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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY of the FUEL OXYGENATE METHYL Te/F-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) with EMPHASIS on WATER QUALITY

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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY of the FUEL OXYGENATE METHYL Te/F-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) with EMPHASIS on WATER QUALITY SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE FUEL OXYGENATE METHYL te/f-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) WITH EMPHASIS ON WATER QUALITY U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 97-564 National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE FUEL OXYGENATE METHYL terf-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) WITH EMPHASIS ON WATER QUALITY By Ellse V. Brachtl, Curtis V. Price, and Rick M. Clawges U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 97-564 Rapid City, South Dakota 1997 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 1608 Mt. View Road Box 25286 Rapid City, SD 57702 Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 FOREWORD The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey Describe how water quality is changing over (USGS) is to assess the quantity and quality of the time. earth resources of the Nation and to provide informa­ Improve understanding of the primary natural tion that will assist resource managers and policy- and human factors that affect water-quality conditions. makers at Federal, State, and local levels in making This information will help support the develop­ sound decisions. Assessment of water-quality condi­ ment and evaluation of management, regulatory, and tions and trends is an important part of this overall monitoring decisions by other Federal, State, and local mission. agencies to protect, use, and enhance water resources. One of the greatest challenges faced by water- The goals of the NAWQA Program are being resources scientists is acquiring reliable information achieved through ongoing and proposed investigations that will guide the use and protection of the Nation's of 59 of the Nation's most important river basins and water resources. That challenge is being addressed by aquifer systems, which are referred to as Study Units. Federal, State, interstate, and local water-resource These Study Units are distributed throughout the agencies and by many academic institutions. These Nation and cover a diversity of hydrogeologic organizations are collecting water-quality data for a settings. More than two-thirds of the Nation's fresh­ host of purposes that include: compliance with permits water use occurs within the 59 Study Units and mo-e and water-supply standards; development of remedia­ than two-thirds of the people served by public water- tion plans for a specific contamination problem; oper­ supply systems live within their boundaries. ational decisions on industrial, wastewater, or water- National synthesis of data analysis, based on supply facilities; and research on factors that affect aggregation of comparable information obtained from water quality. An additional need for water-quality the Study Units, is a major component of the program. information is to provide a basis on which regional This effort focuses on selected water-quality topics and national-level policy decisions can be based. Wise using nationally consistent information. Comparative decisions must be based on sound information. As a studies will explain differences and similarities in society we need to know whether certain types of observed water-quality conditions among study areas water-quality problems are isolated or ubiquitous, and will identify changes and trends and their causes. whether there are significant differences in conditions The first topics addressed by the national synthesis are among regions, whether the conditions are changing pesticides, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, and over time, and why these conditions change from aquatic biology. Discussions on these and other wa'er- place to place and over time. The information can be quality topics will be published in periodic summaries used to help determine the efficacy of existing water- of the quality of the Nation's ground and surface water quality policies and to help analysts determine the as the information becomes available. need for and likely consequences of new policies. This report is an element of the comprehensive To address these needs, the Congress appropri­ body of information developed as part of the NAWO A ated funds in 1986 for the USGS to begin a pilot Program. The program depends heavily on the advice, program in seven project areas to develop and refine cooperation, and information from many Federal, the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) State, interstate, Tribal, and local agencies and the Program. In 1991, the USGS began full implementa­ public. The assistance and suggestions of all are tion of the program. The NAWQA Program builds greatly appreciated. upon an existing base of water-quality studies of the USGS, as well as those of other Federal, State, and local agencies. The objectives of the NAWQA Program are to: Describe current water-quality conditions for a Robert M. Hirsch large part of the Nation's freshwater streams, rivers, Chief Hydrologist and aquifers. Foreword III CONTENTS Ab&iract............................................................................................................................................^ 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................^ 1 Purpose and scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Sources of bibliographic information.......................................................................................................................... 2 Keywords.......................................................................................................................................................^ 2 Using the bibliography and keyword index................................................................................................................. 2 Using the online bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Bibliography .......................................................... 3 Keyword index .................................................................................................................................................................^ 23 Reference cited.....................................................^ 25 TABLE 1. Keywords assigned to references in this methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) bibliography........................................ 2 CONVERSION FACTOR Multiply By To obtain Mass kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound avoirdupois Contentr Selected Bibliography of the Fuel Oxygenate Methyl ferf-Butyl Ether (MTBE) with Emphasis on Water Quality By Elise V. Brachtl, Curtis V. Price, anof Rick M. Clawges ABSTRACT by about 26 percent annually, with 8.0 billion kilo­ grams produced in 1995 (Office of Science and A selected bibliography of scientific litera­ Technology Policy, 1995, p. 2-5). Essentially all of the ture on the fuel oxygenate methyl tert-buty\ ether MTBE produced or imported in the United States is (MTBE) is presented in this report. The primary used in the oxygenation of gasoline. Recently, several focus of the bibliography is on the water-quality concerns were raised by the public about MTBE. To aspects of MTBE. The bibliography includes 268 address these concerns, a Federal interagency assess­ references. Each reference has been assigned a ment on the United States' wintertime oxygenated- key word(s) on the basis of its subject matter. gasoline program was completed in 1996 and 1997. Bibliographic entries are listed alphabetically by The assessment considered human health, air quality, fuel economy and engine performance, and ground principal author, either individual(s) or organiza­ water and drinking water. Scientific state-of-under- tion^), and by date (most recent entry last for standing chapters were prepared on each topic and multiple entries by the same principal author). combined in a final report (Office of Science and Entries are numbered consecutively and include Technology Policy, 1995). The National Water- their assigned keyword(s). The keyword index is Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Volatile Organic grouped by six major topical categories. Within Compound (VOC) National Synthesis Team of the each major category, associated keywords are U.S. Geological Survey has prepared this bibliograohy listed alphabetically. The keyword index identi­ in support of the Interagency Oxygenated Fuel Assess­ fies those references (via their reference number) ment as a means of obtaining pertinent and current associated with each keyword. The bibliography (1997) water-quality-related information on MTBE. also is available in searchable form on the Internet using Internet browser software. Instructions are Purpose and Scope given within the report on how to access the Inter­ net version of the bibliography, which will be This report describes and presents a bibliography updated periodically as long as funding permits. of selected references concerning MTBE collected by the NAWQA VOC National Synthesis Team. The primary focus of the bibliography is on the water- INTRODUCTION quality aspects of MTBE. The bibliography contains 268 references received as of June 1997. New infor­ Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is the most mation will be added periodically to an online version widely used fuel oxygenate in the United States. From of the bibliography
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