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CANADA and NATO: an ALLIANCE FORGED in STRENGTH and RELIABILITY Report of the Standing Committee on National Defence

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CANADA and NATO: an ALLIANCE FORGED in STRENGTH and RELIABILITY Report of the Standing Committee on National Defence CANADA AND NATO: AN ALLIANCE FORGED IN STRENGTH AND RELIABILITY Report of the Standing Committee on National Defence Stephen Fuhr, Chair JUNE 2018 42nd PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION Published under the authority of the Speaker of the House of Commons SPEAKER’S PERMISSION The proceedings of the House of Commons and its Committees are hereby made available to provide greater public access. The parliamentary privilege of the House of Commons to control the publication and broadcast of the proceedings of the House of Commons and its Committees is nonetheless reserved. All copyrights therein are also reserved. Reproduction of the proceedings of the House of Commons and its Committees, in whole or in part and in any medium, is hereby permitted provided that the reproduction is accurate and is not presented as official. This permission does not extend to reproduction, distribution or use for commercial purpose of financial gain. Reproduction or use outside this permission or without authorization may be treated as copyright infringement in accordance with the Copyright Act. Authorization may be obtained on written application to the Office of the Speaker of the House of Commons. Reproduction in accordance with this permission does not constitute publication under the authority of the House of Commons. The absolute privilege that applies to the proceedings of the House of Commons does not extend to these permitted reproductions. Where a reproduction includes briefs to a Standing Committee of the House of Commons, authorization for reproduction may be required from the authors in accordance with the Copyright Act. Nothing in this permission abrogates or derogates from the privileges, powers, immunities and rights of the House of Commons and its Committees. For greater certainty, this permission does not affect the prohibition against impeaching or questioning the proceedings of the House of Commons in courts or otherwise. The House of Commons retains the right and privilege to find users in contempt of Parliament if a reproduction or use is not in accordance with this permission. Also available on the House of Commons website at the following address: www.ourcommons.ca CANADA AND NATO: AN ALLIANCE FORGED IN STRENGTH AND RELIABILITY Report of the Standing Committee on National Defence Stephen Fuhr Chair JUNE 2018 42nd PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION NOTICE TO READER Reports from committees presented to the House of Commons Presenting a report to the House is the way a committee makes public its findings and recommendations on a particular topic. Substantive reports on a subject-matter study usually contain a synopsis of the testimony heard, the recommendations made by the committee, as well as the reasons for those recommendations. To assist the reader: A list of abbreviations used in this report is available on page ix Photomontage prepared by Library of Parliament using images from North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Pixabay. STANDING COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE CHAIR Stephen Fuhr VICE-CHAIRS James Bezan Randall Garrison MEMBERS Leona Alleslev Jean Rioux* Darren Fisher Sherry Romanado* Cheryl Gallant Sven Spengemann Mark Gerretsen David Yurdiga Yves Robillard OTHER MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT WHO PARTICIPATED Sheri Benson Robert Kitchen Pierre Paul-Hus Rachel Blaney Guy Lauzon Bob Saroya Mike Bossio Alaina Lockhart Terry Sheehan Earl Dreeshen Larry Maguire Gagan Sikand Garnett Genuis Bryan May Francesco Sorbara Majid Jowhari Hon. John McKay Arnold Viersen Hon. Peter Kent Hon. Erin O’Toole Mark Warwara Hon. Aline Wong * Non-voting member, pursuant to Standing Order 104(5). iii CLERK OF THE COMMITTEE Elizabeth Kingston LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT Parliamentary Information and Research Service Martin Auger, Analyst Stéphanie Le Saux-Farmer, Analyst iv THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE has the honour to present its TENTH REPORT Pursuant to its mandate under Standing Order 108(2), the Committee has studied Canada’s Involvement in NATO and has agreed to report the following: v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................. ix SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................. 1 CANADA AND NATO: AN ALLIANCE FORGED IN STRENGTH AND RELIABILITY ........ 9 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 9 NATO AND THE GLOBAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT .................................................... 13 1. Russia, China and the Global Balance of Power .................................................... 14 2. Hybrid Warfare and the Cyber Threat ...................................................................... 18 3. Advancements in Weaponry and Military Technology ...................................... 22 4. Nuclear Weapons .............................................................................................................. 23 5. Ballistic and Cruise Missile Proliferation ................................................................ 26 6. Space Domain Threats .................................................................................................... 28 7. Threats to the Arctic and Maritime Security Environments ............................ 29 8. Terrorism and Instability on NATO’s Southern Flank ........................................ 33 9. Political Dynamics and Threats to NATO’s Unity ................................................. 34 10. Public Understanding and Defence Sector Engagement ................................. 36 THE IMPORTANCE OF NATO AND CANADA’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THAT ALLIANCE ........................................................................................................................... 38 1. NATO’s Evolution and Response to Global Threats ............................................ 39 2. Canada’s Contributions to NATO ................................................................................ 46 3. Canada and NATO Operations ..................................................................................... 50 4. Canada Matters to NATO ................................................................................................ 56 IMPROVING AND STRENGTHENING CANADA’S PARTICIPATION IN NATO ........ 57 1. NATO Burden-Sharing and Defence Spending ...................................................... 58 2. Public Outreach, Educational Awareness and Communications Issues ...... 62 vii 3. NATO’s Procurement and Defence Industry Issues ............................................ 66 4. NATO’s Research and Development and Emerging Technologies ................ 72 5. NATO and Cyber Defence............................................................................................... 73 6. NATO and the Arctic ........................................................................................................ 76 7. NATO and Maritime Security ....................................................................................... 79 8. Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Disarmament................................................. 83 9. NATO and the Space Domain ....................................................................................... 86 10. Women, Peace and Security ....................................................................................... 87 11. NATO’s Unity and Interoperability .......................................................................... 92 12. Canada and NATO Centres of Excellence .............................................................. 97 CONCLUDING REMARKS ........................................................................................................... 99 LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 102 Appendix A: North Atlantic Treaty .................................................................................................... 109 Appendix B: NATO Countries............................................................................................................... 113 Appendix C: Russian Long Range Aviation Flight Paths ........................................................... 115 Appendix D: Defence Expenditure per Capita (U.S. Dollars), 2017 ..................................... 117 Appendix E: Equipment Expenditure as a Share of Defence Expenditure (%), 2017 .... 119 Appendix F: Defence Expenditure as a Share of GDP (%), 2017 .......................................... 121 Appendix G: Canadian Defence Expenditure as a Share of GDP (%) Since 1950 .......... 123 Appendix H: List of Witnesses ............................................................................................................. 127 Appendix I: List of Briefs ........................................................................................................................ 131 Appendix J: Travel to Brussels, Belgium and Riga, Latvia ....................................................... 133 Request for Government Response .................................................................................................. 137 viii LIST OF ACRONYMS AOPS Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ship AWACS Airborne Warning and Control
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