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Cuento Therapy. Folktales As a Culturally Sensitive Psychotherapy for Puerto Rican Children. Monograph No

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Cuento Therapy. Folktales As a Culturally Sensitive Psychotherapy for Puerto Rican Children. Monograph No DOCUMENT RESUME ED 257 902 UD 024 258 AUTHOR Constantino, Giuseppe; And Others TITLE Cuento Therapy. Folktales as a Culturally Sensitive Psychotherapy for Puerto Rican Children. Monograph, No. 12. INSTITUTION Fordham Univ., Bronx, N.Y. Hispanic Research Center. SPONS AGENCY National Inst. of Mental Health (DHHS), Rockville, MD. Center for Minority Group Mental Health Program. REPORT NO ISBN-0-943862-23-X PUB DATE 85 GRANT NIMH-2P01MH-30569-06-Al NOTE 99p.; For a related document, see UD 024 259. AVAILABLE FROM Fordham University, Hispanic Research Center, Bronx, New York 10458 ($9.95 including postage). PUB TYPE Books (010) Reports Descriptive (141) Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDR$' PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Child Psychology; Clinical Psychology; Emotional Disturbances; Folk Culture; Hispanic Americans; Parent Role; *Psychotherapy; *Puerto Rican Culture; Puerto Ricans; *Story Telling IDENTIFIERS *Folktales ABSTRACT A seven-year project developing and testing cuento therapy, a form of child psychotherapy in which Puerto Rican mothers recount to their children folktales taken from Puerto Rican culture, is described and evaluated in this monograph. Chapter 1 explains how 1 the research presented in later chapters,fits into substantially broader patterns of research foCusing on the treatment of the psychological problems of Hispanic populations living in the United States. Chapter 2 presentq,an interdisciplinary discussion of 'traditional folk-healing pi.actices in Puerto Rico, the function of folktalds throughout history, the use of storytelling in psychotherapy, the theoretical framework of cuentro thekapy, and the mother's role in the therapy. Chapter 3 presents the methodological procedures used in conducting cuento therapy and in evaluating treatment outcomes. Chapter 4 provides results of an analysis of treatment effects on trait anxiety, cognition role-playing observations; and personality profiles. Finally, Chapter 5 presents a general overview of the clinical utility of cuento therapy. The major finding was that cuento therapy was effective in reducing trait anxiety. It also improved cocjnitive skills relating to social judgment and had some effect do aggressive behavior,as observed in role-playing situations. Its effect upon children's personality development was unclear, but its sensitivity to the clients', not the therapists', cultural background should be useful to.community mental health centers serving Puerto Rican clients. (KH) HISPANIC RESEARCH CENTER. FORDHAM UNIVERSITY tst (Ni CUENTO THERAPY CD Cr% FOLKTALES AS, A CULTURALLY SENSITIVE um PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN (NJ C:1 Lid "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY / \ fOrditrt. ( (..{ LC iijimmtc, /6.,C1-eo, rt.,r2t TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION I NATIONAL INSTII UTE OF EDUCATION EDUCAT,UNALFit ',MIR( F6044,110F4 nVi fiti (Fitt tlitt totinttltt,it 1,, r n,1,11ro(1.if vti IS rI i 911 pr r,1,11 01°RI mutation ofgr,itmq MOM!t, Ir 11 1 n bw n111,01. In1,11WOVV Ot111.1y pomp, nl nue,,,r (HI,1,11,110 Ihl% dr/1 ti lot lit do niol Ipprl,,,P1110fill !diNIE 110Sillonnr I oh, y Giuseppe Costantino Robert G. Malgady Lloyd H. Rogler Monograph No. 12 S CUENTOTHERAPY 4". FOLKTALES AS A CULTURALLY,SENSITIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN 4 -Giuseppe Costantino Robert G.Mallixdly Lloyd H. Rogler }ARC Monograph No. 12 to WATERFRONT PRESS MAPLEWOOD, N.J. 3 4, P 1 . th, 'A I, Copyright 1985 Hi,spanic Research Center This edition published by: Waterfront Press 52 Maple Ave. Maplewood, N.J. 07040 ISBN; 6-943862-23-X w ii HISPANIC RESEARCH CENTER FORDHAM UNIVERSITY BRONX, NEW YORK 10458 1 MONOGRAPH SERIES _ 1 Monograph #1 jPue?to Ricgns and Health: Findings from New York City, by Jose Oscar Alers (1978). Monograph #2 Hispanic Intermarriage in New York City, by JosephT.' Frttpatrick,aml Douglas T. Gurak (1979). Monograph #3 The Hispanic Experience, of Criminal Justice, by Peter L. Sissons (1979). Monograph #4 ' The Puerto Rican Child in New York City4Stress and Mental Health, by Ian A. Canino, Brian F. fierley,and Lloyd H. Rogler (1980). Monograph #5 Adaptation and Adjustnrient ofCubans: West Nei York, New Jeirsey, 61, Eleanor Meyer Rogg and Rosemary Santana Cooney (1980). Mond.graph #6. Unitas: Hispanic and Black Children in a HeaLng Corpmunity, by Annti Farber and Lloyd H, Rogler (1981). 0 Monograph #7 Work, Family and H ealth: Latina Wown in Transition, edited by Ruth E. Zambrrna (1982). of 'Monograph #8 Unitas: A .mining Manual for. Building healing Communiti8 for Children, by Edward P. Eismann (1982). Monograph #9 The Minority Foster Child: AComparatieStudy of Hispanic, Black and White Children, by Douglas T. Gurak, David Arrender Smith and MaryF. Goldson (1982). Monograph #10 A Conceptual FrameWork fir Mental Health Research on Hispanic Popvlations, by Lloyd H. Rogler et al. (1983). Monograph #11 Puerto, Rican Families in New-York City: Intergetmational Processes, lw I loyd H. Rogler and. Rosemary. Santana Cdoney(1984). Monograph #12 Cuento Therapy: Folktales as a Culturally Sensitive Psychotherapy for Puerto Rican Children, Giuseppe 'COstantino, Robert G. Malgady, and Lloyd H. Rogler (I 985). I tic Ifisilaw( fkrrarth Center t% rd by limrartGant 2P01 Mil 30569-06 AI Irmo the National 11:mititr of Mental Health, Center for Mworitv Group Mental Health Program. 5 a 4'1 - a 4, I CONTENTS %. 4. Preface viii Aacnowledgments xiii I Culturally Sensitive Therapy fin Hispanics 1 Cultural Sensitivity as Increased Accessibility of - Treatment.' f 2 ,ctilrural Stnsit'vitv as Selection or Modification of /- Treatipcnt 4 Cultural Sensitivity as Utilization of a Cultural Element to DeVteiO'a Treatmetu Modality r 9 2 The Background of Cuento therilpy 13 Folk H.ealjng Practices in Puerto Rico .14 The Functions of Folktales w 15 .StOrytelling in Psychotherapy 17 Theoretical Framey4,1;rk of Cuento Therapy. 20 11w Mother's Role in Cuento Therapy 23 SintiniaVy 25 3 Research Methodology 31 RegNarch Participants Original and Adapted Cuento Therapy 34 Art/Plav -therapy 44 Measurement Instruments 45 iv V 4. va tuition ofherapeutic Outcomes. 53 T-reatmeibt Effects on Trait Anxiety Treatment Effects on Cognition 57 Treatment Effects on Role-Playing Observations 58 Ito, Treatment Effects on TEMAS Profiles ,5.9 5 Clinical iltility of Cycnto Therapy .73 1/4 bait Anxiety ' . , 74 Cognitive Functioning 77 Aggressioii in Role-PlayingSituations 78 Personality Profiles 79° Culturally Sensitive Treatment Modalities = Revisited. ..80 -t I 41e t 7 4 / O TABLES I , 0 3.1 Frequency Distribution of Research -Participants' , Personal and Family Background. Variables (N = 210) 33 3*.2 Descriptive Statistics of Research Participants' Personal and Family Background Variables (N .=-rE10) 34 4.1 01;4;111 Means and Standard Deviations on Trait Aniety Scale at.Prete5s, Immedidte Posttest (N = 210) and One-Year Follow -up Posttest (N :4 178), 54 4.2 Overall Means and Standard Deviations of WISC Subtests at the Pretest and Immediate Posttest Evaluations (N = 210) . 56 4.3 Overall Means and Standard Deviations of Role-Playing Observations at Pretest, ImmedGe Posttest (N = 210) and. One -Year Follow-up Posttest (N = 178) ,,60 4.4 Overall Means and Standard Deviations on TEMAS Personality ,Variables at the Pretest, Immediate Posttest (N= 210) and One-Year Follow-up Posttest (N = 178) 602. 4.5 Summary of Therapkiti Outcomes of Original and Adapted Cuento Treatments 70 .te I vi .(> FIGURES ,4.1 First-graders' MeaN Trait Anxiety Scores 55 4.2 Meattfo llow-Up Trait Anxiety Scores o 36 4.3 Mean WISC Comprehension Spores 58 . 4.4Meant Observations of Aggression 61 4 .5 Mean Posttest Aggression Scenes 63 4.6. Mean. Posttest Anxiety Scores' 64 4.7 Mew- Posttest Sexual Identity Scores 65 4.8 -Mean Follow -Up Reality Testing Scores 66 4.9 Boys' Mean Follow-Up Self-Concept of Competence Scores. .. 67 4.10 Girls' Mean Follow-Up Self-C9ncePt of Competence Scores. .69 It is vii 9 1_ '" PREFACE About a year after we estabiished. Fordham University's Hispanic Research Center in 197.7, Dr. Giuseppe Costantino visited us to discuss research he wanted to undertake. A. clinical psychologist working in a community mental health center in one of New York City's boroughs, Dr. Costantino long had noted ttlat many of the emotionally troubled Puerto Rican children who came to the mental health center had problems which were rooted in 'their bicultutal.experience. Their complaints expressed the internal dualities and conflicts arising fzorti the 'differences between the norms, values, and folkw.../s of Puerto Rican culture and those of the host society, New York City. Since the mental health center watelocated in a catchment area with a substantial Puerto Rican populationtheproblt.... was serious. To cope wAh it, Dr. Costantino had begun to read and to discuss Puerto Rican folktales with his young Puerto Rican clients in an effort to increase their personal resilience and strengtlthy invoking pride in their own ethnic culture. As a psychologist, he was familiar with the professional literature on early socialization which showed the importance' of providing children with role models through storytelling., Puerto Rican folktales, he believed, could be used a a form of storytelling or cuento therapy to alleviate the emotional problems of his young clients. His clinical observations of the children appeared to support this idea. Beyond professional reasons, Dr. Costantino ,also had personal reasons for believing in the likely therapeutic efficacy of ethnic foAtales. His family background was of humble origins. His father had been a shoemaker and his mother an agricultural worker in the economically depressed prov,ince of Calabria in southern Italy. He recalled his mother as an exceptiolially intelligent woman strongly devoted to. the care, upbringing, and teaching of her children. Time and again in his early 'childhood, she recounted to him many stories drawn from Calabrian folktalPs. One theme; in particular, stuck to Dr. Costantino's memory: the model of persons who develop the strength and persever- ance reqpired to succeed in life in the face of adversities and barriers.
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