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Vörös Lista Red List Vörös Lista Magyarország veszélyeztetett fa- és cserjefajai Red List Threatened tree and shrub species of Hungary Összeállította / Compiled by: BARTHA Dénes Soproni Egyetem Kiadó / University of Sopron Press Sopron 2019 Vörös Lista Magyarország veszélyeztetett fa- és cserjefajai Red List Threatened tree and shrub species of Hungary Összeállította / Compiled by: BARTHA Dénes Soproni Egyetem Kiadó / University of Sopron Press Sopron 2019 1 Lektorálta / Revised by: KERÉNYI-NAGY Viktor (Crataegus, Rosa) SOMLYAY Lajos (Sorbus) ISBN 978-963-334-328-9 Kiadó / Published by: Soproni Egyetem Kiadó / University of Sopron Press Felelős kiadó / Responsible publisher: Dr. ALPÁR Tibor László kutatási és külügyi rektorhelyettes / Vice Rector of Scientific and Foreign Affairs © Soproni Egyetem, Erdőmérnöki Kar, Növénytani és Természetvédelmi Intézet / University of Sopron, Faculty of Forestry, Institute of Botany and Nature Conservation A kiadvány a Soproni Egyetem Erdőmérnöki Kar Növénytani és Természetvédelmi Intézete anyagi támogatásával valósult meg / This publication has been financially supported by the Institute of Botany and Nature Conservation operating at the University of Sopron, Faculty of Forestry Nyomdai kivitelezés / Printed by: LŐVÉRPRINT Nyomda / LŐVÉRPRINT Press H-9400 Sopron Ady Endre u. 5. Ajánlott hivatkozási forma / Recommended citation form: BARTHA D. (2019): Vörös Lista. Magyarország veszélyeztetett fa- és cserjefajai. / Red List. Threatened tree and shrub species of Hungary. – Soproni Egyetem Kiadó / University of Sopron Press, Sopron, 59 pp. 2 Bevezetés Vörös listákat, vörös könyveket az 1960-as évek közepétől állítanak össze világszerte rendszertani kategóriákra (taxon-csoportokra), élőhelytípusokra vagy adott területekre. Ezen dokumentumok feladata az, hogy a veszélyeztetettség mértékéről számot adjanak, s erre az illetékesek figyelmét fölhívják. A dendroflórát (is) illetően különböző térléptékű összeállítások léteznek, például: globális: WALTERS & GILLETT (1998), OLDFIELD et al. (1998), IUCN (2019) kontinentális: BILZ et al. (2011) (Európa) regionális: BARTHA (1996) (Közép-Európa), EASTWOOD et al. (2009) (Közép- Ázsia), KADLEČÍK (2014) (Kárpátok) lokális: RAKONCZAY (1989), BARTHA (1991b, 2000), KIRÁLY (2007) Ugyanakkor dendrotaxon-csoportokra is készültek vörös listák: globális: SHAW et al. (2014) (Betulaceae), RIVERS et al. (2016) (Magnoliaceae), BEECH et al. (2017) (Theaceae), OLDFIELD & EASTWOOD (2007) (Quercus), BARSTOW et al. (2018) (Fraxinus) kontinentális-regionális: KUA & WESTWOOD (2017) (USA tölgyfajai) lokális: KERÉNYI-NAGY (2012e, 2015) (Crataegus), KERÉNYI-NAGY (2010, 2012a) (Rosa) Magyarországon a fa- és cserjefajok veszélyeztetettségéről először NÉMETH (1989) összeállítása adott számot saját kategóriarendszerével, amelyet átvettek BARTHA (1991b, 1992a) vörös listái is. A későbbiekben az IUCN kategória- és kritériumrendszere (IUCN, 1994; GÄRDENFORS et al., 1999; IUCN/SCC, 1999; IUCN, 2001) alapján készültek vörös listák (BARTHA, 2000; KIRÁLY, 2007), ugyan utóbbinál a kritériumok megadása nélkül. A mostani kiadvány összeállítását nagyban megkönnyítette, hogy az elmúlt két év- tizedben átfogó tanulmányok (pl. BARTHA, 1989a,b, 1990, 1991a,b, 1992b,c, 1992-1993, 1993; BARTHA et al., 2005), illetve monografikus feldolgozások (pl. BARTHA et al., 1999; BARTHA, 2010, 2012; FARKAS, 1999) születtek a fa- és cserjefajok védelmét és veszélyeztetetségét illetően, továbbá az előfordulási adataik is ismertebbé és pontosabbá váltak (BARTHA & MÁTYÁS, 1995; BARTHA et al., 2015). Ez az összeállítás – a szokásokkal ellentétben (IUCN, 2019) – azokat a hibrideket is tartalmazza, amelyeknek szülőfaja(i) révén természetvédelmi értéket lehet tulajdonítani. Külön szerepeltetjük a gyűjtőfajok kisfajait, valamint az alfajokat is. Köszönet jár Kerényi-Nagy Viktornak a Crataegus és Rosa nemzetségek taxonjai, Somlyay Lajosnak a tágabb értelemben vett Sorbus nemzetség taxonjai veszélyeztetett- ségének revideálásáért, Nagy Jánosnak a Vaccinium microcarpum-mal kapcsolatos ismeretei megosztásáért, Csiszár Ágnesnek a fordításban nyújtott segítségéért, Csécsei Ildikónak a technikai szerkesztésért. 3 Introduction Red lists and red books have been compiled worldwide since the mid-1960s for taxonomy categories (taxon groups), habitat types or specific areas. The purpose of these documents is to give an account of vulnerability degree and draw the attention of the competent authorities. There are different spatial assessments for dendroflora (also): global: WALTERS & GILLETT (1998), OLDFIELD et al. (1998), IUCN (2019) continental: BILZ et al. (2011) (Europe) regional: BARTHA (1996) (Central-Europe), EASTWOOD et al. (2009) (Central-Asia), KADLEČÍK (2014) (Carpathians) local: RAKONCZAY (1989), BARTHA (1991b, 2000), KIRÁLY (2007) Red lists have been compiled for dendrotaxon groups as well: global: SHAW et al. (2014) (Betulaceae), RIVERS et al. (2016) (Magnoliaceae), BEECH et al. (2017) (Theaceae), OLDFIELD & EASTWOOD (2007) (Quercus), BARSTOW et al. (2018) (Fraxinus) continental-regional: KUA & WESTWOOD (2017) (Oaks of USA) local: KERÉNYI-NAGY (2012e, 2015) (Crataegus), KERÉNYI-NAGY (2010, 2012a) (Rosa) Compilation of NÉMETH (1989) has reported firstly on the vulnerability of tree- and shrub species in Hungary, with its own category system. This category system was also taken over by the red lists of BARTHA (1991b, 1992a). Subsequently, based on the category and criteria system of IUCN (IUCN, 1994; GÄRDENFORS et al., 1999; IUCN/SCC, 1999; IUCN, 2001) red lists were compiled (BARTHA, 2000; KIRÁLY, 2007), the latter without the criteria being specified. The compilation of this publication has been greatly facilitated by extensive studies over the past two decades (eg BARTHA, 1989a,b, 1990, 1991a,b, 1992b,c, 1992-1993, 1993; BARTHA et al., 2005) and monographic elaborations (eg BARTHA et al., 1999; BARTHA, 2010, 2012; FARKAS, 1999) on the conservation and vulnerability of tree- and shrub species, furthermore their occurrence data have become more known and accurate (BARTHA & MÁTYÁS, 1995; BARTHA et al., 2015). This compilation, unlike usual (IUCN, 2019), also includes hybrids whose can be attributed conservation value after their parent species. Microspecies of species aggregate and subspecies are also included separately. It deserves to be thanks to Viktor Kerényi-Nagy for the taxonomy of Crataegus and Rosa genera, Lajos Somlyay for revising the vulnerability of the taxa of genus Sorbus sensu lato, János Nagy for sharing his knowledge about Vaccinium microcarpum, Ágnes Csiszár for translation, Ildikó Csécsei for technical editing. 4 A veszélyeztetettségi kategóriák értelmezése / Interpretation of Red List Categories Mivel a fajok (taxonok) kipusztulását valószínűségi folyamatként kezeljük, ezért a veszélyeztetettségi (fenyegetettségi) kategóriákba való besorolás nem más, mint egy kipusztulási kockázatbecslés. Tehát a veszélyeztetettségi kategória azt mutatja meg, hogy milyen valószínűsége van adott faj (taxon) adott területen való kipusztulásának. / As species (taxa) extinction is interpreted as a probability process, classification in threatened categories is a risk assessment of extinction. Thus, the threatened category indicates the likelihood that a given species (taxon) will be extinguished in a given area. Veszélyeztetettségi kategóriák / Red List Categories: Forrás / Source: IUCN STANDARDS AND PETITIONS SUBCOMMITTEE (2017): Guide- lines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. – Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Downloadable from http://www. iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf. Kipusztult – Extinct (EX) A taxon kipusztult, ha utolsó egyede minden kétséget kizáróan már nem él. A taxon feltehetően kipusztult, ha az ismert és/vagy várható élőhelyeken, a megfelelő időpontokban (napi, évszakos, éves) végzett alapos felmérés ellenére a vizsgált idő- tartományon belül nem sikerült rögzíteni egy egyedet sem. A felméréseknek a taxon életciklusának és életformájának megfelelő időszakaszon belül kell lenniük. Természetből kipusztult – Extinct in the wild (EW) A taxon természetből kipusztult, ha korábbi természetes élőhelyén már nem él, csak termesztésben/tenyészetben, fogságban található vagy meghonosodott/meghonosított populációja (vagy populációi) ismert(ek) a korábbi előfordulási területén kívül. A taxon a természetben feltehetően kipusztult, ha az ismert és/vagy várható élőhelyeken, a megfelelő időpontokban (napi, évszakos, éves) végzett alapos felmérés ellenére a vizsgált időtartományon belül nem sikerült rögzíteni egy egyedet sem. A felméréseknek a taxon életciklusának és életformájának megfelelő időszakaszon belül kell lenniük. Súlyosan veszélyeztetett – Critically endangered (CR) A taxon súlyosan veszélyeztetett, ha a rendelkezésre álló legjobb bizonyítékok azt mutatják, hogy megfelel a súlyosan veszélyeztetett kategória A–E kritériuma bár- melyikének, és ezért vélhetően a természetben rendkívül nagy a kipusztulás veszélye. Veszélyeztetett – Endangered (EN) A taxon veszélyeztetett, ha a rendelkezésre álló legjobb bizonyítékok azt mutatják, hogy megfelel a veszélyeztetett kategória A–E kritériuma bármelyikének, és ezért vélhetően a természetben nagyon nagy a kipusztulás veszélye. 5 Sebezhető – Vulnerable (VU) A taxon sebezhető, ha a rendelkezésre álló legjobb bizonyítékok azt mutatják, hogy megfelel a sebezhető kategória A–E kritériuma bármelyikének, és ezért vélhetően a természetben nagy a kipusztulás veszélye. Veszélyeztetettség közeli – Near threatened (NT) A taxon veszélyeztetettség
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