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1. Lady's Island Lake J J COASTAL LAGOONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND J (VOLUME 111) 1. LADY'S ISLAND LAKE J Brenda Healy J Geoff Oliver Pat Hatch Jervis Good February 1997 J Prepared for the National Parks and Wildlife Service (BioMar/Life) J J I LJ 1. LADY'S ISLAND LAKE CONTENTS 1.1 Study Area 1.2 Aquatic Fauna (Brenda Healy, Geoff Oliver) 1.2.1 Methods 1.2.2Results J 1.2.3Discussion 1.2.4Threats 1.2.5Evaluation J 1.2.6References J 1.3 Vegetation Survey (Pat Hatch) J 1.3.1 Site Description 1.3.2Methods 1.3.3Results Transect tables 1.3.4Evaluation !.4 Ecotonal Coleoptera (Jervis Good) 1.4.1 Site description 1.4.2Methods 1.4.3Results J 1.4.4Evaluation 1.4.5 References 1.5 Summary and Evaluation Lady's Island Lake 1. LADY'S ISLAND LAKE, Co. Wexford OS Grid Reference: T 099065,1.50 000 Sheet No: 77 J Alternative names: Our Lady's Island Lake, Loch Tochair 1.1 STUDY AREA Generalfeatures Lady's Island Lake is a natural, brackish, percolating lagoon, situatedon the southeast coast of Co Wexford about 3 km west of CarnsorePoint and 5 km from Rosslare Harbour (Fig. 1.1.1). It is impounded by a sand andgravel barrier which has no natural outlet but is periodically breached to relieve flooding. The lakeis named after Lady's Island which has been connected to the mainland by acauseway since early Christian times, and is still a place of pilgrimage in August. Breaching of the barrier, which has been carried out sinceat least the 17thcentury, is needed to relieve flooding of farmland and also the pilgrimageroute around Lady's Island. The cut is made in Spring when water levelsare highest and the water level then falls until the lake becomes tidal for variable lengths oftime. The practice has become contentious, however, because water levels sometimes fall too low, allowingpredators to cross over the exposed bed of the lake to theimportant tern nesting sites on the Sgarbheen and Inish Islands. The lagoon is of great ornithological interest, not only forup to 5,000 wintering waterfowl but also due to the presence of breeding terncolonies (Hutchinson 1979, Delany 1995, Sheppard 1993). Sandwich terns (Sterna sandvicensis) are themost numerous, but Common (S. hirundo), Arctic (S. paradisaea) and, recentlyRoseate terns (S. dougalli) also breed. Following Rockabill Island, which holds thelargest colony in Europe of the globally threatened Roseate terns, this lagoon holds the second largest colony in Ireland. There is almost no exploitation of the lake. Eels havebeen fished commercially in the past and there used to be some fishing for local consumptionwhen fish were plentiful, but this appears to have ceased. The main leisure activity is sail-boarding;a few small boats are seen in summer. Lady's Island Lake is the best documented lagoon in Ireland.There are published accounts of its geomorphology, ornithology, aquatic fauna and rare plantsand further papers on fauna and hydrology are in preparation. Faunal studiesare described in two publications (Healy et al. 1982, Norton and Healy 1984) andthree student theses. The cockle (Cerastoderma glaucum) population was listed in a survey ofthe species in Britain and Ireland (Boyden and Russell 1972). The long list ofpublications, not all of which are cited in this report, reflect the scientific value of thelake as possibly the best remaining example in Europe of a distinct and relatively rare geomorphologicalformation. Both the barrier and the lagoon itself have provided exceptional opportunities forstudying geomorphological, ecological and biological processes. Due to ornithological value, the two islands are listed asa Refuge for Fauna and the lagoon is designated as a Special Protection Area. The barrierand lagoon shoreline are 1 u 0 Walstle i 0 rlll: Rosetown Ballybro 0 0 0 Brittas Balywwan 1Shilmaine t Trimmer 0 tlfan CUKAU 4 Hams own 0 7- `ally (na 1 0 Batlyreilly Bennettstow D 0 0 acumsnane '.Windmill ' V Casue` I/Inisn 0 urziestown 1LadysIsland ')I- Lake \Clm and AoaaSlet R edstown Loch [ochatr_ 0 r tt Hillt0e n _Bunargate/ Cloug t osto.'town> Ill - Cnurf Grog an I rr Churchto Inisn 0 0 0 CARNSO Ceann 0 0 Fig. 1. 1. ISection of l .50 000 map showing locality of Lady'sIsland Lake D J Lady's Island Lake J also important for endangered plant species. The lagoon and barrierare a proposed J National Heritage Area (Site Code No. 00704). n i Climate and oceanographic influences Li (Climatic data are taken from Rohan 1986 and The RoyalIrish Academy Atlas of Ireland 1979)The region experiences a mild oceanic climate with a smallannual temperature 7 range of only 8°C and frequent cyclonic depressions accompanied byrain and strong winds. The mean daily air temperature is 6.5°C in Januaryand 15°C in July. The growing rl i season (the period of mean daily air temperatures above 6 °C) is around 10 monthsand LJ as snow and frosts are rare, some plant growth ispossible in winter months. Annual rainfall is approximately 900 mm, and the number of raindays (1 mm or more) is <150. Winds are mainly from the southwest. Mean annual hourly windspeeds are between 5.9 m/s and a maximum wind speed of 47 m/s isestimated to occur once in 50 years. The mean annual number of hours of bright sunshine is 1700which is the highest for the country. Mean relative humidity is around 85% as on allIrish coasts. Marine processes in the area are dominated by long periodAtlantic swell waves with median wave heights of 1.5-3.0 m and frequent cyclonic depressionswhich produce large waves, but inshore breakers rarely exceed 4.5 m with extremesreaching 8.5 m (Carter 1992). Maximum wave heights (averaging once in 50 years) are18-20 m (Couper 1983). Tides are semi-diurnal and the tidal range (MHWS-MLWS) at Rosslareis 3.1 m (Admiralty Tide Tables). Sea temperatures are lowest in February andhighest in August. J Landscape and Geology The area surrounding the lake is flat, consisting almost entirelyof grazing or arable land with natural vegetation mostly confined to wet or rocky groundnear the coast. A complex series of glacial deposits overlies a relatively flat LowerPalaeozoic bedrock (Carter and Orford 1982). A granite intrusion forms the headlandat Carnsore Point and large granite boulders are numerous at the surface to thewest of the Point and in the southeast corner of Lady's Island Lake. Surface geology consists ofsand, gravel and gravelly till producing mostly dry mineral soils. 7 Li Lake topography The lake is 3.7 km long and 0.8-1.8 km wide.The area varies seasonally but is generally estimated at around 450 ha although there are estimates ofup to 900 ha in the literature. Sediments grade from soft sandy mud in the north tocoarse, sandy gravel near the barrier. The bed is stony in places e.g. at thesouth end of the peninsula at Lady's Island and on the south shore and there are numerous graniteboulders in the southeast. rl Geomorphology of the harrier J Barrier systems extend uninterrupted for 12 km from Carnsore Pointto near Kilmore Quay. Early explanations for lagoon formation in the area suggestedthat they became isolated by westward migrating spits (Lowry and Carter 1981), butlater studies showed that the barrier on this part of the coast hasbeen, and still is, moving onshore by a "rolling-over" process rather than extending alongshore (Orford and Carter 1982).Coring of the lake revealed clay sediments with lacustrine floral remnants,dating from about 5000 y BP, underlying more recent sediments derived from thebarrier by washover 2 Level of bar in Feb. 1977, April 1979 and March1989 Level(2 months of bar after27-vii. cut) 'fg-" - - - - Highest- - - - - -recorded- ----. - - owest- - -level - - level-- - - - - ODS N Fig. 1.1.2thebreach lakeLady's is relative made, Island showingto Lake, sea level. Section variations through in the the height region of theof thebar barrier and waterwhere levels the in C C3 C2 O C C=7 Ci C C CC23 C C C23 C C O C C23 C C J Lady's Island Lake (Orford and Carter 1982). The original lagoon bed extends underthe barrier onto the shore where peat is visible at the surface in places. The gravel-dominated barrier of Lady's Island Lake, known locally asthe Coombe, is overlain with small aeolian dunes. It is composed of stratifiedcoarse to fine gravels with median grain sizes between 0 and 4 (0.06-1.0 mm), toppedwith small aeolian sand dunes, interrupted by relict washover fans (Carter & Orford 1980,Ruz 1989). At the point where the breach is made, laminations of coarse sedimentsrepresenting washover fans are visible at the cut face. However, the barrier crest has now stabilised at 5-12 m OD and washover only occurs in the region of thebreach (Fig. 1.1.2). The coarse sediments of the barrier allow extensive seaward seepage which issufficient to prevent the formation of outlet streams. Their absence is characteristic ofpercolation lagoons (Orford and Carter 1984). The beach is severely eroded, due to long-term failure inthe supply of sediment, possibly aggravated by illegal gravel extraction near Carnsore Point. Hydrology. Lake water levels were measured monthly from 1976-1980 (Healy etal. 1982), irregularly from 1981-1984 (Healy, unpublished), and weekly from 1985 (Hurley unpublished). Fluctuations in water level follow a regular seasonal pattern, risingin winter to reach a maximum in spring when the barrier is usually breached. Inyears when breaching is not carried out, the level starts to fall in early summerwhen evaporation and seepage through the barrier exceed inputs from groundwater, streams, drainage and runofffrom surrounding land, and direct rainfall.
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