bulletin are the result of a selection process. Websites of NMHSs as well as the Webpages of the RA VI RCC Network (http://www.rccra6.org) offer useful additional information and regularly produced maps etc. The Bulletin is intended to serve primarily NMHSs in the Region but it might also be interesting for public institutions, research institutes, universities and others. This annual bulletin includes 4 parts: the annual, seasonal and monthly survey of the climate state in 2018 as well as contributions of the NMHSs to the long-term variability of selected parameters up to 2018 (section 5). Notes: Maps of the RA VI RCC Network are based on the following data sources: Temperature: CLIMAT data and ship observations provided by the Global Collecting Centre (GCC), operated by the Deutscher Wetterdienst Precipitation: Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), operated by the Deutscher Wetterdienst Sunshine: Meteosat Satellite data (new in 2018). Anomaly maps of climate indices are provided by the RCC De Bilt Node on Climate Data Services (RCC Node-CD) via the European Climate Assessment & Dataset project (ECA&D) run by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2018 7 The following sub-regions are used in this bulletin: Central and western Europe (14 countries): Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Luxemburg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, and United Kingdom Nordic and Baltic Region (9 countries/territories): Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden Iberia (2 countries): Portugal, and Spain Mediterranean,
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