RURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE DOI:10.22616/rrd.23.2017.027

ANALYSIS OF DAMAGED LAND CHANGES IN KLAIPEDA COUNTY OF

Giedrė Ivavičiūtė Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania Forestry and Environmental Engineering University of Applied Sciences, Lithuania Klaipėda State University of Applied Sciences, Lithuania [email protected]

Abstract The article presents the analysis of the current situation of the damaged land in Klaipeda County. The study found that the number of affected areas in the county – 266. Because the damaged areas consist of mineral quarries and territories occupied by dumps, the article contains the description and condition of these areas. It was found that mostly sand deposits (60) predominate in Klaipeda County, of which only 8 are used. The smallest number of the deposits – the salt deposits (2). The mainly used deposits in the county are sand and gravel deposits – 29, unused – sand deposits (52). The Klaipeda municipal waste management region comprises 7 municipalities, 39 old landfills and dumps were shut down. At present, 1 regional non-hazardous waste landfill has been arranged. In Klaipeda County, in 2015, damaged land occupied 2,391.06 hectares and amounted to 0.46 percent of the county’s area. During the period between the years 2005 and 2015 the damaged land area in Klaipeda County increased by 130.25 hectares. The analysis of the damaged land by type of ownership showed that the damaged land areas in private land increased by 75.54 hectares or 58.52 percent. In the state land, the damaged land area decreased by 442.35 hectares or 20.04 percent. Key words: damaged land, landfills, mineral quarries, rehabilitation.

Introduction Natural and legal persons exploiting mineral Article relevance. Damaged land management deposits and peat bogs, engaged in geological becomes more and more important, because due to prospecting, exploration, construction and other the improperly managed and uncontrolled landfills as works related to the fertile soil layer infringement well as due to the damage of not rehabilitated quarries, must start the rehabilitation of damaged agricultural the threat is being posed to human health and the land and forest areas into agricultural land and forest, environment. Landscape ecological stability and unity and if it is technically impossible – into bodies of are life survival necessities. water (Lietuvos, 1995). Natural landscape is decreasing and losing According to the Terrestrial Law (Lietuvos, 2001 the ecological and aesthetic value every year. The b), mineral deposits’ users in the first five years of landscape is polluted by abandoned residential and the use of geothermal resources must accumulate the farm buildings, reinforced concrete electric poles, funds needed for land rehabilitation after mining and illegal waste landfills, cut down forest areas, not other necessary measures of environmental elements rehabilitated quarries, innings, wasteland and others. to implement the recovery; however, this provision is In the Journal of the National Land Service “Land not always carried out. Fund of the Republic of Lithuania by January 1, 2015” According to Virginija Atkoceviciene and Vilma the damaged land is described in the following way: Sudoniene (Sudoniene & Atkoceviciene, 2013), land operating and depleted mineral quarries, peat bogs owners and users, operating mineral quarries must and landfill areas (Nacionaline, 2005 – 2015). comply with the requirements and regulations in According to the principal purpose of land use, order to preserve the fertile soil layer. In their research the damaged land is classed as land used for other paper, the authors analyze the problems in the field of purposes. damaged land management and find that excavation, Minerals are natural materials existing in the earth’s violation of accounting and control of the fertile layer crust that can be used for substantive production or of soil are not being carried out, which is necessary to other uses (Lietuvos, 2001). regulate the rehabilitation of damaged lands. Mineral quarrying has a significant impact on Urbanization, the growth of population and nature and social environment (Burger, 2008). generated waste in all parts of the world cause for The Law on Land of the Republic of Lithuania concern and promote a sustainable and effective waste Art. 21 Item 6 (Lietuvos, 2004) states that the land management system (Sumathi, Natesan, & Sarkar, owners and other users, exploiting mineral resources, 2008). must preserve the fertile soil layer and rehabilitation The Waste Management Law of the Republic of of damaged land. Lithuania (Lietuvos, 2002) provides that the landfill

180 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2017, VOLUME 1 ANALYSIS OF DAMAGED LAND CHANGES IN KLAIPEDA COUNTY OF LITHUANIA Giedrė Ivavičiūtė is a waste disposal facility for the deposit of the waste The study provides the damaged land change onto or into land (i.e. underground). The landfill is analysis in Klaipeda County. The ten-year period, assigned to a group of sources of pollution that pose i.e. the period between the years 2005 and 2015, was a potential threat to groundwater users and other selected for the determination of the change. For environmental objects. the fulfilment of the analysis, statistics of the land 15 waste disposal methods are foreseen in the fund and other sources of the Republic of Lithuania European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/98/ (Geological Survey of Lithuania, the Ministry of EC (The European, 2008) and the above-mentioned Environment, county and regional waste management Lithuanian Republic Waste Management Law. Waste centers) were used. They were systematized, analyzed placement in a landfill is the least desirable option, but and expression of the percentage was calculated still the dominant method of Lithuania. during the preparation of the research. As stated in the European Parliament and the General plans and solutions, regional development Council Directive 1999/31/EC (The European, 1999), plans, National Waste Management Plan, regional operating and the after closing landfills should be waste management plans were considered. monitored and properly managed in order to reduce or counteract adverse effects on the environment Results and Discussion and human health. It is necessary to protect natural Characterization of Klaipeda County. resources, minimize the destruction of land, to Klaipeda region is the only region in Lithuania stimulate waste prevention, recycling, and disposal of having access to the sea. In the north, it is bordered used materials and energy recovery. by and to the south with the Kaliningrad region In planning, managing and rehabilitating of Russian Federation. It consists of 7 municipalities, damaged land areas rational, innovative models but only 4 of them have a coastline. Neringa of them, should be selected that ensure the sustainable use of except for tourism and the length of coastline of 60.6 natural resources and ecosystem conservation and km, can not fall within the scope of business activity, management. since it is located in a protected area. The coastline The object of the research is Klaipeda County of the other three municipalities comes to the city damaged land. of Klaipeda – 4.03 km, Klaipeda district – 12.98 km The aim of the research is to carry out the analysis and city – 20.48 km. The territory from a of the Klaipeda County damaged land area during the northern pier in Klaipeda to the Lithuanian - Latvian period between the years 2005 and 2015. border is 38.4 km. 3 municipalities – Šilute, Goals of the research: and have no access to the sea (Markevicius, 1. To describe the status quo of the damaged land 2015). in Klaipeda county. Klaipeda county covers an area of 522220.58 2. To analyze and compare the damaged land hectars that makes 7.99 percent of the entire territory change in Klaipeda county during the period of Lithuania. The agricultural lands make up 53.55 between the years 2005 and 2015. percent, forest area 26.89 percent, water bodies 10.43 percent, roads 1.63 percent, other land 3.07 percent of Materials and Methods the Klaipeda county. Comparative, analytical as well as statistical and According to the functional priorities of the logical analysis methods were used for the research. region’s territories established in the general plan The land fund statistics of the Republic of Lithuania of the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos, 2002 a) (Nacionalinė žemės, 2005 – 2015), graphically Klaipeda County area falls into the first functional depicted in figures, were used for the fulfilment of area, in which the recreational use priority of the the research of the dameged land change in Klaipeda national interest, maritime shipping, offshore fishing, county for the years 2005 – 2015. institutionally organized conversion, conversion set The following scientific methods were used in this at the level of laws and sustainable forestry become article: the directives and Lithuanian apparent. Klaipeda region functional priorities include legislation, analysis of scientific literature, existing a transport development, industrial development, positioning and measurement, comparative method, sustainable agriculture and forestry. logical analysis, analytical, filing method, graphic and generalization methods. The current situation of damaged land in Klaipeda The article analyzed and assessed the current state county. of the damaged land in the city of Klaipeda, i.e. the In Lithuania, the areas damaged by quarries, peat current state of the mineral deposits’ areas and dumps bogs and landfills are several times larger than was analyzed, the statistics were presented, which they should be according to the solid mineral mining were systemized to structure and presented graphs. open workings scale and the used mining technology.

RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2017, VOLUME 1 181 [Type here]

bogs and landfills are several times larger than they 42.80 percent). The town of Palanga, Klaipeda City and should be according to the solid mineral mining open the (Fig. 1) each has one such workings scale and the used mining technology. area. TheANALYSIS number of damagedOF DAMAGED areas in theLAND county CHANGES – 266. GiedrėAlmost Ivavičiūtė half of the damaged areas of Klaipeda IN KLAIPEDA COUNTY OF LITHUANIA County are situated in Klaipeda district (113 pcs., or

113 120 Damaged land 100 80 63 60 49 38 40 20 1 1 1 0 Klaipeda Klaipeda Kretinga Neringa Palanga Skuodas Silute d. city d. d. city d.

FigureFigure 1. 1 The. The number number of damaged area areass in in Klaipeda Klaipeda County, County, in piecesin pieces (Compiled by the author of the article). (Compiled by the author of the article). Mineral deposits in Klaipeda County. (Valstybės, 2013). Some of them were managed LithuaniaAlmost has half 17 of species the damaged of minerals areas used ofin the Klaipeda world illegally,used (Valstybės, were not 2013). registered, Some with of themno permits. were managed These Countyand investigated are situated at various in Klaipeda detail districtlevels (113(Lietuvos pcs., landfillsillegally, did were not notmeet registered, environmental with andno permits.public health These orgeologijos 42.80 , percent). 2017). The town of Palanga, Klaipeda safetylandfills requirements, did not meet and theirenvironmental condition wasand poor.public health City Many and Lithuanian the Neringa minerals municipality are on the (Fig. surface, 1) eachthey arehas safetyThroughout requirements, Lithuania and in their2009 condition, there were was about poor. 680 onewell suchresearched, area. The easily number accessible of damaged – mined areas by inopen the smallThroughout (up to 1 hectare) Lithuania municipal in 2009, waste therelandfills were /dumps, about quarries. Separate kinds of mineral resources within the about 120 medium-sized (1-5 hectare) landfills and 35 county – 266. 680 small (up to 1 hectare) municipal waste landfills / country are distributed unevenly. Their deposits cover large (more than 5 hectares) landfills. In 2011, 11 only 4.3 percent of Lithuanian territory. In various regionaldumps, aboutlandfills 120 medium-sizedwere arranged (1-5 and hectare) adapted landfills in Minerallayers of depositsthe deposits in Klaipeda, there are County. almost all kinds of the Lithuaniaand 35 large in (moreaccordance than 5 hectares)with the landfills. environme In ntal2011, mostLithuania important has non -17metallic species minerals of minerals (Lietuvos usedžemės in, requirements11 regional of landfills the installation were and arranged use. and adapted in the2017). world and investigated at various detail levels LithuaniaKlaipeda in municipal accordance waste with management the environmental region (Lietuvos Extensive geologijos, spread 2017).of Lithuanian territory is comprisesrequirements 7 municipalities, of the installation 39 old and dumps use. were shut characterizedMany Lithuanian by gravel minerals and sand. are Theseon the resourcessurface, they are downKlaipeda in them, municipal1 regional non waste-hazardous management waste landfill, region aremainly well exploredresearched, not easily only accessible in Klaipeda, – mined but by also open in 10comprises bulky 7waste municipalities, collection 39sites, old dumps7 green were waste shut , Kaunas, Utena, and Taurage counties. composting sites were arranged, a mechanical waste quarries.Peat deposits Separate are kindslocated of mineralthroughout resources the country, within treatmentdown in plant them, was built, 1 regional 10,000 individual non-hazardous composting waste theincluding country Klaipeda are distributed County. Also,unevenly. rock saltTheir is founddeposits in containerslandfill, were 10 purchased. bulky waste collection sites, 7 green coverthe county. only Although 4.3 percent clay isof found Lithuanian almost everywhere territory. inIn wasteAt present,composting there sites is wereno complete arranged, and a mechanical accurate variousthe country, layers these of mineralsthe deposits, are not there found are in almost Klaipeda all informationwaste treatment about plantthe damaged was built, areas 10,000 in the individualcountry; kindsCounty. of the most important non-metallic minerals thereforecomposting, it iscontainers necessary were to syste purchased.matically collect and (LietuvosSand deposits žemės, are 2017).located mainly in Klaipeda County – analyzeAt data.present, This there should is be no a singlecomplete institution and accuratewhich, 60, Extensiveof which only spread 8 deposits of areLithuanian used. The leastterritory are salts is accordinginformation to theabout data the available damaged, should areas coordinatein the country; the deposits – 2 (Fig. 2). land rehabilitation process. characterized by gravel and sand. These resources therefore, it is necessary to systematically collect and It was found that, overall in the county, the most used The damaged land change. areare mainlysand and explored gravel deposits not only – in29 Klaipeda, (Fig. 3), notbut usedalso –in analyzeIn 2015, data. the This damaged should be land a single in Klaipeda institution County which, Vilnius,sand deposits Kaunas, (52). Utena, Alytus and Taurage counties. coveredaccording 2391.06 to the hectar dataes available, and amounted should to coordinate10.62 percent the PeatSand deposits and gravel are depositslocated arethroughout the most theexplored country, in ofland all rehabilitationLithuanian damaged process. lands and 0.46 percent of the includingdetail ones. Klaipeda Currently, County. there are Also, 24 peatrock deposits,salt is found which in entire county's area. In 2005, the analyzed land area of theare county.preparatory Although explored. clay The is foundprognostic almost 32 sandeverywhere and 23 theThe county damaged was land2,260.81 change. hectares or 9.14 percent of all inpea thet deposits country, were these revealed minerals (Fig are. 4 not). found in Klaipeda country’sIn 2015, damaged the damaged lands and land 0.43 in Klaipeda percent of County the County.Landfills. Klaipecoveredda 2391.06County areahectares (Fig. and5). amountedDuring the toperiod 10.62 In 2006, Lithuania registered 850 municipal waste between the years 2005 and 2014 the analyzed area landfillsSand (contaminated deposits are sites), located of which mainly 35 0 in were Klaipeda used declinedpercent eachof all year Lithuanian (366.81 ha, damaged or an average lands ofand 40.76 0.46 County – 60, of which only 8 deposits are used. The percent of the entire county‘s area. In 2005, the least are salts deposits – 2 (Fig. 2). analyzed land area of the county was 2,260.81 It was found that, overall in the county, the most hectares or 9.14 percent of all country’s damaged used are sand and gravel deposits – 29 (Fig. 3), not lands and 0.43 percent of the Klaipeda County area used – sand deposits (52). (Fig. 5). During the period between the years 2005 Sand and gravel deposits are the most explored and 2014 the analyzed area declined each year (366.81 in detail ones. Currently, there are 24 peat deposits, ha, or an average of 40.76 hectares per year) and was which are preparatory explored. The prognostic 32 only 1,894.00 hectares, but in 2015 the area picked sand and 23 peat deposits were revealed (Fig. 4). up again. During the period between the years 2005 and 2015 the damaged land area in Klaipeda County Landfills. increased by 130.25 hectares or 5.44 percent. It was In 2006, Lithuania registered 850 municipal waste influenced by the Klaipeda region landfill section III landfills (contaminated sites), of which 350 were with the asbestos waste disposal area, the reserved

182 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2017, VOLUME 1 [Type[Type here] here] ANALYSIS OF DAMAGED LAND CHANGES IN KLAIPEDA COUNTY OF LITHUANIA Giedrė Ivavičiūtė hectareshectares per per year) year) and and was was only only 1,894.00 1,894.00 hectares, hectares, but but in in damageddamaged laland.nd. DuringDuring thethe periodperiod betweenbetween thethe yearsyears 20152015 thethe areaarea pickedpicked upup again.again. DuringDuring thethe periodperiod 20052005 and and 2015 2015 the the damaged damaged land land area area in in Klaipeda Klaipeda bebetweentweenarea the forthe years yearsconstruction 2005 2005 and and and 2015 2015 mineral the the damaged damaged production, land land area areafor inregionregion Kretinga decreased decreased district. by by 51.73 51.73 That hectares areahectares decreased or or 12.38 12.38 by percent. percent. 142.49 inin Klaipeda Klaipedaexample, County Countyoil extraction increased increased area by by 130.25 130.25businesses hectares hectares and or or4 5.44 new5.44 hectaresInIn 2005,2005, or the32.55the largestlargest percent. areaarea Thereofof thethe damagedweredamaged no damaged landland waswas inin percent.percent.drilling It It equipment. was was influenced influenced by by the the Klaipeda Klaipeda region region landsKretingaKretinga in thedistrict. district. Neringa That That municipalityarea area decreased decreased during by by 142.49 142.49 the period hectares hectares landfilllandfill Thesection section largest III III with areawith theof the the asbestos asbestos damaged waste waste land disposal disposal in 2015 area, area, was betweenoror 332.552.55 the percent.percent. years 2005 ThereThere and werewere 2010. nono In damageddamaged 2011 – 2013, landslands the inin thethe the reserved area for construction and mineral Neringa municipality during the period between the thefixed reserved in the arKlaipedaea for region construction municipality, and accounting mineral areaNeringa of 1.85 municipality ha was fixed, during which the inperiod 2014 betweendecreased the production, for example, oil extraction area businesses years 2005 and 2010. In 2011 – 2013, the area of 1.85 ha production,for 15.32 for percent example, of oil the extraction entire Klaipeda area businesses County toyears 0.93 2005 hectares. and 2010. In 2015,In 2011 the – 2013,damaged the arealand of area 1.85 ha and 4 new drilling equipment. was fixed, which in 2014 decreased to 0.93 hectares. In anddamaged 4 new drilling land. Duringequipment. the period between the years inwas Neringa fixed, whichmunicipality in 2014 occupied decreased 1.99 to 0.93 ha, hectares.i.e. the In The largest area of the damaged land in 2015 was 2015, the damaged land area in Neringa municipality The2005 largest and 2015area theof the damaged damaged land land area in in 2015 Klaipeda was smallest2015, the area damaged of all Klaipeda land area district in Neringa municipalities. municipality fixedfixed in in the the Klaipeda Klaipeda region region municipality, municipality, accounting accounting occupiedoccupied 1.99 1.99 ha, ha, i.e. i.e. the the smallest smallest area area of of all all Klaipeda Klaipeda for region 15.32 decreased percent by of 51.73 the hectares entire Klaipeda or 12.38 percent. County districtDamaged municipalities. land can be as in the land of private for 15.32In 2005, percent the largest of thearea entireof the damaged Klaipeda land County was property,district municipalities. as well as in the state land. The damaged

70 70 60 56 sandsand 6060 60 56 sand and gravel 5050 43 sand and gravel 40 43 40 3333 peatpeat 3030 2424 20 gravel 20 5 gravel 10 5 10 22 amberamber 00 saltsalt sandsand sandsand peatpeat gravelgravel amberamber saltsalt oiloil oil andand oil gravelgravel

Figure 2. Mineral deposits in Klaipeda County FigureFigure 2. 2. Mineral Mineral deposits deposits in in Klaipeda Klaipeda County County (Compiled by the author of the article). (Co(Compilmpileded by by the the author author of of the the article) article). . 6060 5252 5050 41 Used deposits 40 41 Used deposits 40 29 29 2828 NotNot used used deposits deposits 3030 20 1616 20 1414 1515 88 88 1010 5 5 5 5 2 0 2 [Type here] 0 sand sand and peat gravel amber salt oil sand sand and peat gravel amber salt oil gravelgravel

FigureFigure 3. 3. Condition Condition of of m mineralineral deposits deposits in in Klaipeda Klaipeda County County Figure 3. Condition(Compiled of by mineral the author deposits of the in article) Klaipeda. County (Compiled(Compiled byby thethe authorauthor ofof thethe article).article).

35 32 32 30 detail explored 24 23 25 preparatory explored 18 20 17 16 prognostic deposits 17 15 10 9 10 6 5 4 5 5 1 1 1 2 0 sand sand and peat gravel amber salt oil gravel

FigureFigure 4.4. DepositsDeposits explorationexploration inin KlaipedaKlaipeda CountyCounty (Co(Compiledmpiled byby thethe authorauthor ofof thethe article)article)..

3000 2260,81 2391,06 2500 2191,46 2194 2158,79 2158,79 2166,65 2000 2252,47 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT2136,36 2017,2109,37 VOLUME 1 1894 183 1500 1000 Damage land in Klaipeda county ha 500 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 5. The damaged land change in Klaipeda County in ha during the years 2005 – 2015 (Nacionalinė, 2005 – 2015), (Compiled by the author of the article).

Damaged land can be as in the land of private Klaipeda region is equipped with 937 collection sites, property, as well as in the state land. The damaged land to be equipped with an extra 816 ones. By 2020, bulky analysis by type of ownership showed that the damaged waste collection sites (two in Klaipeda region, one – in land area in private land increased by 75.54 hectares or Kretinga town and Silute district) are to be arranged and 58.52 percent. State land area decreased by 442.35 the construction of the Klaipeda region landfill section hectares or 20.04 percent (Fig. 6). III with the asbestos waste disposal area Analysis of the damaged land of Klaipeda region in (Ekokonsultacijos, 2014). planning documents. Thus, in order to develop an efficient municipal In Klaipeda region, the waste management is carried waste collection, sorting, storage and handling system in out in accordance with approved waste management the county, it is planned to construct waste collection plans and programs (Klaipedos, 2013). The main aim of container sites in all cities and towns of the county, as the regional waste management plan is to harmonize the well as to expand the municipal waste collection system actions of municipalities in organizing municipal waste in rural areas (Lietuvos, 2016). management systems and the creation of (common for A total of 439 mineral deposits (peat, oil, bulk several municipalities) waste recovery or disposal materials and amber) are in Klaipeda region. Only 6 facilities (Ekokonsultacijos, 2014). percent of bulk material resources are already fully Looking for the sustainable development of the exploited. Mining activities are developed by the Klaipeda County waste management system (for the ten- initiative of private investors. These activities must be year period), it has been foreseen in the general (master) conducted in accordance with the principles of plan (Valstybės, 2012) to collect, store, sort, and manage sustainable development. municipal waste in the regional landfill in Dumpiai In order to fully evaluate the mineral resources (Klaipeda district). For the landfill development the land projected demand changes in the region, it is appropriate (12.6 hectares), next to the landfill, was reserved. to prepare the Klaipeda County mineral exploitation Rehabilitation works of Kiskenai, Joskaudai, Puodkaliai, feasibility study (with development potential). Ankstakiai, Rumsai landfills were organized. [Type here]

35 32 32 30 detail explored 24 23 25 preparatory explored 18 20 17 16 prognostic deposits 17 15 10 9 10 6 5 4 5 5 1 1 1 2 0 sand sand and peat gravel amber salt oil gravel ANALYSIS OF DAMAGED LAND CHANGES Giedrė Ivavičiūtė IN KLAIPEDA COUNTY OF LITHUANIA Figure 4. Deposits exploration in Klaipeda County (Compiled by the author of the article).

3000 2260,81 2391,06 2500 2191,46 2194 2158,79 2158,79 2166,65 2000 2252,47 2136,36 2109,37 1894 1500 1000 Damage land in Klaipeda county ha 500 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

FigureFig 5.ure The 5. Thedamaged damaged land land change change in Klaipeda in Klaipeda County County in ha in during ha during the yearsthe years 2005 2005 – 2015 – 2015 (Nacionalinė(Nacionalinė,, 20052005 –– 2015), (Compiled(Compiled by the author of the article).article).

land analysis by type of ownership showed that the bulky waste collection sites (two in Klaipeda region, Damaged land can be as in the land of private Klaipeda region is equipped with 937 collection sites, damaged land area in private land increased by 75.54 one – in Kretinga town and Silute district) are to be property, as well as in the state land. The damaged land to be equipped with an extra 816 ones. By 2020, bulky hectares or 58.52 percent. State land area decreased by arranged and the construction of the Klaipeda region analysis by type of ownership showed that the damaged waste collection sites (two in Klaipeda region, one – in land442.35 area in hectares private orland 20.04 increased percent by (Fig. 75.54 6). hectares or landfillKretinga townsection and III Silute with district) the arasbestose to be arranged waste disposaland 58.52 percent. State land area decreased by 442.35 areathe construction(Ekokonsultacijos, of the 2014). Klaipeda region landfill section hectaresAnalysis or 20.04 of the percent damaged (Fig. land 6). of Klaipeda region in III Thus,with in orderthe toasbestos develop anwaste efficient disposal municipal area Analysisplanning of documents. the damaged land of Klaipeda region in waste(Ekokonsultacijos collection, sorting,, 2014). storage and handling system planningIn documents. Klaipeda region, the waste management is in theThus, county, in itorder is planned to develop to construct an efficient waste collection municipal Incarried Klaipeda out region, in accordance the waste managementwith approved is carriedwaste containerwaste collection, sites in sorting,all cities storage and towns and handling of the county, system in out managementin accordanc planse with and approved programs waste (Klaipedos, manag ement2013). asthe well county, as to it expandis planned the municipalto construct waste waste collection collection plansThe and main programs aim of(Klaip the edosregional, 2013) waste. The managementmain aim of systemcontainer in ruralsites areasin all (Lietuvos,cities and 2016).towns of the county, as the planregional is to waste harmonize management the actions plan ofis tomunicipalities harmonize the in wellA as total to expand of 439 the mineral municipal deposits waste (peat, collection oil, bulk system actionsorganizing of municipalities municipal wastein organizing management municipal systems waste and materialsin rural areas and (Lietuvos,amber) are 2016). in Klaipeda region. Only 6 managementthe creation systems of (common and the forcreation several of municipalities)(common for percentA total of bulkof 439material mineral resources deposits are (peat,already oil, fully bulk severalwaste municipalities) recovery or disposal waste facilities recovery (Ekokonsultacijos, or disposal exploited.materials andMining amber) activities are in are Klaipeda developed region. by Onlythe 6 facilities2014). (Ekokonsultacijos, 2014). initiativepercent ofof bulkprivate material investors. resources These activitiesare already must fully LookinLookingg for forthe thesustainable sustainable development development of of thethe beexploited. conducted Mining in accordance activities withare thedeveloped principles by of the KlaipedaKlaipeda County County waste waste management management system system (for the(for ten the- sustainableinitiative of development. private investors. These activities must be yearten-year period), period), it has been it has foreseen been foreseenin the general in the (master) general conductedIn order into fullyaccordance evaluate withthe mineralthe principles resources of plan(master) (Valstybės plan, 2012) (Valstybės, to collect, 2012) store, tosort, collect, and manage store, projectedsustainable demanddevelopment. changes in the region, it is municipalsort, and waste manage in the municipal regional waste landfill in inthe Dumpiairegional appropriateIn order toto prepare fully evaluate the Klaipeda the Countymineral mineralresources (Klaipedalandfill district). in ForDumpiai the landfill (Klaipeda development district). the land For the exploitationprojected demand feasibility changes study in the (withregion, developmentit is appropriate (12.6 hectares), next to the landfill, was reserved. [Typelandfill here] development the land (12.6 hectares), next potential).to prepare the Klaipeda County mineral exploitation Rehabilitation works of Kiskenai, Joskaudai, Puodkaliai, to the landfill, was reserved. Rehabilitation works of feasibilityThe success study (withof the development county social potential). and economic Ankstakiai, Rumsai landfills were organized. Kiskenai, Joskaudai, Puodkaliai, Ankstakiai, Rumsai development must be based on sustainable and landfills were organized. efficient use of sparse local minerals. In order to Klaipeda region is equipped with 937 collection not affect the natural environment of the county sites, to be equipped with an extra 816 ones. By 2020, and individual municipalities during the mineral

2500 2207,26 Damaged land in private 2000 land area 1764,91 1500 Damaged land in State land area 1000

500 53,55 129,09 0 2005 2015

FigureFigure 6. Distributio 6. Distributionn of the of damaged the damaged land inland Klaipeda in Klaipeda County County in ha by in type ha by of typeownership of ownership during the during years the 2005 years and 20052015 and ,2015, (Compil (Compileded by the by author the authorof the article)of the .article). must be guided by the principles of sustainable The success of the county social and economic development. development must be based on sustainable and efficient Mineral (prospected and prognostic) deposits to be use184 of sparse local minerals. In order to not affectRESEARCH the used in FOR accordance RURAL withDEVELOPMENT the legislation, 2017, according VOLUME to the 1 natural environment of the county and individual county market demand. Priority is given to currently municipalities during the mineral exploration, existing already prospected and at present prospected, production and exploitation of reservoirs, the even non-operated resources (Klaipedos, 2016). development of the mining industry and the business

Conclusions 1. Klaipeda county covers an area of 522220.58 ha that 5. During the period between the years 2005 and 2015 makes 7.99 percent of the entire territory of Lithuania. the damaged land area in Klaipeda County increased The agricultural lands make up 53.55 percent, forest by 130.25 hectares or 5.44 percent. It was influenced area 26.89 percent, water bodies 10.43 percent, roads by the Klaipeda region landfill section III with the 1.63 percent, other land 3.07 percent of the Klaipeda asbestos waste disposal area, the reserved area for county. Damage lands covers an area of 2391.06 construction and mineral production. hectares, or 0.46 percent of the county. 6. The largest area of the damaged land in 2015 was 2. Sand deposits are located mainly in Klaipeda County fixed in the Klaipeda region municipality, accounting – 60, of which only 8 deposits are used. The least are for 15.32 percent of the entire Klaipeda County salts deposits –2. It was found that, overall in the damaged land. During the period between the years county, the most used are sand and gravel deposits – 2005 and 2015 the damaged land area in Klaipeda 29, not used – sand deposits (52). region decreased by 51.73 hectares or 12.38 percent. 3. Klaipeda municipal waste management region In 2005, the largest area of the damaged land was in comprises 7 municipalities, 39 old dumps were shut Kretinga district. That area decreased by 142.49 down in them, 1 regional non-hazardous waste hectares or 32.55 percent. landfill. 7. The damaged land analysis by type of ownership 4. In 2005, the analyzed land area of the county was showed that the damaged land area in private land 2,260.81 hectares or 9.14 percent of all country’s increased by 75.54 hectares or 58.52 percent. State damaged lands and 0.43 percent of the Klaipeda land area decreased by 442.35 hectares or 20.04 County area. percent.

References 1. Burger, J. (2008). Environmental management: 2. Ekokonsultacijos. (2014). Klaipėdos regiono atliekų Integrating ecological evaluation, remediation, tvarkymo 2014 – 2020 m. planas (Eco-consultation. restoration, natural resourse damage assessment and The Plan of Waste Management of Klaipeda region long-term stewardship on contaminated lands. between the years 2014 and 2020). Klaipėda, 34 p. Science of the Total Environment. Volume 400, Issuse 1 (in Lithuanian). – 3. pp. 6 – 9. 3. Klaipėdos regiono 2014 – 2020 metų plėtros planas (The Development plan for Klaipeda region in the ANALYSIS OF DAMAGED LAND CHANGES IN KLAIPEDA COUNTY OF LITHUANIA Giedrė Ivavičiūtė exploration, production and exploitation of shut down in them, 1 regional non-hazardous reservoirs, the development of the mining industry waste landfill. and the business must be guided by the principles of 4. In 2005, the analyzed land area of the county was sustainable development. 2,260.81 hectares or 9.14 percent of all country’s Mineral (prospected and prognostic) deposits to damaged lands and 0.43 percent of the Klaipeda be used in accordance with the legislation, according County area. to the county market demand. Priority is given to 5. During the period between the years 2005 and currently existing already prospected and at present 2015 the damaged land area in Klaipeda County prospected, even non-operated resources (Klaipedos, increased by 130.25 hectares or 5.44 percent. It 2016). was influenced by the Klaipeda region landfill section III with the asbestos waste disposal area, Conclusions the reserved area for construction and mineral 1. Klaipeda county covers an area of 522220.58 ha production. that makes 7.99 percent of the entire territory of 6. The largest area of the damaged land in 2015 Lithuania. The agricultural lands make up 53.55 was fixed in the Klaipeda region municipality, percent, forest area 26.89 percent, water bodies accounting for 15.32 percent of the entire Klaipeda 10.43 percent, roads 1.63 percent, other land 3.07 County damaged land. During the period between percent of the Klaipeda county. Damage lands the years 2005 and 2015 the damaged land area covers an area of 2391.06 hectares, or 0.46 percent in Klaipeda region decreased by 51.73 hectares of the county. or 12.38 percent. In 2005, the largest area of the 2. Sand deposits are located mainly in Klaipeda damaged land was in Kretinga district. That area County – 60, of which only 8 deposits are used. decreased by 142.49 hectares or 32.55 percent. The least are salts deposits –2. It was found that, 7. The damaged land analysis by type of ownership overall in the county, the most used are sand and showed that the damaged land area in private land gravel deposits – 29, not used – sand deposits (52). increased by 75.54 hectares or 58.52 percent. State 3. Klaipeda municipal waste management region land area decreased by 442.35 hectares or 20.04 comprises 7 municipalities, 39 old dumps were percent.

References 1. Burger, J. (2008). Environmental management: Integrating ecological evaluation, remediation, restoration, natural resourse damage assessment and long-term stewardship on contaminated lands. 2. Science of the Total Environment. Volume 400, Issuse 1 – 3. pp. 6 – 9. 3. Ekokonsultacijos. (2014). Klaipėdos regiono atliekų tvarkymo 2014 – 2020 m. planas (Eco-consultation. The Plan of Waste Management of Klaipeda region between the years 2014 and 2020). Klaipėda, 34 p. (in Lithuanian). 4. Klaipėdos regiono 2014 – 2020 metų plėtros planas (The Development plan for Klaipeda region in the period of 2014 and 2020). Klaipėda, (2013). 8 p. (in Lithuanian). 5. Klaipėdos regiono atliekų tvarkymo 2014 – 2020 m. planas (The Waste management plan for Klaipeda‘s region in the period of 2014 and 2020), Klaipėda, (2016). 101 p. (in Lithuanian). 6. Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba prie Aplinkos ministerijos. Naudingosios iškasenos (Lithuanian Geological Survey under the Ministry of Environment. Minerals.). Retrieved January 15, 2017, from: https://www.lgt. lt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=1261&lang=lt). (in Lithuanian). 7. Lietuvos Respublikos atliekų tvarkymo įstatymas (2002 07 01, Nr. IX-1004) (The Waste Management Law of the Republic of Lithuania) (2002). Iš Valstybės žinios, Nr. 72-3016. (in Lithuanian). 8. Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo nutarimas „Dėl Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijos bendrojo plano patvirtinimo“ (2002a, Nr. IX-1154), (Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania “On the approval of the General Plan of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania”) (2002). Valstybės žinios, Nr. 110-4852. (in Lithuanian). 9. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimas „Dėl Klaipėdos apskrities teritorijos bendrojo (generalinio) plano ptavirtinimo“ (2016, Nr. 769) (The Republic of Lithuania Government Resolution “On the territory of Klaipeda county master (general) plan approval“). (2016). Teisės aktų registras, Nr. 21059. (in Lithuanian). 10. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimas „Dėl pažeistos žemės rekultivavimo ir derlingojo dirvožemio sluoksnio išsaugojimo“ (1995 08 14, Nr. 116), (The Republic of Lithuania Government Resolution “On the rehabilitation of damaged land and conservation of fertile soil layer”). (1995). Iš Valstybės žinios, Nr. 68-1656). (in Lithuanian).

RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2017, VOLUME 1 185 ANALYSIS OF DAMAGED LAND CHANGES Giedrė Ivavičiūtė IN KLAIPEDA COUNTY OF LITHUANIA

11. Lietuvos Respublikos žemės gelmių įstatymas (1995 07 05, Nr. I-1034) (2001 04 25, Nr. IX-243), (The Republic of Lithuania Terrestrial law). (1995). Iš Valstybės žinios, Nr. 63-1582; 2001 b, Nr. 35-1164). (in Lithuanian). 12. Lietuvos Respublikos žemės įstatymas (Lithuanian Republic Law on Land) (1994 04 26, Nr. I-446; 2004 02 21, Nr. IX-1983). (2004). Iš Valstybės žinios, Nr. 28-868. (in Lithuanian). 13. Lietuvos žemės gelmės ir ištekliai (Lithuanian terrestrial and underground resources). Retrieved: January 16, 2017, from: https://smp2014ge.ugdome.lt/mo/9kl_gamtine_geografija/GE_DE_9/teorine_medziaga_2_2. html. (in Lithuanian). 14. Markevicius, N. (2015). Place and role of the Klaipeda region in economy of Lithuania. Procedia Economics and Finance 26, pp. 39 – 45. 15. Nacionalinė žemės tarnyba prie Žemės ūkio ministerijos. Lietuvos Respublikos žemės fondas (The National Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture. Land Fund of the Republic of Lithuania). (2015). Vilnius. 2005 – 2015, p. 44. (in Lithuanian). 16. Sudonienė, V., & Atkocevičienė, V. (2013). Land Resources Planning and Management. Rural Development. pp. 456 – 461. 17. Sumathi, V.R., Natesan, U., & Sarkar, C. (2008). GIS – based approach for optimized siting of municipal solid waste landfill. Waste Management. Vol. 28 (11), pp. 2146 – 2160. 18. The European Parliament and the Council of the Eurpean Union Directive 2008/98/EB on waste and repealing certain Derectives. (2008 11 19). Official Journal of the European Union (2008 11 22, L 312. 28 p. 19. The European Parliament and the Council of the Eurpean Union Directive on the landfill of waste 1999/31/ EC (1999 04 26). Official Journal of the European Communities. (1999 07 16). L182. 19 p. 20. Valstybės kontrolė. (2013). Valstybinio audito ataskaita. regioninių atliekų tvarkymo sistemų veikla (The National Audit Office. State audit report. Regional waste management systems activities) (2013 08 02, Nr. VA-P-20-9-11). Vilnius, 44 p. (in Lithuanian). 21. Valstybės žemės fondo kraštotvarkos ir teritorijų planavimo skyrius. (2012). Klaipėdos apskrities teritorijos bendrasis (generalinis) planas. II – A. Konkretizuoti sprendiniai (Land Management and Territory planning devision of State Fund. General plan of Klaipeda county. Concrete solution). Vilnius, 81 p. (in Lithuanian).

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