Department of State Bulletin

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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Volume LXXI No. 1843 October 21, 1974

ASSISTANT SECRETARY ENDERS OUTLINES DRAFT AGREEMENT REACHED BY ENERGY COORDINATING GROUP Transcript of News Conference 525

PRESIDENT LEONE OF ITALY MAKES STATE VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES 53i

THE DILEMMA OF CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS WHILE PROMOTING PEACEFUL TECHNOLOGY Address by Fred C. Ikle Director, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 5U3

THE OFFICIAL WEEKLY RECORD OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY

For index see inside back cover THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Vol. LXXI, No. 1843

October 21, 1974

The Department of State BULLETIN, a weekly publication issued by the Office of Media Services, Bureau of Public Affairs, provides the public and interested agencies of the government with information on developments in tite field of U.S. foreign relations and on the work of the Department and the Foreign Service. The BULLETIN includes selected press releases on foreign policy, issued by the White House and the Depart- ment, and statements, addresses, and news conferences of the President and the Secretary of State and other For sale by the Superintendent of Documents officers of U.S. Government Printing Office the Department, as well as WashinEton, D.C. 20402 special articles on various phases of PRICE: international affairs and the functions

52 issues plus semiannual indexes, of tlie Department. Information is domestic $29.80. foreign $37.26 included concerning treaties and inter- Single copy 60 cents national agreements to which the Use of funds for printing this publication United States is or may become a approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (January 29, 1971). party and on treaties of general inter- Note: Contents of this publication are not national interest. copyrighted and items contained herein may be Publications of the Department of reprinted. Citation of the DEPARTMENT OF State, United Nations documents, and STATE BULLETIN as the source will be legislative material in the field of appreciated. The BULLETIN is indexed in the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature. international relations are also listed.

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Assistant Secretary Enders Outlines Draft Agreement Reached by Energy Coordinating Group

The Energy Coordinating Group (ECG) support the oil security of the group as a established by the Washington Eriergy Con- whole before they can fruitfully go on to ference in Febrnary met at Brussels Septem- other, more positive—eventually dominant ber 19-20. Following is the transcript of a elements of the energy situation, which in- news conference held at the Department of clude major joint actions to conserve energy State on September 23 by Thomas 0. Enders, and thereby lower the net imports of the

Assistant Secretary for Economic and Bzisi- group as a whole ; research and development ness Affairs, who headed the U.S. delegation the development of alternative supplies, to the Brussels meeting. thereby increasing the output of energy in the group as a whole and decreasing net im- I thought it would be useful to come down ports and therefore vulnerability. here and talk very briefly and then answer This should create a situation in which the questions about the agreement which has demand for and dependence on imported oil been reached in Brussels among the 12 ECG for the group as a whole will significantly countries—that is to say, the European Com- diminish from what it is now. munity less France, Norway, Japan, the Now, in contingency planning, the basic United States, and Canada—and which is principle here is that each country in the now being submitted to governments for group must share on an equitable basis in their consideration, their constitutional pro- the preparation for a new emergency. That cedures, and approval. means that everybody must stockpile oil to This is a far-reaching agreement and a cover their imports on the same basis. And far-reaching expression of solidarity among the agreement sets a target of 90 days. We the consuming countries. If it is approved by are very substantially below that in many governments, as we expect it will be, it will countries now. This means a major commit- form a very strong basis of cooperation in ment on the part of Japan and Western Eu- the energy field among a wide range of in- rope—also to some degree on the part of the dustrialized countries. United States—to carry stocks equivalent to As such, we regard it as a very important 90 days of imports. step forward and a very important conse- The second thing is that all the countries quence of the Washington Energy Confer- agree to take similar actions in a new emer- ence, which launched this cooperative work. gency to curtail oil consumption. This is

I would like to go into some detail on the complicated, and I will be glad to go into

provisions that it contains. Let me say a it. But basically what it says is that at cer- word about the substance and then a word tain levels of shortfall a given consumption about the procedure. cut will take place, and when the shortfall deeper, another level of common con- On the substance : I think the basic per- gets ception in this agreement is that the consum- sumption cutback will be called for. Then, ing countries need first to express their soli- beyond a certain point, where no figures are darity by determining what each would do foreseen, but where we get into a very se- in a new oil emergency and how each would vere crisis indeed, going toward cutbacks of

October 21, 1974 525 :

30 or 40 percent of available oil, then there oil votes weighted on consumption count for is a strong commitment in the agreement to 100 with the remainder allocated three per take all necessary further restrictions in de- country. mand and other actions to assure the security This voting system is complex in its exe- of the group. cution but relatively simple in its concept, So, this is a process which at the outset and the idea is that there should be a very contains a series of very specific commit- strong presumption that this machinery ments for the kind of crisis that we had to comes into effect in a crisis. face this past winter and a further general Another aspect of that voting machinery

commitment for more serious crises should is that it also can be used for all of the or- they develop. dinary business of the group, so that the Thirdly, there is a formula for sharing oil ability of the group to interpret its under- which is constructed as a function of the first takings, to act on what it thinks its basic two commitments in stockpiling and in con- agreement means—and this is a carefully sumption cutbacks. What it does is basically written agreement which runs now to 82 ar- assure that available oil is sorted out as a ticles and is quite fully laid out—should also function of the first two commitments, so be very strong. that all countries use their oil stocks, their Now, thirdly, with regard to the contin- security provisions, in effect, at about the gency plan itself, there is provision for both same rate and no country will run out of oil protection against a general embargo affect- sooner than any other. ing the group as a whole and for protection To express this basic contingency plan, the against a selective embargo, which might 12 countries have tentatively agreed that they target one or two countries, as the United should have a new institution which would be States and Holland were targeted last win- an international energy agency, an autono- ter. This pi'ovision also creates a strong pre- mous institution to be constructed within the sumption of action, once the shortfall is iden- framework of the OECD [Organization for tified. This, too, could be overturned, but only Economic Cooperation and Development], by a very strong majority vote. In this case, minis- having its own governing council at it would require 10 countries. level and its own secretariat. terial I should note that because of the structure agreed on a series of decision- They have of the American oil market, with most of the which are important and making provisions imports coming into the east coast—and this represent a significant innovation in inter- is also true of Canada—there is a separate provide, in national decisionmaking. They provision that this selective trigger can be an oil contin- the case of action to overcome used in regard to a regional market of a of action. gency, a very strong presumption given country, as well as to the national is to say, once a given shortfall of oil That market. So there is, in effect, built-in protec- a is identified, this shortfall would create tion for the east coast of the United States trigger the presumption—in effect would and the east coast of Canada. commitments to demand restraint and to Now, this contingency plan is the heart of sharing, unless a very strong majority of the international energy program which has the countries in the group were to vote to been agreed at this stage, but does not ex- overturn it. That strong majority must be haust it and is regarded as a first stage. expressed in terms of both a large number The plan now contains the following other of the countries involved and countries rep- elements resenting a large majority of the oil consumption of the group. It would take, in ef- —One, a broad program of cooperative re- fect, 60 percent of the weighted votes, and search and development which is to be guided the weighting is calculated in such a manner by the new energy agency and undertaken that out of a total of 136 votes of the group, partly on the basis of national groupings

526 Department of State Bulletin with one individual member in the lead and expression by the consuming countries to partly on the basis of cooperative research to consider their destiny and their security as be done through the OECD itself by, if not energy consumers together. This is expressed by the whole group, by any collection of in many ways—in the contingency provi- countries in the group. sions, in the majority voting, in the very —Secondly, there will be a broad program strong commitments undertaken to improve of conservation which is to be undertaken by their security.

this group. They will attempt to develop in Looking toward the future, though, this is the group national policies which will assist an arrangement which is intended to be the conservation in each country through an ex- base for working on the really important and change of information and the identification positive aspects of the problem, of which the of priorities. most immediate is conservation. —Thirdly, we expect to concentrate on I think it is obvious that the conservation some specific problem such as nuclear en- effort undertaken by the members of this richment—how to provide the nuclear en- group of 12 countries, or by any industrial- richment services which will be required for ized countries, has been very limited and the group as a whole in the course of the that the group remains vulnerable as a whole next 15 or 20 years by the location and de- to new cutbacks due to the fact that it has velopment of additional nuclear enrichment not slowed down very significantly its en- facilities. ergy consumption. As a matter of fact, we —Fourthly, we expect to have under this saw recently in the case of the United States program a broad new eff'ort at predicting the that gasoline consumption for the first time demand and supply for energy, in an effort in a year was over its level of 12 months ear-

to put planning on a surer footing than it lier.

now is. This will be certainly one of the great tasks for this winter in all the industrialized coun- Now, turning to the procedure, as I say, tries and, we would expect, in the organiza- this agreement is a tentative agreement. It tion created by this undertaking. is, in technical jargon, "with- an agreement That, in general, is where we are now. Let out brackets" without reservations the — on me see whether I can answer your questions. part of national delegations. It is submitted now for formal consideration and decision Q. Mr. Enders, reports from Brussels, which are already, by member governments. Many of them will four days old mention 7 percent as the threshold. I don't think you be talking to their parliaments. We have talked already quite broadly on the Hill but mentioned this percentage.

will expect to do more of that now. Assistant Secretary Enders: No. If you

This undertaking will be open to new mem- like the detail, it is as follows. bers, provided they are also members of the The threshold for either a selective em- Organization for Economic Development and bargo or for a general embargo for the gi'oup Cooperation, the OECD. And toward the end as a whole is -7 percent. When there is a 7 of October, we expect to be initialing this percent shortfall, there would be a commit- agreement, bringing it provisionally into ment to a 7 percent curtailment of oil con- force. We expect that in the course of No- sumption in all the countries, or in the case vember there will be a decision by the OECD of a selective embargo which would not re- as to whether or not they wish to accept this quire such a general curtailment of demand, organization in their framework, and subse- an equivalent sharing mechanism and com- quently, we would expect the organization mitment. to be created. The next trigger level is at 12 percent. I think the most important thing that has When the shortfall for the group as a whole come out of this work is the beginning of an is at 12 percent, there is a commitment to

October 21, 1974 527 —

take demand restraint measures at the 10 have the authority in the Allocation Act and percent level. The idea is that one would also in other acts to do it—probably by creating use some stocks in between to cover the a situation like the one that prevailed last shortfall. winter, using gas lines as an informal, and There is a further general commitment often very inequitable, form of rationing. that .should the shortfalls exceed 12 percent Therefore we expect to be going to the the group would take the actions necessary Congress at a point, probably at the start of to overcome the situation, including addi- the next session but conceivably later this tional demand restraint as required. year, to propose a broad set of standby au- thorities in demand restraint which might in- Q. Mr. Enders, is it the premise that an clude a spectrum of things ranging from al- active and snccessftd conservation program location authority, changes in such demand ivould eventually have an impact on driving restraint measures as speed limits, thermo- down the price? stat regulation—a whole series of adminis- Assistant Secretary Enders: I would put trative measures of this kind—through to it the other way around, that if the price of emergency tax measures and rationing to oil remains at its present level there will be give the administration the kind of broad there is already—such massive investment standby authority to achieve these goals on in alternative sources of energy that the what we would regard as a more equitable market for imported oil from outside this basis than could be done at present. group will, 10 years from now, be very small Q. Is all this in the laiv now, this author- indeed. ity for allocation? A conservation effort would tend to result in a much more even progression of prices Assistant Secretary Enders: The alloca- and demand. A major conservation effort tion authority is there now. here, I think, would convince the producers Q. Rationing? in much shorter order than they may other- wise be convinced that their present prices Assistant Secretary Enders: No. Or at are unrealistic and unsustainable. least it's uncertain just how strong it is.

Q. Is it possible to get specific at all about Q. What is the likelihood of bringing the dimensions of conservation approaches France, and for that matter Japan as well, which ivere considered, or is this in a very into this agreement? generalized form? Is there any estimation Assistant Secretary Enders: France has of what is contemplated in terms, say, of cut- not participated in these talks. The French back in gasoline consumption for automobiles Government has not given us its studied, or oil consumption for heating? considered view on how it might relate to Assistant Secretary Enders: Under this this work. We are still hopeful that some- agreement ? time in the future France will join this ef-

fort. And I think that the transfer of this Q. Yes. whole effort from a separate country group- Assistant Secretary Enders: The choice ing, the Energy Coordinating Group, toward of conservation measures would have to be the OECD may be helpful to France in com- left to each country to do. On the other hand, ing in. the group as a whole would have to be satis- Let me note in this regard that a number fied that the measures that were available of other countries have expressed an interest on a standby basis would be adequate. in this work—Australia, New Zealand, Spain, Now, in the case of the United States Switzerland, Sweden, Austria—so that we there are two things to be said. One is that would expect that there will be at least sev- if the United States had to execute this agree- eral new members. It's not certain whether ment in the relatively near future it would France will be among them yet.

528 Department of State Bulletin As to Japan, again I don't want to pre- Assistant Secretary Enders: Yes, sir. judge the Japanese decisionmaking proc- Q. But as a realistic ^natter, at the lower esses, but certainly their attitude toward shortfall percentages you ivould not be going these negotiations, toward the conclusion, into the third reservoir, ivould you? I mean and toward the prospect has been very posi- that ivould be more or less taken up from the tive. oil that's in the international marketplace, Q. What about Norivay? tvonldn't it? In other words, at ivhat level would you actually be getting to a point Assistant Secretary Enders: Norway. I ivhere a yiation that no longer exports oil on would not, again, speak specifically to Nor- a net basis, such as the United States, ivould way. They have accepted this draft on the have to sta7't sharing some of that oil? same ad referendum basis as other countries. Their position is formally no different Assistant Secretary Enders: Well, this from others. would occur only in a very severe crisis, un-

I think we know that all foreign policy der the agreed arrangement. issues, and particularly all oil issues, have a Q. Is there at present a set of percentage particular importance perhaps a particular — triggers that would move the group from delicacy—in Norway at this time. They will one level? be in the process of making their decision in the course of the next month. Assistant Secretary Enders: Only the ones

I don't think I .should really comment on it that I have cited. In other words, oil is more than that, other than to say that they treated as one pool for the purposes of this are exactly at the same point in terms of ne- agreement. There is no differentiation be- gotiating as the other countries. tween domestically produced oil, imported oil, and oil drawn from stocks. And the trig- Q. Mr. Enders, coidd you explain the shar- gers that are available are the ones that I ing mechanism a bit further? It's unclear to have cited here—7 percent, 12 percent, the me ivhether it would be triggered only in the ones which are available. case of a selective embargo so that there Now, in point of fact, in the sort of crisis would be sharing of oil in the international that we had last winter, then of course one marketplace or ivhether the oil to be shared would share available stocks and imported would include oil produced from national re- oil. sources for national 2fses; in other loords, During a very severe crisis, if there were U.S. oil which does not normally go into the to be a total shutdown of OPEC [Organi- international marketplace. zation of Petroleum Exporting Countries] Assistant Secretary Enders: Oil to be production, then you would get some sharing of American oil. shared would come from three sources : one, oil normally imported from outside the group Q. It depends on the length of the crisis. into the group; secondly, oil drawn from Enders: It depends on stocks on an agreed basis; and thirdly, all Assistant Secretary depth, too. domestically produced oil. the

Q. If there is a selective embargo, boycott, Q. And you have different percentage lev- as against, say, two countries, as there was els? in October, then the other countries involved, Assistant Secretary Enders: For each? ones engaged in the sharing of their oil, would obviously become exposed to retalia- Q. For each. tory measures from the oil producers in the Assistant Secretary Enders: No, they are normal course of events? considered as a pool. Assistant Secretary Enders: Oh, I think

Q. They are all as a pool? that is true. I think the selective embargo is

October 21, 1974 529 by nature a very aggressive act. And I think ficult to answer those questions in the ab- one of the important aspects of this is that stract, because it depends on what kind of a it would provide group solidarity against cut you have. But I think you can get some that. I think that's a fundamental principle. idea from the following. A few Europeans have 75 days of stocks; Q. Besides group solidarity, I'm under the most have closer to 60 days of true emer- impression that the agreement doesn't con- gency stocks, or maybe even less. The Jap- tain anything in the way of joint considta- anese have 60 days of stocks at the present tion, negotiation, or contact with the pro- time, but how much of those are pure emer- ducers. Why? gency stocks in the sense that they could be Assistant Secretary Enders: Yes, it does. withdrawn and used without the system breaking down in the sense that there were Q. It does? major stock shortages throughout the econ- Assistant Secretary Enders: Yes, it does. omy is not entirely clear. A chapter of the agreement, one out of 10 I thirk the important thing to say here is chapters in the agreement, is devoted to the that there will be a substantial new demand process of consultation with the producers. for oil in order to build those stocks up to And it contains there a strong commitment 90 days of true emergency stocks, and that to explore ways of developing the dialogue will take probably several years. with producers. Q. How large is the U.S. stock? I should add that there's another provision of it that I've overlooked, and that is that Assista)it Secretary Enders: On this basis, the international oil companies—and that in- we think that overall U.S. stocks are cur- cludes not only the majors but major na- rently about 110 days of imports. However, tional oil companies—are to provide to this the true emergency element in that is sub- new organization a range of information on stantially smaller. I can't give you a specific their activities including their pricing and fi- figure; but it is definitely less. nancial structure, which are important mat- Q. Because of domestic production? ters of national policymaking. Assista)tt Secretary Enders: Well, of Q. Well, could you clarify that point? Does course, the fact that we have domestic pro- it specifically provide for considtation by the duction means that we haven't carried emer- consuming nations on oil pricing per se? gency stocks in the same way other countries Assistant Secretary Enders: No, it does have. not provide for consultation on oil pricing On the other hand, there is a complicated per se. The language is more broadly drawn. engineering matter we still haven't got a clear fix on, as to just where the collapse Q. Mr. Enders, on a question of the stock- point is of the system. Once we can identify pile provisions— that, we can answer this kind of question Assistant Secretary Enders: Yes. for the group as a whole.

Q. —in terms of available supplies right Q. Is this in the case of the 90-day stocks? now, how long ivotdd curreyit stockpiles last? Assistant Secretary Enders: In the case of And, also, how long would it take— individual countries, that is again a matter Assistant Secretary Enders: It depends on that has to be determined for each country. how deep the cut is. Q. In our case, would it be government Q. —how long woidd it take to build tip stocks or would it be oil company stocks? stockpiles so that they'd last for 90 days? Assistant Secretary Enders: That is a mat- Assistant Secretary Enders: It's very dif- ter in which we have yet to make a proposal.

530 Department of State Bulletin — —

That would be included in our legislative to lay before the Congress in the normal package for this fall. manner—and then we'd come in with a package of implementing legislation which would Q. hi practical terms, you mean it's un- be acted on in a normal way. clear whether the naval petroleum reserves tvould he counted. Is that ivhat you're say- Q. Do your contacts on the Hill under- ing ? stand that the implementing legislation perhaps ivould involve rationirig authority and Assistant Secretary Enders: No. There's tax changes? another detail of it that I've not mentioned.

And that is that standby production can be Assistant Secretary Enders: Yes, they do. counted against these stock totals under the Q. And they're favorable to terms of the agreement on a basis which has them? been complicated formula agreed—a rather Assistant Secretary Enders: Well, in prin- account both of the lag in bring- which takes ciple. They obviously are going to look very ing in standby production in the course of a closely at the package that comes up, and crisis of the fact that of course standby and nobody in advance of an agreement of this will last longer than production you much kind is going to commit himself. stocks will. So that standby production for This is why we have had extensive consul- like States Norway, a country the United — tations so far, and will again have, before prospectively Great Britain, Canada sure- — — going back and committing ourselves by ini- ly can count against the stock total. tialing. Then we would envisage the further legislative process. Q. If it takes several years, as I iinder- stood you to say, to build tip to the 90-day Let me say that in this regard, though, I stocks in most countries, doesn't that also think a great many people on the Hill, in the public as well in mean that it will be several years before the — as the administration feel that tisefid impact of this plan is felt? we ought to be doing something about this problem. And I think that the no- Assistant Secretary Enders: Before its tion that we must diminish our vulnerability full impact is felt—yes. by means of this kind and by means of con- question of rapidly you up on The how go servation is a very widely held view. stocks is a question of what the price impact would be. Obviously, a major new demand Q. I'm not sure of the chronology. Are for oil in the world at the present time, at a you going to go before Congress for the im- time when the OPEC countries are making plementing legislation before you sign the an effort to sustain a price that is threatened agreement or what? by an incipient surplus, would tend to have a Assistant Secretary Enders: No. I think, price-strengthening effect—which is not de- legally, the way this would be set up would sired, surely, by the consumers. Therefore be to have an initialing—which is, basically, we would expect that the stockpiling would a commitment in principle, or the equivalent, occur over a certain length of time. a political commitment rather than a legal Q. Is this agreement in itself subject to commitment—sometime in the course of the Senate confirmation? fall. And then countries would be asked to submit a certification that they had under- Assistant Secretary Enders: What we have taken all necessary ratification and had all told our contacts on the Hill is that given the necessary authority to execute the agreement fact that a broad program of legislation within a certain time period. would, we think, be desirable and required to put it into effect, we have proposed that Q. Is this proposal intended to be dis- the agreement itself be an executive agree- cussed this coming weekend when France's ment—and of course it would be submitted Foreign [and Finance] Minister's are here?

October 21, 1974 531 —

Assistant Secretary Enders: That's an in- The first objective of this agreement is to teresting—sort of a backdoor—question on create a situation in which a new shortfall in that! [Laughter.] oil could be handled by those countries without that extraordinary increase in prices, Q. Really. the competition, and the friction—to enable Assistant Secretary Enders: I'm sorry them to adjust to it in a rational manner, that I really can't get into the question about should it occur. a meeting this weekend Beyond that, of course, this is an expression of the solidarity of the consuming coun- Q. Why? tries and a first step toward their doing Q. Well, there have already been public something about their basic energy predica- references that a meeting Saturday and Sun- ment—about the fact that they are more day will take place. vulnerable than they would wish to be, and Assistant Secfetary Enders: —other than they should be, to foreign imports. to say that such a meeting is being worked But the next steps, as I think I said before, out. But as to whether it will in fact occur are in terms of changing the demand-supply and how it's going to occur, what might balance, getting prices down. The next steps happen— [laughter]. are the important ones.

Q. You referred to an agreement of 82 Q. I'd like to ask just a variation of a articles. What is tlie volume size of this question I asked earlier in terms of a selec- agreement here? Is it something in 30-40 tive boycott or embargo. Wouldn't the net pages? I'm just trying to get an approxima- effect of this be that if a selective boycott tion of what it is. ivere attempted, the countries imposing the boycott would be faced with the probability Assistant Secretary Enders: Well, I can't that there would have to be a general boycott really tell, to tell you the truth, because I against all these countries, or not, because think each of the articles has been written of the sharing arrangement? on a separate page at this time.

Assistant Secretary Enders: Well, I think Q. Mr. Enders, what about the weight of you can't the votes? How many votes does the United that what you say suggests that facing to that States have, for instance? have solidarity without up danger. In effect, what the solidarity means coun- Assistant Secretary Enders: Each is that producing countries cannot target try would have three votes under this pro- individual countries without expecting that posal, and then 100 votes would be allocated their embargo will be offset by this solidar- oil consumption. of to the group for And ity; and it raises that possibility. As such, total, I the States has 51. that think United I would expect it to be some deterrent to So it makes the U.S. vote 54. action of that kind.

Mr. Enders, is there anything in this Q. Q. I'm not clear yet, Mr. Enders. You said broad, general sense that you program in a something about the enabling legislation think would help drive the price oil? down of would go to Congress either later this year Assistant Secretary Enders: The purpose or early next year.

of this program is, in the first instance, de- Assistant Secretary Enders: That's right. fensive. The oil crisis oil embargoes of last — A decision hasn't been made. winter—caught the industrial countries very much unprepared. And the result was an Q. Coidd we properly report then the Ford extraordinary increase in prices and a lot administration is going to ask Congress for of political friction and competition among rationing authority either later this year or them. early next year?

532 Department of State Bulletin Assistant Secretary Enders: I use the in Project Independence. I'm not attempt- word "rationing" as illustrative. We have ing to prejudge what measures the adminis- not yet determined the kinds of authority we tration will adopt to accomplish that goal; wish to have under the heading of demand but I think its goal is very clear, has been restraint. There's a very broad range of very clear, from the start of Project Inde- possibilities. And one possibility for the Ford pendence—that this must be a major part of administration would be to ask for some reducing our dependence on imported oil. standby authority in each of the categories I mentioned. Another, of course, would be to ask for some specific authority in a given situation. United States Extends Recognition Let me just repeat that certainly tax au- to thority, standby authority to raise the prices Republic of Guinea-Bissau of petroleum products—which would have a Following is the text a similar effect—administrative measures such of letter from Pres- ident Ford sent on September as changing speed limits, limits on thermo- 10 to Luis de Almeida Cabral, President the Council stat settings, as well as rationing, are all of of State of the Republic Guinea-Bissau. potential possibilities. And these would be of on a standby basis. Dear Mr. President : I am pleased to in- Q. I'm interested in the ivhole question of form you that the United States Government conservation and ivhether there is unanimity extends recognition to the Republic of Guin- of view about the need to think seriously ea-Bissau. It is our hope, with your agree- about it throughout the government. And ment, that diplomatic relations can be estab- my question is really based on the publicly lished between our countries. expressed attitudes of the Secretary of the We congratulate your leaders and their Treasury, who has been going around talk- Portuguese colleagues on the wise statesman- ing about oil surpluses and prices going ship, patience and depth of vision they have doivn and "Don't worry too much about this, demonstrated in their negotiations. fellows. It ivill all go away." Now, are you In extending the congratulations of my speaking today for the ivhole government or country, I speak for a people who share with for part of it? the people of Guinea-Bissau the knowledge that hard-won individual liberty and inde- Assistant Secretary Enders: With all due pendence can be preserved only by unremit- respect, you've set up a strawman whom I ting labor and great sacrifice. can't recognize as the Secretary of the Treas- In the coming days we wish to strengthen ury. I could not answer to that. For his and multiply our bonds of friendship with views, you can ask him his views now. But the Government and people of Guinea-Bissau. they don't in my view, as I understand I am confident of a future in which our two him, correspond to what you said. peoples shall work together in the cause of As to the question of conservation, that freedom, peace and the welfare of mankind. clearly is one of the major items that must be included and which is under serious study Gerald R. Ford.

October 21, 1974 533 President Leone of Italy Makes State Visit to the United States

Giovanni Leone, President of the Italian try in strengthening Atlantic cooperation Republic, made a state visit to the United and Atlantic security. I think we must all States September 25-29. He met with Presi- admit that the road will not be easy. The dent Ford and other government officials in problems of inflation and of assuring equita- Washington September 25-26. Following are ble access to fairly priced resources, for ex- an exchange of greetings between President ample, threaten the stability of every econ- Ford and President Leone at a welcoming omy and the welfare of people in developed ceremony on the South Lawn of the White as well as in developing countries alike. The Honse on September 25, their exchange of very—very nature of these problems defies toasts at a dimmer at the White Hotise that solution by unilateral measures. evening, and an exchange of toasts between Mr. President, I look forward to our dis- Secretary Kissinger and President Leone at cussions over the next two days. I am confi- a luncheon that day, together with the text dent that our talks will contribute to our mu- of a joint statement issued September 26. tual efforts to secure peace for all nations of the world. There is no doubt that they will serve to reinforce the ties that have bound REMARKS AT WELCOMING CEREMONY our friendship over the many years. Mr. President, you are most welcome to America. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents dated Sept. 30

President Ford President Leone ^ Mr. President, and ladies and gentlemen:

Mr. President, I warmly welcome you to the Mr. President : I thank you for the invita- United States of America. I warmly welcome tion that you extended to me immediately af- you on behalf of all Americans who are ter taking over your high office as President deeply grateful for the gifts of genius and of the United States of America, thus con- beauty your country has given to all man- firming an invitation I had received last kind. On behalf of the millions and millions year. Thank you for the warm welcome you of Americans who are proud to claim Italy as have given me and for the kind words of that spoken. their ancestral homeland, I welcome you welcome you have just with a very special family affection. It is a great honor for me to represent You, Mr. President, are an honored leader Italy on this official visit to this great coun- crea- of one of America's truest allies. In the past try, which is striking in its vitality and three decades, America has been very, very tive capacity, which is in the vanguard of proud to have been associated with Italy in progress, which is strong in its democratic your successful efforts to build a democratic institutions which date back to the birth of nation. industrial society. I assure you, Mr. Presi- a free dent, of America's continued commitment to And it is precisely to celebrate with just a stable, free, and democratic Italy. pride the birth of a free nation that you are I also wish to restate most emphatically our intention to work closely with your coun- President Leone spoke in Italian on all occasions.

534 Department of State Bulletin about to celebrate the bicentennial of the will consolidate the friendship between the Declaration of Independence, which also car- people of America and of Italy and that they ries the signature of an Italian, Guglielmo will develop our already excellent relations. Paca. And I should like to extend to you also, on It is an historic and solemn document behalf of the Italian Government represented which prepared the Constitution of the here by our Foreign Minister Signor Moro, United States of America, among whose in- my warmest greetings and my good wishes

spirers may I recall with pride the name of to you for your Presidency, and I should like a great Neapolitan lawyer, Gaetano Filan- also to extend those greetings on behalf of gieri. my wife to Mrs. Ford and to your children.

The relations between our two nations have And in conclusion, Mr. President, it is with deep and longstanding roots embodied by great pride that I bring the fraternal greet- those millions of Italians who at all times in ings of the people of Italy to the great and every capacity, with their work and their in- generous people of the United States of telligence and their thought, have made sub- America. stantial contribution to the well-being and progress of this country. Those relations are sustained by our com- TOASTS AT WHITE HOUSE DINNER mon dedication to the principles of democ-

racy and freedom and to the cause for peace. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents dated Sept. 30 Our common efforts, within the purview of President Ford our respective possibilities, are aimed at a alli- Mr. constant quest for peace. The Atlantic President : It is wonderful to have you ance is conceived and experienced by the and Mrs. Leone and your three sons with us United States, by Italy, and by all its mem- this evening. As I said this morning at the bers as an instrument for security and peace. time you came and joined us, the United The commitment that Italy is pursuing States has a great debt of gratitude and a with constancy, energy, and firmness is to great sense of friendship for Italy because achieve a unity that is not only economic but of the many, many people in this United also political, so as to convey and channel States who have an ancestral background the considerable resources of the old conti- from Italy. nent, in the light of its great traditions, to As I read and listen and look around our the service of the well-being of nations and country, some 10 percent of our people have the consolidation of peace. The work of de- a background from Italy. We have superb tente that Italy, like the United States and artists, we have outstanding individuals in other countries, has been pursuing for years science, we have some very renowned ath- with constancy and firmness in close coopera- letes, we have many, many people in public tion with its allies, knowing that we have life who have had a background from your the will of the peoples of the world behind us. country. And we are proud of them and their And it is in the same spirit that we think contributions to our country. we must study and tackle the great economic But I think, Mr. President, the broadest re- problems which beset the world and the even lationship that we have is what Italy has greater problems posed by modern civiliza- contributed to the United States, without tion, problems which affect very closely our personal identification, in the field—in those social and private lives. areas that one could describe as grace, hu- The vastness and urgency of the task and manity, tolerance, and an awareness of beau- the importance of the resources that it re- ty. quires are such as to call for a global answer We have a great American writer by the resulting from the joint efforts of all. name of Mark Twain who once wrote—and I feel certain, Mr. President, that our talks he wasn't very complimentary to foreign-

October 21, 1974 535 ers—but one of his nicer moments, he wrote, into the archives of state, but my speech will "The Creator made Italy from the designs of spring from my heart. Michelangelo." And that was a nice com- You, Mr. President, have said some very ment. It was probably the best he ever made nice things about me and about my country. about any foreigners. Now, the things you said about me, I am But to be .serious, Mr. President, in all of sure, were totally undeserved, and they mere- the time that I had the privilege of serving ly stemmed from your very great kindness. in the Congress, the United States and Italy But what you said about my country makes were building together. We were building in me very proud indeed. the process of reconstruction following the You recalled the contribution that Italy war. We were building in the process of Eu- has made to arts and to civilization. We pre- rope as a whole in the reconstruction period. sent this heritage to you, which is the heri- This 25-year span led, of course, to our al- tage of centuries. We present it to you as our liance, where we have developed a friendship friendly ally, not with pride—which might and an agreement for diplomatic, military, perhaps be justified—but as a sort of visit- economic, and cultural expansion and reci- ing card for you to understand us better. procity. Italy has inherited the greatest legal tra- We dealt with Italy on a personal basis, dition of all times and Italy is the mistress and we have worked together in our rela- of the arts. It can therefore only pursue tionships with our allies in Western Europe. ideals of democracy and freedom for all. And And the net result has been a better relation- what other nation can better support us in ship between us as people and our govern- these ideals than the United States. ments on behalf of our people. Your Constitution, Mr. President, the first But, Mr. President, it was a pleasure for written constitution that ever existed, has me to meet you this morning and to be re- laid the foundations of the free world. And assured of your willingness to talk in a frank we are making this visit to this great coun- and candid way about our mutual problems. try with the Foreign Minister, Mr. Moro, And from one who spent a good share of his who is an authoritative representative of my life in the political arena in the United government, to reassert four things. States, I was greatly impressed with your The first is the faithful, loyal, and constant wise statesmanship and your great knowledge friendship between our two nations, which is of the problems in Europe and the rest of the based, as you said, in part also on our com- world. mon ancestry.

And so it was a privilege and a pleasure The second point is the Atlantic alliance. for me to meet you and to discuss these mat- That is the second point we want to reassert. ters with you and to help in the process of As I said this morning, it is seen by Italy, by building a better relationship between Italy the United States, and by all the member and the United States. countries, as an instrument for detente and

And if I might, may I ask all of you to peace. stand and join with me in a toast to the And we want to reassert, thirdly, our firm President of the Republic of Italy. belief in the need to build a united Europe which will be complementary to the Atlantic alliance and which will not be against Amer- President Leone ica, but with the United States of America.

For the second time today, Mr. President, And, fourthly, we want to tell you how I take my set speech and I set it aside. I am very much we support your policy of de- putting it back into my pocket because I want tente, in which you have the great coopera- to speak from my heart. The set speech, the tion of your Secretary of State, which policy written paper, will remain. It will perhaps go of detente expresses the will of the peoples

536 Department of State Bulletin —

of the woi'ld that thirst for peace and justice. some concern. I am mentioning this not with Now, if these four points are confirmed cup in hand at all but merely as a matter of and they have already been confirmed indeed interest. by our talks this morning with you, Mr. And so now, Mr. President, ladies and gen-

President, and this afternoon with your Sec- tlemen, I give you the toast : The health and retary of State, and I am sure they will be prosperity of President Ford and his family, reconfirmed again in the meeting you were and the success and well-being of the people kind enough to arrange with me tomorrow of America, and the consolidated friendship if they are reconfirmed, Mr. President, then of the peoples of Italy and the United States I can only say that I thank God for allowing of America. me to represent Italy in this great country. And, Mr. President, you were good enough TOASTS AT LUNCHEON HOSTED to extend your greetings to my whole family, BY SECRETARY KISSINGER and this is somewhat unusual, because in Italy we tend to hide our families away. And Press release 378 dated September 26 I have broken away from this tradition; I have brought my wife and children with me Secretary Kissinger to present to you a typical Italian family, Mrs. Leone, ladies and gentlemen : I speak one that is a sound family, that is respectful here with some nervousness, not only because of moral values, and that is united. of the natural timidity which you all so fre-

Mr. President, may I take this opportunity quently have seen in me, but also because I to say how satisfied I am with the talks that know I'm going to be followed by one of the we have had and how very glad I am that you great orators that I am familiar with. So if have accepted my invitation to come and I prolong my remarks, it is to postpone the visit us in Italy. This has already made a moment of truth. [Laughter.] favorable impression outside. Mr. President, you are here at a time when And I hope that the burden that is now many American institutions are under at- weighing on your shoulders—but you have tack. But there is one American institution very square shoulders, indeed ; I know that that seems to survive all trials, and that is you are an athlete ; I am not referring only your Ambassador to the United States. to your physical strength—I hope that bur- [Laughter.] I have had occasion at the lunch den will yet give you some time to come to you so kindly arranged for me at the Quiri- Italy where I can assure you of a very warm nale to see whether my requirement to report and aff'ectionate welcome from the people of to him could be reduced from twice to once my country. And I hope that Mrs. Ford will a week, and I want to say that of course I'm be able to come with you. delighted to report to him regularly, but I And so I say to you, God bless you. And I wonder whether it is really required that he invoke the blessings of God upon you as I do gives a gi'ade to my secretary as he leaves upon my own family. the office. [Laughter.] And so I want to say now, thank you to the Mr. President and Mrs. Leone, it is al- United States of America, and thank you ways a great joy to meet with you. You rep- very much for the music that you provided resent a country that has grown wise with tonight. It was a touch of sentiment that I many battles fought on its soil and skeptical very much appreciated. I appreciated the Ne- with many ideas that proved to be not all apolitan song that was played. that were presented—but also grown pro-

I told you, Mr. President, in our private found by the knowledge that ultimately talk that Naples is my hometown. It is very everything depends on the quality of human beautiful, generous, and poor. And many relations. So we deal with you not only as po- parts of Italy are poor, and that causes us litical but as personal friends.

October 21, 1974 537 We have often spoken about the interde- Mrs. Leone, as old associates, as friends in pendence of the modern world. There is no the field of politics, and as personal friends. country in Europe and few countries in the I'd like to propose a toast to President and world which have experienced at such close Mrs. Leone, to the friendship of Italy and hand the difficulties and the opportunities of the United States. the contemporary period. Italy is a country which has prospered enormously since the President Leone war, despite the absence of natural resources, because of the diligence of its population and Dr. Kissinger has set a trap for me. He the inventiveness of its leadership. In recent sent me a beautiful speech in which he even months, as a result of circumstances outside quoted Cicero, in the hope that I would fol- the control of Italy, many of these conditions low the written outline that he'd prepared. have changed, and Italy faces economic diffi- And that is what we call in English a dirty culty. When Italy's friends, therefore, at- trick; in Neapolitan we say "priest's trick." tempt to work out cooperative arrangements, [Laughter.] So I'm going to counter that by it is not something that they do for Italy; it setting aside my written speech, and fully is something they do for themselves and for respecting the political outline, the political the structure of the modern world. It is no policy, and guidelines of the Italian Govern- longer possible to conduct affairs on a na- ment, which is authoritatively represented tional basis. It is a duty for all nations to here by its Foreign Minister, Signor Moro, attempt to face the fact that we are living I shall now ad lib. in a period of enormous transformations of First of all, Mr. Secretary, I should like to the nature of the economy, of the nature of thank you very much for the cordial invita- political relations, and we in the West can- tion that you extended to me to come to this not possibly cope with our problems unless luncheon, which is attended by exponents of we develop a new feeling of creativity and a the U.S. political, economic, and journalistic new spirit of cooperation. worlds and also by my delegation and by some That spirit always has existed in the rela- outstanding Italian representatives of the tionship between Italy and the United States, press. I should like to take this opportunity to and in all the great issues that confront us thank you very much for your words of we have seen matters very much alike. We praise for our Ambassador, Signor Ortona. have supported Italy's participation in a You had already told me how much you ap- united Europe because we in turn knew that preciated him in Rome, and I'm only sorry

Italy's attitude toward the United States that I cannot vote on the retirement law now. would make such a Europe—if it depended I would like to do it at once so as to have Mr. on Italy—a partner and a friend of the Ortona at home. United States. Our guest today has played a Also, on behalf of the Foreign Minister of very noble role in these efforts. Italy, I would like to say how much we appre- Beyond all the political and economic mat- ciate the work that has been done by your ters that concern us, there is a very impor- Ambassador, Mr. Volpe, who succeeds in tant gift that Italy has bestowed on all of its combining a complete and untiring dedication friends. We hear so much about the danger to the interests of the United States with his of conformity in the modern world and the affection for the country that his family came loss of individualism. But who can speak of from originally. So I want to salute him here a lack of individualism in Italy? And what- as a servant of the United States in his ever problems Italy has, conformity happily capital city and to thank him for what he isn't one of them. does to further Italian-American relations. And so we welcome you, Mr. President and Mr. Secretary, I agree with all that you

538 Department of State Bulletin have just said. First of all, I share your originated from Europe, many of you, repre- global view of the economic drama that is sent a seed of culture and civilization which being enacted on the world stage now and must be safeguarded. The Ottawa Declara- that we might consider to be a Biblical tion showed that European unity can be scourge that has hit humanity. There is, as complementary to the Atlantic alliance. you said, even more than ever before a great We have also come here, Mr. Secretary, to need for international cooperation and soli- show you the true face of Italy. We thank darity shown to the weaker nations by those you for saying so openly, so unreservedly, nations that are privileged either because of that you recognize that our problems were their geographical position or because of not generated entirely by ourselves. After their natural resources. Italy's most vital all, Italy is a country which only 25 years interests are at stake. ago lived on an outmoded and obsolete form But it is not only of that that I want to of agriculture. A hundred years ago our best speak now but also of the human solidarity people used to come to the United States, that you are displaying. We have a poet in seeking for jobs. Then there was the economic Italy who said that the life of man is mystery miracle, but we hardly dare speak of that and only he who aids his brothers makes no nowadays; that's all over because Italy has mistake. This human solidarity, this realiza- been affected by the economic hurricane that tion, this understanding of the need for has swept through the world. Now, we recog- global cooperation, was expressed not only nize, of course, that we have made mistakes, by you, Mr. Secretary, but by the President that there are shortcomings on our part, of the United States. I am happy to turn my and we must be the first to put our house in thoughts to him now. order. We have taken at home what many In any global vision of human affairs there considered to be extremely stringent meas- are certain details, some more particular ures to try and do that. aspects that must be considered and which But Italy is here to say to you that it does

we are here to emphasize before you. They not want to hide its difficulties ; and through need your understanding, and it is in that its President, it wants to say to you that it spirit that we have come here. We have come feels its difficulties can be overcome if Italy here to reassert a century-old friendship with can be certain of the staunch support of the your country. We have only looked at each great nations of this world. other in enmity across the ocean once in the You said, Mr. Secretary, that the United course of history in the cause of the war that States of America, this great and generous the Italian nation neither wanted nor de- country, is prepared to look with sympathy cided. Our friendship was then reconfirmed on our problems. And so I say to you, we in the Atlantic alliance, which was then re- shall overcome. I should like to express to asserted in the Ottawa Declaration. As I you here, Mr. Secretary, my personal friend- said this morning, we consider that alliance ship and also for Mrs. Kissinger. Unfor- to be an instrument of security, detente, and tunately, I shall be away when you come to peace. Rome, but one of these days I hope to wel- But there is a second aspect involved in come you there again. the Atlantic alliance, and that is solidarity I should like now to thank all of the from the economic point of view. As I said American guests who are here for having at- this morning to President Ford, we in Italy tended this luncheon. I give you the toast are well aware of the need for European to the President of the United States, the unity to foster the well-being of the peoples well-being of your country, and the friend- of Europe, many of which provided you with ship between the United States of America many of your ancestors. You here who have and Italy.

October 21, 1974 539 TEXT OF U.S.-ITALIAN JOINT STATEMENT Italy's continuing valuable contributions to the Alliance. 4. They recognized the importance attached by President Giovanni Leone of Italy made a State the Nine members of the European Community to visit to the United States of America September their efforts toward European union, and welcomed 25-29, 1974, at the invitation of President Gerald the reciprocal undertaking by the members of the R. Ford of the United States of America. Accom- Community and the United States to strengthen panying the President were Mrs. Leone, Minister of their relations on the basis of enhanced consultations Foreign Affairs Aldo Moro, and other Italian within the broad framework of Atlantic coopera- officials. tion. President Ford welcomed particularly the con- During the visit. President Leone and President structive role played by Italy in strengthening this held extensive and cordial discussions on a Ford cooperation. wide variety of international questions in which 5. They noted their determination that current Foreign Affairs Aldo Moro and Secre- Minister of negotiations in furtherance of detente on matters Assistant to the President for tary of State and related to security and cooperation in Europe must Affairs Henry A. Kissinger par- National Security result in enhanced stability in the relationships Minister Moro and Secretary Kissinger ticipated. among all nations concerned. They also emphasized current issues of mutual also held detailed talks on their continuing commitment to achieving balanced interest. and effective international arms control agreements President Ford and President Leone expressed resulting in undiminished security for all nations. talks. their mutual satisfaction with the results of the 6. They noted their concern with developments It was agreed that frequent consultations in the spirit in the Mediterranean Basin and pledged their efforts Brussels on of the Atlantic Declaration signed in to achieve equitable solutions. The United States of achieving June 26 were a most desirable means noted in this connection that it looks to Italy, as a better understanding of problems of common interest Mediterranean nation which has made a signal con- and possible solutions.' They were in full agree- tribution to world civilization, to play a leading ment that such consultations should in no way role in the common pursuit of lasting peace in prejudice other existing obligations. As a result of that area. Presidents noted their exchanges of views, the two 7. They expressed their conviction that only inter- the broad agreement between them with respect to national cooperative efforts can overcome the trade their policies in numerous areas: and financial problems confronting the nations of the world. They recognized that the solutions to national their policies will continue to 1. They noted that problems have their impact on the international desire for the maintenance of be guided by their community as a whole. While individual nations have the principles of the United peace, adherence to primary responsibility for their own problems, the promotion of a stable structure Nations Charter, and two Presidents recognize that the solutions re- which reflects the diverse nature and needs of peace quired in a modern and complex interdependent world. In this connection, both of the nations of the world may go far beyond individual capabilities and their commitment to overcoming sides emphasized require cooperation among members of the interna- of tension and conflict which are divisive the sources tional community. In this regard, the United States international community. factors in the has taken careful note of Italy's major efforts to agreement on the importance 2. There was full meet its own domestic economic and financial prob- an instrument of the North Atlantic Alliance as lems and the responsiveness of the international of its members, which has guaranteed the security community to these efforts. President Ford stated enhanced confi- strengthened international stability, that the United States is prepared to play an appro- permitted them dence among peoples, and thus has priate, constructive and responsible role in a return the peoples of growing and fertile contacts with all to economic equilibrium in Italy. indispensable basis for the world and provided the 8. They recognized the great importance of in- the process of detente. dustrial, technical, and cultural cooperation among the im- 3. They reemphasized in this connection all nations and the imperative need for the equitable and portance they attach to the Atlantic Declaration distribution of world resources among all nations. of the their determination to seek the fulfillment They agreed to facilitate initiatives in this regard concert principles set forth in the Declaration in in appropriate forums. Ford under- with their other NATO allies. President 9. Finally, the two Presidents particularly noted attaches to lined the importance the United States the extraordinarily broad human ties between Italy and the United States of America, and the shared values and goals which bind together the Italian - For text of the Declaration on Atlantic Relations and American peoples. adopted by the North Atlantic Council in ministerial 10. President Leone extended to President Ford session at Ottawa on June 19 and signed by NATO an invitation to visit Italy in the near future. heads of government at Brussels on June 26, see President Ford accepted with pleasure. Bulletin of July 8, 1974, p. 42.

540 Department of State Bulletin Dinner at the National Gallery countries may lose their identity but on the other hand the problem, the danger, that one Honors French Foreign Minister may not be able to find the basis for cooperative efl'ort. Following is an exchange of toasts between In the last year the United States and Secretary Kissinger and Jean Sauvagnar- France have had some different perspectives. giies, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the But on our side—and I know on the side of French Republic, at a dinner at the National France as well—we have always understood Gallery of Art at Washington on September that we belong to the same family and that 27. we have common interests. We respect France's efforts to build Europe as a contribution to the cooperation on a larger scale Press release 383 dated September 30 that is an inevitable requirement of the SECRETARY KISSINGER present world. And we understand, too, that the insistence on achieving one's own identity can in Mr. Foreign Minister, Madame Sauva- the long run provide the basis for the best form of cooperation. gnargues, ladies and gentlemen: My staff Foreign had prepared some remarks for me of really Minister Sauvagnargues and I have each devastating profundity but impossible to known other only for a ferw months. In that period, I believe I can say read by candlelight. So I will have to im- that of the provise a few remarks. [Laughter.] many misunderstandings have been worked out and also that are meet- As I was sitting at the table I thought of we ing tomorrow to look at one of the deepest a reception I attended this afternoon. I problems that faces the was invited to a retirement party, and hav- world today, the problem of achieving ing read the New York Times for the last a cooperative approach to the big alteration in economic relation- few weeks, I thought perhaps something had ships that threatens to engulf us all. On our happened that I hadn't been officially inside, we are confident that France, in the formed of yet. So on the one hand I was position of leadership of Europe to which its reassured when I came to the reception to history entitles it and in cooperation with find out it was a retirement for Senator the United States, will continue to play the Fulbright. But on the other [hand] I was role of a good friend, occasional critic, but extremely sad. And I reflected about the always a steady partner. special role that Senator Fulbright has played in our national life. We are delighted that we can welcome Foreign Minister Sauvagnargues, and Ma- It occurred to me that the relationship dame Sauvagnargues on her first visit to that France has had with the United States Washington. I would like to propose a toast has some similarity to the relationship that to the Foreign Minister and to the friendship Senator Fulbright has had with the State the United States and France. Department. [Laughter.] There have been between occasional criticisms, all the more irritating because they usually turned out to be right. But there also has been at the basis of FOREIGN MINISTER SAUVAGNARGUES the relationship an understanding that real friends are meaningful only if they have Mr. Secretary, Mrs. Kissinger, ladies and opinions of their own. gentlemen: I am, of course, rather over- The great problem of our contemporary whelmed by this grand reception by this world is to know how much unity we need gathering of what's best in Washington and how much diversity we can .stand. In [in] politics, science, arts, press, and even a period of great revolutionary change, there outer space. I can hardly find words, so I is the great danger on the one hand that choose English because I've found in my

October 21, 1974 541 —;

experience that when you are at a loss to revolutionary times ; the balance of the world say anything you must choose English. That has been deeply disturbed and disturbed for doesn't mean that I won't say anything now a long time to come. We will have to adjust

I'll try, although I just read [in] the Herald to a new set of things, to this reshuffle of Tribune a nice anecdote about the head of cards, where the industrialized nations will government who suddenly found he had have to live up to the fact that they got nothing to say to the United Nations and so poorer and they'll have to tighten their belts said he would renounce his address, and of somehow. So that speaks for, certainly, for course the Foreign Minister had to speak for solidarity, even if it doesn't speak for con- him. [Laughter.] frontation, and on that I know you are in This doesn't mean that foreign ministers full agreement, Mr. Secretary, contrary to don't have anything to say, because the what the New York Times had to report Secretary of State just told us fundamental yesterday or the day before yesterday. things about the relations between the But let's not attack the press, because the United States and France. And he told them press is a very important power in this with the simple words, without high-flown country and also in mine. Let's only wish rhetoric, without any rhetoric as is apt to that the press could now make news of the that kind of subject. That is also the lesson very important news, which is that the Sec- which is taught us by another messenger retary of State of the United States and the from France, the picture of the Magdalen Foreign Minister of France are not fighting with each other. [Laughter.] de la Tour—a picture, I think, which we shall see a few minutes from now.^ Well, I won't go on much longer on that. Of course the relations between France I'm convinced that the working relationship we have established, Mr. Secretary, will and the United States is something that, together when you talk about them you tend to invoke enable our governments to work Lafayette, two-centuries-old traditions, et more closely as they should and deal with the very complex problems that are facing cetera. This is true, but it's also sort of en- us. And I trust that this mutual effort will grained habit, and it's sort of family senti- lead to a good result. ment—a sort of belonging together, a sort of deeply engrained trust and confidence in each I again want to express the thanks and the gratitude other which permits big fights and big quar- of my wife for this grand reception. It's really the first since I rels as in families where quarrels are at time became Foreign Minister of I their bitterest and yet the feeling of to- France that do feel not only the burden of this office but also getherness is not touched. its honor and its advantages, its joys. I In our relations we had and we may still understand this is one of the first occasions have—although if it's up to Secretary of where dinner is given in this National Gal- State Kissinger and myself it won't happen lery I knew very well 20 years ago in Wash- artificial quarrels. Thank God, they have ington— I haven't been here to 20 years, you been disposed of, and now we are faced with see; it's like Alexander Dumas remarked: the real problems, and these real problems vingt ans apres. But this is really, truly a are bad enough. They are bad enough. grand occasion. I want to thank the Secretary We are facing, as you said, Mr. Secretary, of State and Mrs. Kissinger for that. We will cherish that memory. ' "The Repentant Magdalen," by Georges de la I want to raise my glass to the Secretary of Tour was acquired by the National Gallery on Sept. 26. State and his wife.

542 Department of State Bulletin The Dilemma of Controlling the Spread of Nuclear Weapons While Promoting Peaceful Technology

Address by Fred C. Ikle Director, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ^

The U.S. Congress and successive admin- against the disclosure of information even istrations have had to grapple with the con- about "the practical industrial application trol of nuclear technology for almost three of atomic energy" before an international decades. The essence of the difficulty lies system of control was set up. in the dual nature of this technology. From The following year Bernard Baruch, Pres- the very beginning there have been high ex- ident Truman's representative, made the pectations concerning peaceful uses of the American proposal to the United Nations atom. If nuclear power served only destruc- for which he is still remembered. It called tive purposes, we would not have had the for placing the nuclear resources of the ambivalence that has bedeviled all our at- world under the ownership and control of an tempts to control the spread of nuclear independent international authority. That is technology. to say, the Baruch plan provided for strict It is as if mankind had been burdened international control of all nuclear technol- with a Biblical curse. The fruit of the tree ogy that might be diverted to destructive of knowledge—the great accomplishment of purposes. You doubtless know the rest of our nuclear scientists—holds both promise the story: The Soviet Union did not find and threat; it can help keep alive our civili- this proposal acceptable, and it was subse- zation and it can destroy it. quently learned that the Soviets had in fact It is hardly surprising that, historically, been working on the development of an atom- our ways of dealing with the nuclear pres- ic bomb since the middle of World War II. ence on earth have pulled in two inconsistent The first legislation passed by Congress directions. We have tried by one means and to control the atom was in the spirit of the then another to reconcile the dichotomy of 1945 three-power declaration in that it nuclear power. placed major emphasis on maintaining nu- In November 1945, some three months clear secrecy. Ironically, it went so far in after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, President this direction as to terminate nuclear collab- Harry Truman set a policy for the United oration with the other two signers of the States when he joined the Prime Ministers declaration, Canada and Great Britain. of Great Britain and Canada in signing a The promotion of peaceful uses was thus declaration among the three powers whose relegated to a distinctly secondary position, nuclear scientists and resources had been while full attention was given to preventing united during the war to build the first the spread of nuclear-weapons technology. In atomic bombs. The declaration argued 1951 the Atomic Energy Act was amended but not with a view to promoting peaceful ' Made before the Duke University Law Forum at uses. It was amended so Durham, N.C., on Sept. 18 (text from ACDA press that military release). nuclear information could be shared to

October 21, 1974 543 .

strengthen the North Atlantic alliance. In dustry in atomic power activities abroad. practical terms this meant nuclear assistance Eventually, 26 American research reactors to Great Britain. were installed in other countries. We orga- nized large conferences to transmit technical The "Atoms for Peace" Program know-how. We licensed foreign firms to pro- Meanwhile, however, the potentialities for duce and sell our reactors. And we shipped peaceful uses of atomic energy became in- materials abroad to help other countries creasingly evident, particularly the use of move ahead in nuclear technology. For ex- reactors for generating electric power. And ample, in 1955, with the encouragement of 10 tons of to as these new possibilities opened up, a new Congress, we sold heavy water American policy began to take shape. In India for her research reactor. All told, we spent hundreds of millions of dollars on part it was a policy of exploiting the in- spreading nuclear technology abroad (exclu- evitable—or so it must have been viewed by sive of weapons assistance to our allies but its proponents—but it was clothed in very appealing language: The program was called including the interest subsidy on Export- "Atoms for Peace." Import Bank loans) More importantly, the promotion of peace- The Eisenhower administration also took to build an international in- ful commercial uses had now come to be practical steps regarded as a means of actually exorcising stitution that could facilitate cooperation in nuclear technology with safeguards the evil side of nuclear energy, of reversing peaceful the trend toward acquisition of nuclear against diversion for military purposes. In weapons. In addition, we had a commercial his "Atoms for Peace" address at the United interest in reactor exports. Possibly, too, we Nations, President Eisenhower had proposed were eager to demonstrate to the world that the creation of an international atomic ener- the United States had let loose a benevolent gy organization; and notwithstanding early genie, not an evil one. Soviet objections to this idea, it finally was In the hearings on this new program, carried out. In 1957, the International held by the Joint Committee on Atomic Atomic Energy Agency, with headquarters Energy in 1954, Secretary Dulles said that in Vienna, was established, and the U.S. knowledge in this field was developing in so Senate adopted a resolution approving its much of the world that we could not hope to statute. Today, this Agency is a viable organization contribu- set up an effective "dam against the flow of making a substantial information, and if we try to do it we will tion toward the separation of peaceful from only dam our own influence and others will military uses of nuclear technology. hindsight, move into the field with the bargaining From we might regard this that that involves." In general, these crucial Agency and the network of international hearings showed a tolerant attitude toward agreements supporting it as the quid pro the proliferation of nuclear technology, or quo that the United States obtained in exchange for its very generous perhaps over- so it would seem to us today. The resultant — Atomic Energy Act of 1954 called for mak- ly generous—assistance in nuclear technol- ing available to cooperating nations the bene- ogy to a great many countries throughout the world. fits of peaceful applications of atomic energy "as widely as expanding technology and con- The Problem of Peaceful Nuclear Explosives siderations of the common defense and security would permit." The act authorized In the 1960's Congress maintained its in- the Atomic Energy Commission to negotiate terest in the peaceful application of nuclear cooperation agreements without Senate technology. But now it showed renewed con- approval. cern with the risk of spreading weapons Based on this act, the U.S. Government technology. It took initiatives of its own facilitated the participation of American in- to pave the way for the Nonproliferation

544 Department of State Bulletin Treaty of 1968. Particularly important was sistence that the recent Threshold Test Ban the Pastore resolution in 1966, urging the Treaty left open the question of peaceful government to negotiate a nonproliferation explosives for subsequent negotiations. agreement. How can one distinguish "peaceful" from As for the Nonproliferation Treaty itself, "military" explosives? The U.S. Government although there have been, and continue to be, has gone on record many times to insist that some important holdout countries, the fact the technology of making nuclear explosives remains that it has been a successful arms for peaceful purposes is indistinguishable control measure. Eighty-three countries have from the technology of making nuclear ratified it, another 23 have signed it, and weapons. there are prospects for additional adherences The Indian explosion dramatized this di- in the not too distant future. lemma. In the wake of the Indian explosion This treaty obligates all parties not to and the subsequent U.S. off'er to sell nuclear facilitate the acquisition of nuclear explo- reactors to Egypt and Israel, there has been sives—whether called bombs or peaceful de- very intense congressional interest in the vices—by countries not possessing nuclear problem of nonproliferation, as is evidenced weapons. This obligation implies that the by the number of bills and resolutions which transfer of materials and know-how ought have been generated. Of two bills providing to be controlled or curtailed. At the for more stringent requirements in nuclear same time, the treaty obligates the nuclear- cooperation agreements and increased con- weapons states that are party to it to pro- trol by Congress, one has already been vide assistance to all other parties on peace- signed into law this year, and the other has ful nuclear technology, including explosives been through conference; and a series of for peaceful purposes. Thus this legal in- other bills, in somewhat similar vein, has strument incorporates the very dilemma that been under consideration. has troubled international control of nuclear technology from the first day. Avoidance of Further Proliferation The idea of using nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes has been around for some Turning now to the future prospects, I time. As early as 1949, after the first Soviet would stress to this audience that the avoid- nuclear test, Andrei Vyshinsky told the ance of further nuclear proliferation is in- United Nations that the Soviet purpose in creasingly a matter of political restraint, developing nuclear explosives was to "blow which has to be reinforced by laws. The up mountains and change the course of technical barriers to nuclear proliferation rivers." Little was heard of this idea until are gradually crumbling; and while export the mid-1950's, when American scientists controls are now helpful and even essential, promoted the Plowshare program—the use we have to assume that their effectiveness of nuclear devices for excavation. There- will diminish in the years ahead. Hence, the after the United States stressed the possible only dike to hold back the flood is the politi- benefits of this technology, while the Soviet cal self-interest of sovereign countries. And Union had turned skeptical. The program the political inhibitions can be greatly re- found considerable support in Congress in inforced through international legal instru- the 1960's. But the American interest in ments—treaties and agreements—that will peaceful nuclear explosives has since de- spell out and codify the mutual obligations. clined, and this year Congress explicitly pro- Whether or not a country turns to nuclear hibited the use of energy R&D funds for weapons depends, of course, on a combina- field testing such explosives. Now, in the tion of capability and intent. Capability is meantime, some nuclear experts in the Soviet governed by two factors: access to nuclear Union have become eager about exploring explosion technology, the principles of which this technology. Hence it was at Soviet in- are widely known, and access to nuclear

October 21, 1974 545 materials such as plutonium or enriched May 1975. The outcome of this conference uranium, over which there are some controls. could be important for the future of the In the matter of nuclear fuels, it has been treaty. It is very much to be hoped—and it widely assumed that a country wishing to seems possible—that by the time the review take the nuclear-weapons road would use conference is held, a substantial portion of plutonium, which is produced as a byproduct the key industrial states will be parties to in electric power reactors and can then be the treaty. If this indeed happens and if the reprocessed into plutonium usable for nu- review conference evokes an impressive de- clear explosives. There is, however, another gree of solidarity among them in support of possibility—that of enriching uranium. A preferential treatment for treaty parties, relatively new technique, using centrifuges, then the Nonproliferation Treaty will be may make this a more feasible route. The given a new lease on life. Like any interna- centrifuge process has proven to be effective, tional treaty, this one has to accord with although the economics are not yet proven. the self-interest of the parties. For the A centrifuge plant is much smaller and less countries that decided to forgo nuclear weap- visible than the huge gaseous diffusion plant ons, it is, in essence, a mutual pledge among that we have used to enrich uranium in large many neighbors in many regions. It ex- quantities. Finally, we hear about a new presses the national self-interest of these possibility, involving the use of lasers to en- countries not to initiate a nuclear arms com- rich uranium. petition at their doorstep. It is apparent that several of the industrial There are a few lines of policy and em- countries, like West Germany, Italy, Japan, phasis which I would like to suggest: and Canada, could produce nuclear arsenals should provide for the of great power within a relatively short time. —We more money of the International These countries with the greatest capabilities safeguards regime Atomic Agency. I think have taken clear political action, however, Energy Congress would receptive to this idea. to indicate that they do not intend to pursue now be that course, by signing or ratifying the Non- —More emphasis should also be placed on proliferation Treaty and in other statements measures of physical security against theft of their policies. and sabotage. We have already briefed Con- gress this What is the United States doing to pre- on subject, in connection with our nuclear vent the further spread of nuclear weapons ? assistance agreements with Egypt and Israel. physical First of all, we are strong supporters of the While security is in- International Atomic Energy Agency in the herently a national problem, the Internation- al application of its safeguards inspection pro- Atomic Energy Agency can help in this gram, which seeks to prevent the diversion of respect by drawing up guidelines and insist- nuclear fuels from peaceful uses to weapons ing that agreements take physical security manufacture. We give them technical ad- into account. vice and help them in devising instrumenta- —There is an obvious relationship between tion to make their safeguards more effective. what the United States and the Soviet Union We also use our influence in the Agency to do in restraining their "vertical prolifera- make its agreements with other countries as tion" and the willingness of other countries effective as possible. to give up their own nuclear option. It is On the diplomatic front, we are naturally clearly important that the United States and talking to some countries which have not the Soviet Union be able to demonstrate to ratified the Nonproliferation Treaty, point- these other countries that they can accom- ing out the advantages of their doing so. plish effective limitations and reductions in We are also preparing for the Nonpro- their massive nuclear arsenals. liferation Treaty Review Conference called —Many countries are now keenly inter- for by the treaty, to be held by the parties in ested in nuclear reactors, particularly since

546 Department of State Bulletin ;

the increase in the cost of oil. In responding 1973 Report on U.S. Participation to this interest, we can seek to encourage multinational cooperation so as to strengthen in the U.N. Transmitted to Congress the acceptability and reliability of safe- Message From President ^ guards. Particularly, the processing of nu- Ford clear fuel can best be done in cooperative arrangements. To the Congress of the United States: I am pleased to send to the Congress the longer run, efforts will be For the new 28th annual report on United States partici- needed to cope with the worldwide diffusion pation in the work of the United Nations. of nuclear technology. We can slow down This report, covering Calendar Year 1973, the spread of nuclear materials suitable for encompasses the wide range of activities car- destructive purposes, but we cannot stop it. ried on by the United Nations and its sub- can rely on international safeguards to We sidiary organizations. It demonstrates the detect diversion of material from help us growing conviction of United Nations mem- peaceful uses to destructive ones, but we bers that many problems of international cannot rely on these safeguards to prevent concern are best resolved through multilat- such diversion altogether. can give full We eral action, utilizing the machinery of mature to Nonproliferation support the Treaty, but international institutions. we cannot expect this treaty to cover all In the fall of 1973 the United Nations dem- countries or all the risks inherent in the onstrated once again its ability to foster peace spread of nuclear technology. by the crucial role it played in the Middle Thus, within a decade or two, nuclear ex- East. Following the outbreak of war, the Se- plosives might be acquired a larger by much curity Council arranged a ceasefire and de- of governments than today even number — ployed United Nations troops to supervise subnational groups. strategic forces, by Our disengagement agreements between Israel on which we now rely to deter deliberate at- and Egypt and, later, between Israel and tack nuclear power, not from a major are Syria. We cannot know what might have designed protect to the security of the United happened in the absence of such United Na- States in such a world. more diffused avail- A tions action. However, it is clear that the ef- ability of nuclear explosives could lead to forts of the United Nations, combined with terrifying threats against the American bilateral diplomacy, are still crucial to pro- people or disastrous destruction in our coun- moting a just and lasting settlement of the try. At such a time, the pressures on Con- Middle East dispute. gress and the administration for the most One area of increasing concern is the pro- drastic action would be enormous. duction and distribution of adequate supplies Preventing a new dark age of unprece- of food. Our concern with feeding the world dented violence will depend on the determi- can no longer be limited to relief activities in nation and foresight we show today. We must aid of victims of natural disasters. Popula- not disheartened. become Our government tion growth and better living standards have had the courage to propose the Baruch plan increased the total demand for food which it had the vision to create the International in turn has increased the demand for energy Atomic Energy Agency ; in had the farsight- sources and fertilizer. The pressure of these edness to promote the Nonproliferation interlocking demands has pushed against lim- Treaty. There seems no reason why we ited supplies and caused spiraling prices. should not able to additional be create the This is a worldwide problem requiring world- international institutions and to advance the necessary arms control measures which will ' Transmitted on Sept. 19 (text from White House enable us to live in a world of widespread press release); also printed as H. Doc. 93-360, 93d nuclear technology. Cong., 2d sess., which includes the text of the report.

October 21, 1974 547 wide action for its solution. Secretary Kis- States played a leading role in these nego- singer proposed to the United Nations Gen- tiations. eral Assembly in September 1973 that the Unfortunately, not all international prob- organization sponsor a World Food Confer- lems dealt with by the United Nations were ence. The General Assembly acted favorably successfully approached in 1973. For exam- on this proposal and the Conference will be ple, it is generally believed in the United held in Rome in November 1974. The United States that terrorism against innocent third States also took an active participation in the parties, including the hijacking of aircraft, preparation for the first United Nations Con- is a matter of international concern that calls ference on World Population, convened in for international solutions. The divergence Bucharest in August 1974. of political views among member states, how- The Third United Nations Conference on ever, has made it impossible to agree on the Law of the Sea, which convened an orga- either a general definition of terrorism or a nizational session in December 1973, is an- remedy for it. Despite the limit thus placed other example of how the United Nations can on the effectiveness of the United Nations be utilized to attack contemporary world forum in dealing with the problem, a start problems. The goal of the Law of the Sea was made in 1973 with the adoption by the Conference is a comprehensive international General Assembly of the Convention on the convention to govern man's use of the oceans. Prevention and Punishment of Crimes We need new understandings to govern in- Against Internationally Protected Persons, ternational navigation, rational management Including Diplomatic Agents. On the other of the ocean's living and non-living resources, hand, neither the International Conference and the protection of the life-sustaining proc- on Air Law nor the Assembly of the Interna- esses of the marine environment. Success in tional Civil Aviation Organization, which the efforts to resolve conflicting claims over met simultaneously, made progress on meas- ocean jurisdiction would remove a major and ures to improve security for aircraft passen- growing source of conflict from the interna- gers. tional arena. An important part of the United Nations The regular economic and social activities record in 1973 was the admission to member- of the United Nations' family of organiza- ship of the Federal Republic of Germany, the tions continued to absorb over 90 percent of German Democratic Republic, and The Ba- its funds and personnel during 1973. In addi- hamas—admissions the United States sup- tion to the traditional operational programs, ported. The United Nations has thus become many special conferences during the year still more representative of the world com- provided opportunities for nations to enlarge munity. their understanding of and work toward con- Our participation in the United Nations sensus on such major international economic reflects our fundamental belief that to assure and social issues as development assistance, a peaceful world it is necessary to cooperate the role of multinational corporations, com- with other nations in a multilateral frame- modity agreements, and the economic rights work on mutually agreed upon activities. This and duties of states. Perhaps the most im- report records the successes and failures, the portant series of negotiations were those held hopes and frustrations of many of those ac- to carry out the first biennial review and ap- tivities. Above all it records what we tried to praisal of the progress toward the goals of accomplish through the United Nations to the Second United Nations Development Dec- further the many interests that our citizens ade. In these negotiations delegations from and our country share with the world com- all parts of the world worked for months to munity. formulate a report that refined the broad Gerald R. Ford. measures necessary to improve the world's economic and social situation. The United The White House, September 19, I97h.

548 Department of State Bulletin President Ford Establishes Monetary and Financial Policies, and the President's Committee on East-West Trade Policy Economic Board Policy. The other members of the Economic Policy Following are texts of a White House Board will be: announcement issued on September 28 and an Executive order signed by President Ford Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger Secretary on September 30. of the Interior Rogers C. B. Morton Secretary of Agriculture Earl L. Butz Secretary of Commerce Frederick B. Dent Secretary of Labor Peter J. Rrennan WHITE HOUSE ANNOUNCEMENT Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Caspar W. Weinberger Secretary of Housing White House press release dated September 28 and Urban Development James T. Lynn President Ford announced on September Secretary of Transportation Claude S. Brinegar 28 the formation of a new Economic Policy Director of the Office of Management and Budget Roy L. Ash Board, which will oversee the formulation, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers Alan coordination, and implementation of all Greenspan economic policy, and named Secretary of the Executive Director of the Council on International Treasury William E. Simon as Chairman. Economic Policy William D. Eberle Secretary Simon will act as the principal Mr. Greenspan, Mr. Eberle, and a senior spokesman for the executive branch on mat- member of the Office of Management and ters of economic policy. The new Board will Budget will serve as members of the Execu- be the focal point for economic policy deci- tive Committee. Dr. Arthur F. Burns, Chair- sionmaking, both domestic and international. man of the Federal Reserve Board, will Secretary Simon will also chair an Executive attend both Board and Executive Committee Committee of the Board, which will meet meetings when appropriate. daily. The President also announced the appointment of L. William Seidman as Assistant TEXT OF EXECUTIVE ORDER 11808 1 to the President for Economic Affairs. In addition to a wide range of other duties, Establishing the President's Economic Policy Mr. Seidman will serve as a member and Board, and for Other Purposes Executive Director of the Economic Policy By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Board and its Executive Committee. In his Constitution and laws of the United States, it is new roles, Mr. Seidman will be responsible hereby ordered as follows: for coordinating the implementation of eco- Section 1. There is hereby established the Presi- dent's Economic Policy Board nomic policy and providing liaison with the (hereinafter referred to as the Board). Presidential staff and with other govern- Sec. 2. The Board shall consist of the Secretary mental activities. of the Treasury, who shall be its Chairman, the Secretary Simon and Mr. Seidman will Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs, have responsibility for insuring that there the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of is adequate coordination among existing and Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary proposed committees relating to economic of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Secretary of policy. Secretary Simon will serve as Chair- Housing and Urban Development, the Secretary of man, and Mr. Seidman as Deputy Chairman, Transportation, the Director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget, the Chairman of the Council of the Council on Wage and Price Stability of Economic Advisors, and the Executive Director as well as the Council on International Eco- of the Council on International Economic Policy. nomic Policy, the National Advisory Council The Chairman of the Board of Governors of the on International Economic Policy, the Na- tional Advisory Council on International • 39 Fed. Reg. 35563.

October 21, 1974 549 Federal Reserve System is invited to attend meetings to the President for Economic Affairs shall be its of the Board. Deputy Chairman." Sec. 3. The Economic Policy Board shall provide Sec. 7. All departments and agencies shall co- advice to the President concerning all aspects of operate with the Board, including the Executive national and international economic policy, will over- Committee thereof, and shall, to the extent permitted see the formulation, coordination, and implementa- by law, provide it with such assistance and infor- tion of all economic policy of the United States, and mation as the Chairman or the Executive Director of v^'ill serve as the focal point for economic policy the Board may request. decision-making. The Chairman of the Board shall act as the principal spokesman for the Executive Branch on matters of economic policy. Sec. 4. (a) There is hereby established the Execu- ^^ndU ^9. ^^ tive Committee of the Board. The Executive Com- White September 30, 1974. mittee shall consist of the Secretary of the Treasury, The House, who shall be its Chairman, the Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, and the Executive Department Urges Prompt Action Director of the Council on International Economic Policy. The Chairman of the Board of Governors on North Atlantic Air Fares of the Federal Reserve System is invited to attend meetings of the Executive Committee. Department Statement, September 2U (b) The Executive Committee shall meet daily to consider matters involving responsibilities of the Press release 377 dated September 24 Board. Sec. 5. The Assistant to the President for Eco- The Department welcomes the positive ac- of the nomic Affairs shall be the Executive Director tion of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) Board and of the Executive Committee, and, as such, in undertaking to expedite consideration of shall be responsible for coordinating the implementation of economic policy and providing liaison the recent International Air Transport As- with the Presidential staff and with other Govern- sociation (lATA) agreement on North At- mental activities. lantic scheduled fares before expiration of Sec. 6. (a) The Secretary of the Treasury shall the old agreement November 1. The Board's be a member of the Council on Wage and Price action was in the form of a letter from CAB Stability and be its Chairman. The Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs shall be a member Chairman [Robert D.] Timm sent September of the Council and be its Deputy Chairman. 24 to the President of the European Civil (b) The Secretary of the Treasury shall be the Aviation Conference (ECAC). An ECAC Chairman of the Council on International Economic resolution had called on governments to ap- Policy. The Assistant to the President for Economic prove these agreements on scheduled and Affairs shall be a member of that Council and be its Deputy Chairman. nonscheduled (charter) prices without undue (c) Section 1(b) of Executive Order No. 11269, delay. In view of the serious financial prob- composition of the as amended (prescribing the lems confronting our international air car- National Advisory Council on International Mone- riers, the Department believes it imperative tary and Financial Policies), is further amended by inserting after "the Secretary of the Treasury, who that governments move promptly to insure shall be Chairman of the Council," the following that there is no lengthy period of uncertainty "the Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs, regarding the establishment this winter of shall be Deputy Chairman of the Council,". who cost-related North Atlantic air fares. (d)(1) Section 1(1) of Executive Order No. 11789 The CAB's announcement that it will move (prescribing the composition of the President's Com- mittee on East-West Trade Policy) is amended to promptly toward a final decision on the fare read as follows: package submitted September 5 for the

"(1) The Assistant to the President for Economic Board's approval by the carriers of the Inter- Affairs." national Air Transport Association should make it clear that U.S. Government action (2) Section 2 of that Order is amended to read as follows: will be prompt and effective. We also note that the proposed lATA "Sec. 2. The Secretary of the Treasury shall be the Chairman of the Committee, and the Assistant package is dependent on an agreement being

550 Department of State Bulletin reached by the North Atlantic scheduled and riers operate. The Department of State is charter carriers establishing a minimum initiating early consultations with other Eu- charter price (charter floor). Discussions ropean governments to achieve the elimina- have been underway to this end for several tion of capacity excess to market demand on months, but full agreement has not yet been services to these countries. reached. Failure to agree on the charter floor would threaten the agreement already reached on scheduled services. We would JOINT U.S.-U.K. PRESS STATEMENT urge the carriers participating in the scheduled-charter negotiations to resume their dis- Aviation delegations representing the cussions and try to move without further de- United Kingdom and United States Govern- lay toward a final agreement. If the charter ments reached agreement this week on the talks were to break down or if the partici- need for vigorous action to restore profitable pants were unable to resolve their difl'erences airline operations in the North Atlantic mar- within a reasonable time before expiration of ket by eliminating excess capacity and es- the present lATA fares, the Department is tablishing a cost-related fare structure. prepared to initiate direct consultations or Traffic demand across the North Atlantic negotiations with foreign governments as a for the coming winter season is expected to means of removing remaining obstacles to decline by some 10-20 percent over last win- the early institution for the winter season of ter. a rational airfare system on the North At- In accordance with the objective agreed by lantic. the two governments, U.S. and British airlines providing scheduled services between the two countries have agreed to capacity reductions U.S. and U.K. Agree To Reduce for the winter season November 1974 through April 1975 of some 20 percent Excess Airline Capacity compared with the equivalent period of last year. This covers services between London Rejyreseyitatives of U.S. and U.K. Govern- and New York, Boston, Washington, Phila- ment agencies met at Washington September delphia, Detroit, Miami, Chicago, and Los 17-19. Following are texts of a Department Angeles. Despite these substantial reduc- announceynent and a joint U.S.-U.K. press tions, the airlines are confident that their statement issued September 20. services this winter will fully meet the public need. Consideration will be given later on Press release 369 dated September 20 to appropriate measures to rationalize ca- DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT pacity between the two countries for next summer. The Department of State welcomes the During the consultations the two delega- agreement reached between U.S. and U.K. tions expressed their full support for the cur- aviation delegations this week which will re- rent efi'orts of the North Atlantic airlines to sult in the improvement of the economic cli- develop an improved airline fare structure, mate for U.S. airlines operations in the North taking account of the increased costs, par- Atlantic by cutting down excess airline ca- ticularly for fuel, being encountered by the pacity between the United States and the industry. They welcomed the substantial United Kingdom. progress already made towards establishing This agreement has been undertaken in cost-related fares and minimum charter accordance with the U.S. action plan ap- prices. proved by President Ford on September 18 These actions reflect the determination of to improve the competitive climate in which both governments to return the North Atlan- Pan Am and our other international air car- tic market to profitable conditions.

October 21, 1974 551 :

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES

General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency

Holds 18th Session at Vienna

The 18th session of the General Confer- The IAEA helps all nations in promoting worldwide peaceful development of nuclear energy, meet- ence of the Internatio7ial Atomic Energy ing the challenge of increased energy requirements, Agency (IAEA) was held at Vienyia Sep- protecting both man and his environment and pro- tember 16-20. Following is a statement made viding assurance against diversion of this resource before the conference on September 17 by for nuclear explosives. Dr. Dixy Lee Ray, Chairman of the U.S. The Agency exercises important responsibilities in carrying out safeguards in accordance with the Atomic Energy Commission, who was chair- Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weap- man the U.S. delegation. of ons, which I regard as one of the pillars of United

States foreign policy. I wish to reaffirm my Govern- U.S. AEC press release dated September 17 ment's offer to permit the application of IAEA Mr. President [Gen. (ret.) Fernando Me- safeguards to any U.S. nuclear activity except those of direct national security significance. This offer dina, of the Philippines] : It is a great pleas- will be implemented when safeguards are being ure to congratulate you, on behalf of my broadly applied under the Treaty in other industrial government, upon your election as our pre- states. Our offer was made in order to encourage siding officer. And for my part, once again the widest possible adherence to the Treaty by dem- onstrating to other nations that they would not be I am proud to represent the United States placed at a commercial disadvantage by reason of at the Agency's General Conference. It has the application of safeguards under the Treaty. to acquaint- been a pleasure renew personal I have become increasingly aware of the world- ances with many of you and to meet dele- wide expectation that nuclear energy should provide of the gates whom I had not known before. a far greater portion of power needs and world-wide concern about nuclear safeguards. The Director General [A. Sigvard] Eklund and Member States of the IAEA and Agency staff face the staff of the Secretariat deserve high important challenges in simultaneously expanding praise and commendation for their responses nuclear power production and safeguarding its fuel to the difficult, urgent, and complex demands cycle. made upon them during the year just over. We in the United States look forward to continuing, and in fact increased, IAEA contributions in The initiative, imagination, and professional bringing the benefits of the peaceful atom to all of probably will be competence the Agency mankind and in bringing about closer collaboration tested even more in the years ahead. As his among the nations of the world. address clearly indicated, the Director Gen- It is a pleasure to extend to all delegates to this Conference my warmest greetings and best wishes eral knows full well that these challenges for a successful meeting. must be faced and surmounted. It is my privilege now to read the follow- President Ford has clearly reaffirmed the ing message from President Ford strong support we give to the Agency's pro-

On this, my first occasion to address the General gram. Conference of the International Atomic Energy As many of you may recall, the U.S. Agency, I want to emphasize the strong and affirm- Atoms for Peace program and the establish- ative role the United States has played in support ment of this great international Agency of the IAEA. Our policy was initiated under Presi- in dent Eisenhower, sustained under succeeding Presi- were proposed by President Eisenhower dents and will continue. his historic message before the U.N. General

552 Department of State Bulletin Assembly in December 1953. The develop- expanded program in the safety field. As you ment of peaceful uses of atomic energy dur- know, we have just published in draft form ing the subsequent 20 years has been char- results of a two-year independent study of acterized by an impressive record of interna- safety in U.S. commercial nuclear power tional cooperation. plants, referred to as the Rasmussen study. The ability of many countries to enter the This definitive analysis finds the risks of se- nuclear age has been facilitated by the work rious accidents to be extremely low. Further- of this Agency. There are 104 member na- more, even if an improbable accident should tions in IAEA. There are nearly 50 countries occur, the likelihood of deaths or illness or who are actively probing the nature of mat- financial losses is far smaller than from sev- ter and investigating the many effects and eral types of non-nuclear accidents to which applications of radioactivity with research people are already commonly exposed. The reactors. By the end of this year, the Agency main report and a summary have been dis- has estimated that there will be 121 opera- tributed to atomic energy organizations tional power reactors in 17 IAEA member throughout the world, and a full set of the countries other than the United States, with 14 volumes still in draft form has been pro- a total installed capacity of nearly 32,000 vided to the Agency. We invite your review megawatts electric. And similar Agency pro- and comments. Detailed attention to safe de- jections this year show that by 1980 these sign, construction, and operation of nuclear figures will have risen to 244 power reactors plants is essential everywhere because an ac- in 25 member countries, with a total in- cident in any nation would be of concern to stalled capacity of over 125,000 megawatts all. electric. The less developed countries should bene- The significant role of the IAEA in foster- fit considerably from expanded IAEA activi- ing dissemination of nuclear knowledge and ties in providing assistance in planning for encouraging the responsible use of the tech- nuclear power projects. The IAEA guidebook nology that arises from it has been a remark- being circulated in draft at this General Con- able accomplishment in the short period of ference, and the advi.sory services that the 20 years. The importance of the IAEA cer- Agency provides, make this Agency the lead- tainly will increase in the years to come. ing international body for assistance in eval- uating an introduction of nuclear power in less developed countries. U.S. Support for IAEA Activities With regard to fuel supply and fuel cycle Now, what does lie ahead? The Director services, the United States, as a major sup- General has provided us with a carefully plier of enriched uranium, views its respon- conceived and thought-provoking analysis of sibility in this area very seriously. The U.S. the problems facing nuclear energy through- Atomic Energy Commission has recently out the world. contracted up to the present limit of its au- The United States strongly supports a thority to meet the needs of approximately broad review, as described by the Director 355 domestic and foreign power reactors General, of the prospects and problems of (representing about 320,000 megawatts). nuclear power in a world energy situation These contracts cover reactors that will re- that is increasingly complex. As the availa- quire initial fuel deliveries through June 30, bility of nuclear power for generating elec- 1982. We are also examining the methods we tricity expands in both developed and devel- will employ to extend our capacity so that oping countries, problems of safety, fuel we continue to serve the international market supply, and waste management will grow. reliably for decades to come. They will require cooperation and exchange We recognize the need for much better of information on an ever-broadening scale. data on uranium resources and enrichment The United States supports the Agency's capacity, and we fully support the Director

October 21, 1974 553 General's call for a major international con- U.S. Representative to the IAEA] made ference in 1977 on prospects and problems clear at the time the Board approved this for nuclear energy. We will, of course, par- program last Friday the great importance ticipate actively in such a conference that which my government attaches to this activ- will deal broadly with many issues in the nu- ity. The program will have the strong sup- clear field. port of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission High-level radioactive wastes continue to and we hope that it will receive similar sup- pose long-term problems. We welcome the port from appropriate organizations in other Board action on September 13 to define the member states. We are prepared to make im- kinds of wastes that are unsuitable for dump- portant contributions, including expert serving at sea, pursuant to the London Conven- ices without cost to the Agency, to help action. I can see the Agency playing a signifi- complish the objectives of this program. cant role in the development of standards Also, may I suggest a possible new empha- and safety criteria and perhaps also of meth- sis for IAEA, in close cooperation with the odology for the handling of these wastes. World Health Organization, to bring to developing countries the full benefits of nuclear medicine. Adequately trained medical Technical Assistance Programs personnel exist already in many countries, The technical assistance programs of the and the requisite radioactive materials can IAEA have long been of great value to many be shipped with modern air transportation. countries. We continue to support and par- What appear to be lacking are sturdy, reli- ticipate in the Agency's multifaceted pro- able, low-cost, yet sensitive instruments for grams. For example, as an important early diagnostic and therapeutic uses in a wide step in helping to prepare the less developed variety of facilities and environmental con- countries to use nuclear power, the United ditions. We suggest that the IAEA prepare States has proposed to cosponsor with the an inventory of the potential world market IAEA a two- to three-week course in the for such equipment as a stimulus to manu- principles and techniques of regulating nu- facturers. clear power for public health, safety, and en- The United States renews its pledge, for vironmental protection. This course, pro- the 16th consecutive year, to donate up to posed to be held at the U.S. Atomic Energy 50 thousand dollars' worth of special nuclear Commission headquarters, would assist rep- materials for use in Agency projects. As an- resentatives of perhaps 20-30 countries to nounced at the June Board of Governors organize and administer eff'ective national meeting, parties to the Nonproliferation energy regulatory programs. U.S. experi- Treaty (NPT), will be given preferential ence in this area has been wide ranging and consideration in the donation of these mate- intense and should be of considerable inter- rials. est and utility to those member states plan- We continue to support the financing by ning to embark on nuclear power programs. voluntary contributions of the technical as- We fully recognize the essential role of spe- sistance program. We are confident that vol- cialized manpower training in this relatively untary contributions bring more funds and new area as well as those in which the IAEA more in-kind assistance than can assess-

has been engaged for some time. ments. The U.S. cash and in-kind assistance i In the same connection, it is most gratify- last year amounted to about $2 million. For ing that the Agency has reached agreement the coming year, subject to governmental ap- on its program for the preparation of a set propriations, my government intends to con- of standards, in the form of codes of prac- tribute generously to the cash target and to tice and safety guides, for nuclear power make additional in-kind grants. Beginning reactors. Ambassador Tape [Gerald F. Tape, in 1975 we intend to give preference in allo-

554 Department of State Bulletin :

cation of in-kind grants to developing coun- the NPT, can join here at the IAEA in a tries that are parties to the NPT. We con- concerted effort to enhance security and safe- sider both of these actions consistent with guards for nuclear plants and materials our obligations under article IV of the NPT.' throughout the world. Let us examine a few aspects of this situation in a bit more detail

Safeguarding Nuclear Materials 1. Conditions for export. Some of the major nuclear-exporting Events of the past year have caused a dra- countries, including the United States, have reached matic and renewed interest in nuclear en- agreement on procedures and criteria that ergy as all nations reassess their require- serve as minimum common standards for implementation ments for energy supplies. And so I wish now of the requirements of article III.2 of to focus discussion upon what I believe is the NPT, which calls for the most serious challenge facing this Agency IAEA safeguards in connection with nuclear materials and all of us interested in nuclear energy: and equipment exported to non-nuclear-weapon The need to design and apply even more ef- states. Furthermore, the United fective safeguards to nuclear materials and States, United Kingdom, and U.S.S.R. have agreed, facilities in order to deter proliferation of beginning October 1, to report to the nuclear-weapon capability and to provide ad- IAEA detailed information on their export ditional measures to prevent the theft of nu- and import of nuclear materials clear materials. to and from non- nuclear-weapon states. Director General Eklund has taken the lead in addressing safeguards and proliferation We recognize that many nations have well- trained issues at this General Conference. I am hope- scientists and engineers capable of ful that my remarks will generate additional applying or developing sophisticated nuclear comments from other delegates. These re- technology for military as well as for peace- marks reflect policy developments in my own ful purposes. It is to their great credit that country, bilateral discussions with other na- so many of these nations have chosen not to tions, and a desire to share these views with develop nuclear weapons. As Ambassador all of you here. Tape emphasized at the June Board of Gov- Nations that export and nations that pur- ernors meeting, the use in or for any nuclear chase nuclear technology, equipment, and explosive device of any material or equip- fuels both have much to gain by making the ment subject to an agreement with the United international nuclear situation more secure. States for cooperation for civil uses of atomic We are concerned about export practices, rea- energy is precluded. We intend to maintain sonable control of the entire fuel cycle, physi- this policy, and we believe that other export- cal security of nuclear materials, safeguards ing countries share the view that explicit accountability for nuclear materials, clearly agreements and effective verification are es- defined international responses to acts or sential. threats of nuclear terrorism, and implica- 2. Control of the fuel cycle. With the pro- tions of peaceful nuclear explosions for nu- posed and planned sale of reactors to coun- clear proliferation. tries in regions throughout the world, includ- We continue to endorse fully the Nonpro- ing areas that are politically troubled, ques- liferation Treaty and urge that nations which tions have been raised about the impact of still have not become parties to the treaty do such sales on proliferation. If each country so as soon as is feasible for them. We also that moves into nuclear-generated electricity hope that nonparties, as well as parties to is faced with the necessity to develop its own means of handling the spent fuel, then each country will have to develop the technology 'For text of the treaty, see Bulletin of July 1, alternative, 1968, p. 8. for this purpose. As an the es-

October 21, 1974 555 tablishment of internationally approved fa- and assistance to those nations that recog- cilities to handle all the spent fuel arising nize the desirability of improving their ca- from power reactors may be helpful to par- pability in physical security systems. ticipating countries. It may also be reassur- 4. Safeguards accountability for nuclear ing to the rest of the world. materials. The IAEA has taken the lead for Attention must be directed to the different many years in safeguards accountability. types of fuel cycles as well. In the United Further improvements in methods can be an- States our e.xperience has been mainly with ticipated and increased attention must be the light water reactor using low-enriched paid to correction of deficiencies identified in uranium. Cycles using natural uranium and the process. As President Ford has reaf- heavy water moderation, uranium and thor- firmed, we are prepared to implement our ium, highly enriched uranium, or uranium offer to permit the Agency to apply its safe- and plutonium each will require careful anal- guards to any of the nuclear activities in ysis to provide the best safeguarding meth- the United States other than those with di- ods and most efficient handling. Each fuel rect national security significance. We have cycle has different degrees of vulnerability offered to permit such safeguards when they and should be analyzed from that point of are applied broadly in non-nuclear-weapon view also. In such analyses the member countries, in order to demonstrate our belief states and the staff of the IAEA could make that there is no risk to proprietary informa- great contributions. The United States is tion and no danger of suffering commercial committed to such efforts on a national basis disadvantage under NPT safeguards. and will be pleased to participate in interna- 5. Peaceful nuclear explosions (PNE's). tional activities in this area. The use of PNE's is a highly complicated 3. Physical security. In the face of terror- matter, with ramifications under the Limited ist activity in many places around the world, Test Ban Treaty in the case of surface exca- we have taken action in the United States to vation, and with importance to the defining enhance significantly the physical security at of thre.shold and complete test ban treaties. AEC and AEC-licensed facilities and for ma- The IAEA has taken important actions to terials during transport. We encourage other facilitate the exchange of information and to nations to do the same. Widespread publicity anticipate the needs for services. At the concerning details of security plans would be Board of Governors meeting last Friday, ini- unwise, but through appropriate technical tial procedures were approved for Agency working groups we would be pleased to share response to requests from members for such useful aspects of our approaches to greater services. Also the Board authorized the Di- physical security. rector General to establish within the Secre- In addition to improving conditions at ex- tariat, at a suitable time, a separate organi- isting locations, we anticipate that impor- zational unit for implementing an interna- tant changes can be incorporated into con- tional service for nuclear explosions for struction designs to enhance physical secu- peaceful purposes under appropriate inter- rity in new facilities. The booklet "Recom- national control. mendations for the Physical Protection of I would like to emphasize the need for in- Nuclear Materials," published by the IAEA depth studies to establish the feasibility and in 1972, provides useful guidelines and a ba- desirability of using peaceful nuclear explo- sis for further IAEA recommendations. sions in any project under consideration. We support the Director General's sugges- The United States stands ready to contribute tion that prospects for an international to the planning and performance of such agreement on minimum standards for physi- feasibility studies. Where these studies dem- cal security be explored. Further, we agree onstrate the practicability of conducting a with his recommendation that the Agency peaceful nuclear explosion project consistent prepare itself to serve as a source for advice with the provisions of pertinent treaties or

556 Department of State Bulletin agreements, we are prepared to meet our ob- The richer nations, however, can cut their ligations under article V of the NPT to pro- consumption of food or fuel ; and more im- vide PNE services at prices that will exclude portantly, they can pay the new, higher any charges for research and development. prices by increasing their exports or their borrowing. For the poorer nations, on the In closing, let me say that, clearly, the role other hand, reduced consumption can mean of nuclear power is being accepted increas- mass starvation and economic collapse. These ingly around the world and that significant countries cannot, for the most part, increase progress has been made in enhancing reactor their exports significantly in the short run, safety. I am confident that cooperative in- nor do they have the credit to finance even ternational eff'ort will meet the serious chal- minimum consumption at the new and higher lenge of safeguarding nuclear materials and prices. facilities as the benefits of nuclear energy Clearly the only long-term solution is to are brought to many more countries. increase the supply of critically needed com- Let us resolve to attack these problems modities and lower their prices sufficiently to with all the good will and intelligence of put them within the reach of all. Such a which mankind is capable. policy is in the real interests of not only the consuming nations, but of those who are the major producers. Fast profits may be U.S. Calls for Worldwide Commitment made by temporary restrictions on produc- To Assist Poorer Nations tion, but over the long run only a prosperous, dependable, and expanding market can pro-

Following is a statement by John Scali, tect the producer against equally dramatic U.S. Permaneni Representative to the United losses in the future. Natio7is, made oyi September 27 before the The United States is committed to a policy first ministerial m,eeting of potential con- of expanding supply to meet legitimate de- tribntors to the United Nations Emergency mand. We are going all out to increase Program, established by the sixth special American food production. We are seeking session of the General Assembly. to plant every acre which can produce food for a hungry world, and every planted field USUN press release 120 dated September 27 is now being harvested.

I am pleased to reaffirm what President Unhappily, however, inflation is a global Ford said in addressing the U.N. Assembly problem, and it requires a global response. Thus, in last week : That our government will not only about a month the United States maintain but increase the amount of funds will join with other nations in Rome to we will spend for food shipments to other determine what steps we can take in common countries. to dramatically increase global food supplies The exact sum, as well as the quantities of and to put the price of bread within the food to be provided, is still being reviewed reach of every man. at the highest levels of my government in an Just as no single nation can hope to con- eff'ort to maximize our response despite the tend with the force of global inflation, so no new weather problems which have affected price i-eduction of any single commodity will our late harvests. be able to reverse the current trend. The final figures will depend on coopera- We believe therefore that oil producers and tion by our Congress, the weather, and assist- oil consumers must cooperate in the same ance in holding back the tide of inflation way that food producers and consumers are which threatens all. It is only too evident doing to meet legitimate world demand for that recent rises in the price of oil, food, fuel at prices which the poor, as well as the and fertilizer have created severe hardships rich, can aff"ord. for all nations. We are meeting here today, however, not

October 21, 1974 557 to focus on the long-range solution of the lateral and multilateral channels for assist- current world economic crisis but, rather, ance to countries on the Secretary General's to determine what immediate steps can be list. We believe that our assistance will be taken to prevent the world's poorest nations most effective if it continues to flow through from being overwhelmed even as we talk. these channels. We recognize, however, that The United States believes that the pri- donors who have not yet established aid pro- mary responsibility for helping those nations grams may find the new United Nations whose economies are being devastated by Emergency Program, or the proposed Special higher oil prices rests with the oil-producing Fund of the Secretary General, to be a use- states. Nevertheless, we will not turn a deaf ful and effective means for channeling their ear to the appeals of those in real need. new aid. In the 12-month period which ended in June In speaking frankly, as President Ford 1974, U.S. aid to the countries which Secre- and Secretary of State Kissinger have done, tary General Waldheim has listed as the about the need to control inflation, the United "most seriously affected" amounted to $714 States seeks to draw world attention to the million. During that same period, the United grim facts. We wish not to force confronta- States provided another $2 billion in aid to tion, but to generate constructive coopera- other countries, many of which have also tion. We believe that only by working to- suffered greatly as the result of higher oil gether can the world community stop infla- and other prices. tion, increase economic development, and For the next 12 months—that is, through create the more just world order which we June of 1975—the U.S. Government has all seek. We are calling, therefore, on others asked Congress for nearly $1 billion in aid to join us in this effort. Let us go forward for those countries on the Secretary Gen- together in a spirit of friendship, in an at- eral's list of most seriously affected. We mosphere of mutual respect, and with a have taken this step to increase our already genuine belief that the interests of all na- substantial assistance to these countries at tions can best be reconciled in a more pros- a time when we are trying to cut our Federal perous and stable world. budget and economize in the face of inflation. The American people and the American Congress have responded generously to appeals for help in the past. I believe that they U.S. Welcomes Bangladesh, Grenada, will continue to do so, even at a time when our ability to help is increasingly limited. and Guinea-Bissau to the U.N. But we cannot be expected, nor should we be asked, to shoulder this burden alone. Following is a statevient made in the U.N. My government welcomes the statements General Assembly by U.S. Representative W. from a number of oil-producing countries Tapley Bennett, Jr., on September 17. announcing various forms of aid. We believe, USUN press release H6 dated September however, that far more can and must be 17 done. We encourage, therefore, further com- Mr. President [Abdelaziz Bouteflika, of mitments from all states in a position to Algeria] : I would like to offer my sincere contribute, and particularly from those na- congratulations and those of the United tions whose new wealth is growing so rapid- States to you as you assume the Presidency ly that it challenges their ability to spend it of this 29th session of the General Assembly. productively. As the Representative of the host country, As the single largest provider of aid in I have the great honor of welcoming three the world for so many years, the United new members to this parliament of the world. States has already established various bi- Although Bangladesh, Grenada, and Guinea-

558 Department of State Bulletin Bissau are located in three very different re- Agenda of the 29th Regular Session gions of this planet, they jointly share a de- ^ sire to participate in this organization. Noth- of the U.N. General Assembly ing could symbolize more dramatically the Opening of the session by the Chairman of the universality of man's aspirations for which delegation of Ecuador. the United Nations stands. Minute of silent prayer or meditation. The United States recognized the Govern- Credentials of representatives to the twenty- ment of the People's Republic of Bangladesh ninth session of the General Assembly: (a) Appointment of the Credentials Commit- on April 4, 1972. Formal diplomatic rela- tee; tions were established on May 18 of that (b) Report of the Credentials Committee. year. My government has had continuous Election of the President. representation in Dacca since 1949. Through Constitution of the Main Committees and elec- these years, ties of trade, shared concern for tion of officers. Election of the Vice-Presidents. economic development, and personal friend- Notification by the Secretary-General under ships have grown even stronger. Consequent- Article 12, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the ly the U.S. Government has taken particular United Nations. satisfaction in the development of the friend- Adoption of the agenda. 9. General debate. ly bilateral relations which now exist be- 10. Report of the Secretary-General on the work tween our two countries. of the Organization. The American and Grenadan peoples have 11. Report of the Security Council. had warm and cooperative relations through 12. Report of the Economic and Social Council. the years. We share a deep interest in the af- 13. Report of the Trusteeship Council. 14. Report of the International Court of Justice. fairs of the Caribbean region. We have been 15. Report of the International Atomic Energy will to neighbors. and continue be good On .Agency. February 7 of this year my government wel- 16. Election of five non-permanent members of the comed Grenada into the family of independ- Security Council. ent nations, and we wish Grenada well as 17. Election of eighteen members of the Economic and Social Council. she travels the road of independence. 18. Election of fifteen members of the Industrial Now Guinea-Bissau joins this world body Development Board. as the culmination of a major historical 19. Election of nineteen members of the Governing process. As President Ford stated, the U.S. Council of the United Nations Environment Programme. Government looks forward to a productive 20. Strengthening of the role of the United Nations and friendly relationship with the Republic with regard to the maintenance and consolida- of Guinea-Bissau, which we recognized on tion of international peace and security, the September 10. In the months and years development of co-operation among all nations ahead, the United States hopes to broaden and the promotion of the rules of international law in relations between States: report of the and strengthen the bonds between the gov- Secretary-General. peoples of our two countries. ernments and 21. Co-operation between the United Nations and We look forward to the constructive contri- the Organization of African Unity: report of bution Guinea-Bissau will make to the im- the Secretary-General. Members to the United portant work of the United Nations. Admission of new Nations. The President of the United States will 2.3. Implementation of the Declaration on the speak to this Assembly tomorrow, and I Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries would at this time like to express the hope and Peoples: report of the Special Committee Implemen- of my government that the 29th session of on the Situation with regard to the tation of the Declaration on the Granting of the General Assembly will be a productive Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. one where we will take new steps to move

from ideological confrontation toward re- ' Adopted by the Assembly on Sept. 21 (U.N. doc. solving of differences among nations. A/9751).

October 21, 1974 559 ; ;

24. Reduction of the military budgets of States (b) Report of the Working Group on the permanent members of the Security Council by Financing of the United Nations Relief 10 per cent and utilization of part of the funds and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees thus saved to provide assistance to developing in the Near East; countries: (c) Report of the United Nations Conciliation (a) Report of the Special Committee on the Commission for Palestine; Distribution of the Funds Released as a (d) Report of the Secretary-General. Result of the Reduction of Military 39. Comprehensive review of the whole question of Budgets; peace-keeping operations in all their aspects: (b) Report of the Secretary-General. report of the Special Committee on Peace- 25. Restoration of the lawful rights of the Royal keeping Operations. Government of National Union of Cambodia in 40. Report of the Special Committee to Investigate the United Nations. Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights 26. Third United Nations Conference on the Law of of the Population of the Occupied Territories. the Sea. 41. Effects of atomic radiation: report of the 27. Napalm and other incendiary weapons and all United Nations Scientific Committee on the aspects of their possible use: report of the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Secretary-General. 42. United Nations Conference on Trade and 28. Chemical and bacteriological (biological) Development: report of the Trade and Develop- weapons: report of the Conference of the ment Board. Committee on Disarmament. 43. United Nations Industrial Development Organi- 29. Urgent need for cessation of nuclear and ther- zation: monuclear tests and conclusion of a treaty (a) Report of the Industrial Development designed to achieve a comprehensive test ban: Board report of the Conference of the Committee on (b) Second General Conference of the United Disarmament. Nations Industrial Development Organiza- 30. Implementation of General Assembly resolution tion: report of the Executive Director; 3079 (XXVIII) concerning the signature and (c) Establishment of a L'nited Nations indus- ratification of Additional Protocol II of the trial development fund: report of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Secretary-General in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco): report (d) Confirmation of the appointment of the of the Secretary-General. Executive Director of the United Nations 31. Implementation of the Declaration of the In- Industrial Development Organization. dian Ocean as a Zone of Peace: report of the 44. United Nations Institute for Training and Re- Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean. search: report of the Executive Director. 32. International co-operation in the peaceful uses 45. Operational activities for development: of outer space: report of the Committee on (a) United Nations Development Programme; the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. (b) United Nations Capital Development 33. Preparation of an international convention on Fund; principles governing the use by States of artifi- (c) Technical co-operation activities under- cial earth satellites for direct television broad- taken by the Secretary-General; casting: report of the Committee on the Peace- (d) United Nations Volunteers programme; ful Uses of Outer Space. (e) United Nations Fund for Population Ac- 34. World DisaiTiiament Conference: report of the tivities; Ad Hoc Committee on the World Disarmament (f) United Nations Children's Fund; Conference. (g) World Food Programme. 35. General and complete disarmament: report of 46. United Nations Environment Programme: the Conference of the Committee on Disarma- (a) Report of the Governing Council; ment. (b) United Nations Conference-Exposition on 36. Implementation of the Declaration on the Human Settlements: report of the Secre- Strengthening of International Security: retary-General; port of the Secretary-General. (c) Criteria governing multilateral financing 37. Policies of apartheid of the Government of of housing and human settlements: report South Africa: of the Secretary-General. (a) Reports of the Special Committee on 47. Reduction of the increasing gap between the Apartheid; developed countries and the developing coun- (b) Report of the Secretary-General. tries 38. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for 48. Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of Palestine Refugees in the Near East: States. (a) Report of the Commissioner-General; 49. Economic co-operation among developing coun-

560 Department of State Bulletin tries: report of the Secretary-General. 64. Information from Non-Self-Governing Terri- 50. Quantification of scientific and technological tories transmitted under Article 73 e of the activities related to development, including the Charter of the United Nations: definition of the quantitative targets contem- (a) Report of the Secretary-General; plated in paragraph 63 of the International (b) Report of the Special Committee on the Development Strategy for the Second United Situation with regard to the Implementa- Nations Development Decade. tion of the Declaration on the Granting of Nations University: report of the Uni- 51. United Independence to Colonial Countries and versity Council. Peoples. 52. rights in armed conflicts: protection of Human 65. Question of Namibia: journalists engaged in dangerous missions in (a) Report of the Special Committee on the areas of armed conflict. Situation with regard to the Implementa- 53. Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination of the Declaration on the Granting tion: of Independence to Colonial Countries and (a) Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Peoples; Racial Discrimination; (b) Report of the United Nations Council for (b) Report of the Committee on the Elimina- Namibia; tion of Racial Discrimination; (c) Report of the Secretary-General; (c) Status of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial (d) United Nations Fund for Namibia: reports Discrimination: report of the Secretary- of the United Nations Council for Namibia General. and of the Secretary-General;

54. Elimination of all forms of religious intoler- (e) Appointment of the United Nations Com- ance. missioner for Namibia. 55. Importance of the universal realization of the 66. Question of Territories under Portuguese domi-

right of peoples to self-determination and of nation : the speedy granting of independence to colonial (a) Report of the Special Committee on the countries and peoples for the efl'ective guaran- Situation with regard to the Implementa- tee and obsei-vance of human rights: report of tion of the Declaration on the Granting the Secretary-General. of Independence to Colonial Countries and 56. Human rights and scientific and technological Peoples; developments: report of the Secretary-General. (b) Report of the Commission of Inquiry on 57. Freedom of information: the Reported Massacres in Mozambique; (a) Draft Declaration on Freedom of Informa- (c) Report of the Secretary-General. tion; 67. Question of Southern Rhodesia: report of the (b) Draft Convention on Freedom of Informa- Special Committee on the Situation with re- tion. gard to the Implementation of the Declaration 58. Status of the International Covenant on Eco- on the Granting of Independence to Colonial nomic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Interna- Countries and Peoples. tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 68. Activities of foreign economic and other in- and the Optional Protocol to the International terests which are impeding the implementation Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: report of the Declaration on the Granting of Inde- of the Secretary-General. pendence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 59. Report of the United Nations High Commis- Southern Rhodesia, Namibia and Territories sioner for Refugees. under Portuguese domination and in all other 60. Assistance in cases of natural disaster and Territories under colonial domination and other disaster situations: efforts to eliminate colonialism, apartheid and (a) Office of the United Nations Disaster Re- racial discrimination in southern Africa: report lief Co-ordinator: report of the Secretary- of the Special Committee on the Situation with General; regard to the Implementation of the Declara- (b) Aid to the Sudano-Sahelian populations tion on the Granting of Independence to threatened with famine: report of the Colonial Countries and Peoples. Secretary-General. 69. Implementation of the Declaration on the 61. United Nations conference for an international Granting of Independence to Colonial Coun- convention on adoption law. tries and Peoples by the specialized agencies 62. National experience in achieving far-reaching and the international institutions associated social and economic changes for the purpose with the United Nations: of social progress. (a) Report of the Special Committee on the 63. Unified approach to development analysis and Situation with regard to the Implementa- planning. tion of the Declaration on the Granting of

October 21, 1974 561 Independence to Colonial Countries and (b) Report of the International Civil Service Peoples; Advisory Board. (b) Reports of the Secretary-General. 83. Report of the United Nations Joint Staff 70. United Nations Educational and Training Pro- Pension Board. gramme for Southern Africa: report of the 84. Financing of the United Nations Emergency Secretary-General. Force and of the United Nations Disengage- 71. Offers by Member States of study and training ment Observer Force: report of the Secretary- facilities for inhabitants of Non-Self-Governing General. Territories: report of the Secretary-General. 85. United Nations International School: report of 72. Financial reports and accounts for the year the Secretary-General. 1973 and reports of the Board of Auditors: 86. Report of the Special Committee on the Ques- (a) United Nations; tion of Defining Aggression. (b) United Nations Development Programme; 87. Report of the International Law Commission (c) United Nations Children's Fund; on the work of its twenty-sixth session. (d) United Nations Relief and Works Agency 88. Participation in the United Nations Conference for Palestine Refugees in the Near East; on the Representation of States in Their Re- (e) United Nations Institute for Training and lations with International Organizations, to be Research; held in 1975. (f) Voluntary funds administered by the 89. Report of the United Nations Commission on United Nations High Commissioner for International Trade Law on the work of its Refugees; seventh session. (g) Fund of the United Nations Environment 90. United Nations Conference on Prescription Programme. (Limitation) in the International Sale of 73. Programme budget for the biennium 1974-1975. Goods: report of the Secretary-General. 74. Review of the intergovernmental and expert 91. Measures to prevent international terrorism machinery dealing with the formulation, review which endangers or takes innocent human lives and approval of programmes and budgets. or jeopardizes fundamental freedoms, and 75. Administrative and budgetary co-ordination of study of the underlying causes of those forms the United Nations with the specialized agen- of terrorism and acts of violence which lie cies and the International Atomic Energy in misery, frustration, grievance and despair Agency: report of the Advisory Committee on and which cause some people to sacrifice human Administrative and Budgetary Questions. lives, including their own, in an attempt to 76. Joint Inspection Unit: effect radical changes: report of the Ad Hoc (a) Reports of the Joint Inspection Unit; Committee on International Terrorism. (b) Report of the Secretary-General. 92. Respect for human rights in armed conflicts: 77. Pattern of conferences: report of the Secretary-General. (a) Report of the Joint Inspection Unit; 93. Review of the role of the International Court (b) Report of the Secretary-General. of Justice. Publications and documentation of the United 94. Report of the Committee on Relations with the Nations: report of the Secretary-General. Host Country. 79. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of 95. Need to consider suggestions regarding the the expenses of the United Nations: report of review of the Charter of the United Nations: the Committee on Contributions. report of the Secretary-General.

80. Appointments to fill vacancies in the member- 96. Declaration on Universal Participation in the ship of subsidiary organs of the General Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Assembly: 97. Question of issuing special invitations to States (a) Advisory Committee on Administrative which are not Members of the United Nations and Budgetary Questions; or members of any of the specialized agencies (b) Committee on Contributions; or of the International Atomic Energy Agency (c) Board of Auditors; or parties to the Statute of the International (d) Investments Committee: confirmation of Court of Justice to become parties to the the appointments made by the Secretary- Convention on Special Missions. 98. Programme of Action on the Establishment of General ; (e) United Nations Administrative Tribunal. a New International Economic Order. 81. Personnel questions: 99. Question of the establishment, in accordance (a) Composition of the Secretariat: report of with the Convention on the Reduction of State- the Secretary-General; lessness, of a body to which persons claiming (b) Other personnel questions: reports of the the benefit of the Convention may apply. Secretary-General. 100. Implementation of General Assembly resolu- 82. United Nations salary system: tion 2286 (XXII) concerning the signature and (a) Report of the Secretary-General; ratification of Additional Protocol I of the

562 Department of State Bulletin :

Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons December 31, 1977, Japan will limit its ex- in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco). ports of all textiles to the United States in 101. Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone the first agreement year to in the region of the Middle East. 1,691,272,000 102. Status of the European Economic Community square yards equivalent. The new agreement in the General Assembly. also provides inter alia for a higher rate of 103. Prohibition of action to influence the environ- annual growth and increased inter- and in- ment and climate for military and other tra-fiber flexibility, pursuant to the provi- purposes incompatible with the maintenance sions of the of international security, human well-being and Arrangement Regarding Interna- health. tional Trade in Textiles. 104. Question of Korea (a) Withdrawal of all the foreign troops sta- tioned in South Korea under the flag of the United Nations; (b) Urgent need to implement fully the con- Current Actions sensus of the twenty-eighth session of the General Assembly on the Korean question and to maintain peace and MULTIUTERAL security on the Korean peninsula. 105. Diplomatic asylum. 106. Translation of some official documents of the Biological Weapons General Assembly and of resolutions of the Convention on the prohibition of the development, Security Council and the Economic and Social production and stockpiling of bacteriological (bio- Council into the German language. logical) and toxin weapons and on their destruc- 107. Declaration and establishment of a nuclear- tion. Done at Washington, London, and Moscow free zone in South Asia. April 10, 1972.' 108. Question of Palestine. Ratification deposited: Pakistan, October 3, 1974. 109. The situation in the Middle East._ Satellite Communications System 110. Question of Cyprus. Agreement relating to the International Telecom- munications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), with annexes. Done at Washington August 20, 1971. Entered into force February 12, 1973. TIAS 7532. Ratification deposited: Haiti, October 3, 1974. TREATY INFORAAATION Wheat Protocol modifying and extending the wheat trade convention (part of the international wheat agreement) 1971 (TIAS 7144). Done at Washington United States and Japan Sign April 2, 1974. Entered into force June 19, 1974, with respect to certain provisions; July 1, 1974, with New Textile Agreement respect to other provisions. Ratification deposited: United Kingdom, Septem- ber 30, 1974.' The Department of State announced on October 2 (press release 389) that in refer- BILATERAL ence to article 4 of the Arrangement Regard- ing International Trade in Textiles, the Czechoslovakia United States and Japan had entered into a Consular convention, with agreed memorandum and new bilateral agreement covering trade in related notes. Signed at Prague July 9, 1973.' cotton, man-made fiber, and wool textiles by Senate advice and consent to ratification: Septem- exchange of notes in Washington on Septem- ber 30, 1974. ber 27. (For texts of the exchange of notes ' Not in force. and related letters, see press release 389). " Including Dominica, Saint Christopher-Nevis- The new agreement supersedes two previous Anguilla, Saint Vincent, The Bailiwick of Guernsey, agreements. The Isle of Man, Belize, Bermuda, The British Virgin Islands, Gibraltar, The Gilbert and EUice the terms of the agreement, Under new Islands Colony, Hong Kong, Montserrat, Saint which runs from October 1, 1974, through Helena and Dependencies, and Seychelles.

October 21, 1974 563 Jordan Sample Questions From the Written Examination for Foreign Service Officers. This booklet describes Nonscheduled air service agreement, with annexes. the written examination and presents samples of the Signed at Amman September 21, 1974. Entered kinds of questions that are asked in the written ex- into force September 21, 1974. amination for selection of Foreign Service officers. Khmer Republic Available free of charge from the Board of Exam- iners for the Foreign Service, Department of State, Agreement amending the agreement for sales of Washington, D.C. 20520. agricultural commodities of August 10, 1974. Effected by exchange of notes at Phnom Penh Space Laboratory—Cooperative Program. Agree- September 17, 1974. Entered into force September ments with certain governments, members of the 17, 1974. European Space Research Organization. TIAS 7722. 45 pp. 55<'. (Cat. No. 89.10:7722).

Use of Veterans Memorial Hospital—Grants-in-Aid for Medical Care and Treatment of Veterans and Rehabilitation of the Hospital Plant. Agreement with the Philippines. TIAS 7814. 9 pp. 25(-. (Cat. No. PUBLICATIONS S9.10:7814). Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 —Addi- tion of Difenoxin to Schedule I and Amendment of Schedule III. TIAS 7817. 2 pp. 25('. (Cat. No. S9. 10:7817). GPO Sales Publications Reciprocal Fishing Privileges. Agreements with Can- Publications may be ordered by catalog or stock ada extending the agreement of June 15, 1973. TIAS number from the Superintendent of Documents, 7818. 5 pp. 25('-. (Cat. No. 89.10:7818). Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C. U.S. Economic, Technical and Related Assistance. Agree- 20102. 25-percent discount is made on orders for A ment with the Yemen Arab Republic. TIAS 7820. 100 or more copies of any one publication mailed to 5 pp. 25<: (Cat. No. 89.10:7820). the same address. Remittances, payable to the Super- intendent of Documents, must accompany orders. Trade in Textiles. Agreement with the Republic of Prices shown below, tvhich include domestic postage, China. TIAS 7821. 3 pp. 25(*. (Cat. No. 89.10:7821). are subject to change. Agricultural Commodities. Agreement with the Phil- Background Notes: Short, factual summaries which ippines. TIAS 7822. 9 pp. 25(-. (Cat No. 89.10:7822). describe the people, history, government, economy, Whaling—International Observer Scheme. Agree- and foreign relations of each country. Each contains ment with Japan. TIAS 7823. 16 pp. 30<'. (Cat. No. a map, a list of principal government officials and 89.10:7823). U.S. diplomatic and consular officers, and a reading list. (A complete set of all Background Notes cur- Air Transport Services. Agreement with Canada 140 sub- rently in stock—at least —$16.35; 1-year amending the agreement of January 17, 1966. TIAS service for approximately 77 updated or scription 7824. 15 pp. 30f. (Cat. No. 89.10:7824). new Notes—$14.50; plastic binder—$1.50.) Single copies of those listed below are available at 25^ each. Aviation—Preclearance. Agreement with Canada. TIAS 7825. 24 pp. 35C. (Cat. No. 89.10:7825).

Austria . . . Cat. No. S1.123:AU7 Pub. 7955 8 pp. Nonscheduled Air Services. Agreement with Canada. Czechoslovakia Cat. No. S1.123:C99 TIAS 7826. 57 pp. 60('. (Cat. No. 89.10:7826). Pub. 7758 8 pp. Agricultural Commodities. Agreement with Sudan. Indonesia . . Cat. No. S1.123:IN2 TIAS 7827. 6 pp. 25('. (Cat. No. 89.10:7827). Pub. 7786 8 pp.

Iran . . . . Cat. No. S1.123:IR1 Air Charter Services. Agreement with the United Pub. 7760 5 pp. Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Israel . . . . Cat. No. S1.123:IS7 amending the agreement of March 30, 1973. TIAS Pub. 7752 8 pp. 7832. 5 pp. 25('. (Cat. No. 89.10:7832).

564 Department of State Bulletir INDEX October 21, 197U Vol LXXI, No. 18i3

Atomic Energy United Nations The Dilemma of Controlling the Spread of Agenda of the 29th Regular Session of the Nuclear Weapons While Promoting Peace- U.N. General Assembly 559 ful Technology (Ikle) 543 1973 Report on U.S. Participation in the U.N. General Conference of the International Atom- Transmitted to Congress (message from ic Energy Agency Holds 18th Session at Vi- President Ford) 547 enna (Ray) 552 U.S. Calls for Worldwide Commitment To As- sist Poorer Nations Aviation (Scali) 557 U.S. Welcomes Bangladesh, Grenada, Department Urges Prompt Action on North and Guinea-Bissau to the U.N. (Bennett) Atlantic Air Fares (Department statement) 550 ... 558 U.S. and U.K. Agree To Reduce Excess Airline Capacity (Department announcement, joint Name Index U.S.-U.K. press statement) 551 Bennett, W. Tapley, Jr 558 Bangladesh. U.S. Welcomes Bangladesh, Gre- Enders, Thomas O 525 nada, and Guinea-Bissau to the U.N. (Ben- Ford, President 533,534,547,549 nett) 558 Ikle, Fred C 543 Kissinger, Secretary 534, 541 Congress. 1973 Report on U.S. Participation in Leone, Giovanni 534 the U.N. Transmitted to Congress (message Ray, Dixy Lee 552 from President Ford) 547 Sauvagnargues, Jean 541 Economic Affairs. President Ford Establishes Scali, John 557 Economic Policy Board (White House announcement. Executive order) 549 Check List of Department of State Energy. Assistant Secretary Enders Outlines Draft Agreement Reached by Energy Coor- Press Releases: September 30-October 6 dinating Group (transcript of news conference) 525 Press releases may be obtained from the Office of Press Relations, Department of Foreign Aid. U.S. Calls for Worldwide Com- State, Washington, D.C. 20520. mitment To Assist Poorer Nations (Scali) . 557 Releases issued prior to September 30 which France. Dinner at the National Gallery Hon- appear in this issue of the Bulletin are Nos. ors French Foreign Minister (Kissinger, 369 of September 20, 377 of September 24, and Sauvagnargues) 541 378 of September 26.

Grenada. U.S. Welcomes Bangladesh, Grenada, No. Subject

and Guinea-Bissau to the U.N. (Bennett) . 558 Kissinger, Sauvagnargues: ex- Guinea-Bissau change of toasts, Sept. 27. United States Extends Recognition to Repub- Ocean Affairs Advisory Commit- lic of Guinea-Bissau (letter from President tee, Miami, Fla., Oct. 24. Ford to President of Guinea-Bissau) . . . 533 Overseas Schools Advisory Coun- U.S. Welcomes Bangladesh, Grenada, and cil, Oct. 22. Guinea-Bissau to the U.N. (Bennett) . . . 558 Government Advisory Committee International Organizations and Conferences. on International Book and General Conference of the International Library Programs, Oct. 24. Atomic Energy Agency Holds 18th Session Study Group 5 of U.S. National at Vienna (Ray) 552 Committee for CCITT, Oct. 30. Kissinger, Naff a'; exchange of Italy. President Leone of Italy Makes State toasts. New York, Sept. 30. Visit to the United States (Ford, Leone, Kis- U.S. and Japan sign textile agree- singer, text of joint U.S.-Italian statement) 534 ment (rewrite). Japan. United States and Japan Sign New Kissinger, Molina: exchange of Textile Agreement 563 toasts. New York, Oct. 2. Program for the official visit of Presidential Documents the First Secretary of the Cen- 1973 Report on U.S. Participation in the U.N. tral Committee of the Polish Transmitted to Congress 547 United Workers' Party, Edward President Ford Establishes Economic Policy Gierek, Oct. 6-13. Board (Executive order) 549 Secretary's Advisory Committee President Leone of Italy Makes State Visit to on Private International Law the United States 534 Study Group on Hotelkeepers' United States Extends Recognition to Repub- Liability, New York, Nov. 8. lic of Guinea-Bissau 533 Secretary's Advisory Committee on Private International Law Publications. GPO Sales Publications .... 564 Study Group on Matrimonial Treaty Information Matters, New York, Nov. 7. Current Actions 563 Advisory Committee on "Foreign United States and Japan Sign New Textile Relations of the United States," Agreement 563 Nov. 8. United Kingdom. U.S. and U.K. Agree To Re- duce Excess Airline Capacity (Department announcement, joint U.S.-U.K. press statement) 551