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(DEA) Ofondies UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d ’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales INVENTAIRE ET ETUDES ECOLOGIQUES DES CHAUVES-SOURIS DANS LES PARCS NATIONAUX D’ANKARAFANTSIKA ET DE NAMOROKA Présenté par : Mme Roseline Léa RAMPILAMANANA Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Mr Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA Professeur Rapporteur : Mme Emilienne RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Maître de conférences Examinateur(s) : Mr Paul Adrian RACEY Professeur Mme Lydia RABETAFIKA Professeur Soutenu publiquement le : 19 Juillet 2011 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d ’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales INVENTAIRE ET ETUDES ECOLOGIQUES DES CHAUVES-SOURIS DANS LES PARCS NATIONAUX D’ANKARAFANTSIKA ET DE NAMOROKA Présenté par : Mme RAMPILAMANANA Roseline Léa Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Mr Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA Professeur Rapporteur : Mme Emilienne RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Maître de conférences Examinateur(s) : Mr Paul Adrian RACEY Professeur Mme Lydia RABETAFIKA Professeur Soutenu publiquement le : 19 Juillet 2011 RemercRemerciementsiements Cette étude a été entreprise et rendue possible grâce au soutien de nombreuses personnes et institutions à qui j’adresse ici mes vifs remerciements à : − L’Université d’Antananarivo et la Faculté des Sciences ; − Madagasikara Voakajy, un organisme qui travail en collaboration avec l’Université d’Aberdeen, d’Antananarivo, Madagascar National Parks et ses différents partenaires pour leur financement durant tout mon travail. Je cite : Darwin Initiative, National Geographic Society et Conservation, Food and Health Foundation ; − Monsieur Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA, Professeur au sein du Département de Biologie Animale de la faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, d’avoir accepté de présider ce présent mémoire ; − Madame le Docteur Emilienne RAZAFIMAHATRATRA, Maître de conférences au sein du Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, Encadreur et Rapporteur qui a accepté de diriger et corriger ce mémoire grâce à ses nombreux conseils ; − Monsieur Paul Adrian RACEY, Professeur au sein du centre pour l’Ecologie et Conservation de l’Université de Exeter, campus Cornwall au Royaume–Uni, Examinateur qui a bien voulu prendre ses précieux temps pour examiner et juger ce travail ; − Madame Lydia RABETAFIKA, Professeur au sein du Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, Examinateur qui a bien voulu prendre ses précieux temps pour juger ce travail ; − Monsieur et Madame, les membres de la commission de lecture pour leurs conseils très avisés pour l’amélioration de ce livre. Je cite : Professeur Lydia RABETAFIKA, Docteur Julie RANIVO, Docteur Zafimahery RAKOTOMALALA ; − Monsieur le DOYEN de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo et Madame le Docteur RAZAFINDRAIBE Hanta, Chef du Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo ; − Monsieur le Docteur Richard JENKINS : Directeur exécutif de Madagasikara Voakajy (Ma. Voa.) pour ses conseils inestimable en tant qu’expert en Chiroptère et pour avoir permis de m’intégrer dans son équipe dans la réalisation de ce travail vu ses lourdes tâches ; − Madame le Docteur Fanja RATRIMOMANARIVO, qui a bien voulu m’encadrer sur terrain et partager ses expérience sur le traitement des donnés ; − Monsieur Amyot KOFOKY, qui a bien voulu m’encadrer sur terrain et pour m’avoir initiée à l’étude des écholocations des chauves-souris ; − Monsieur Nicolas RANAIVOSON, qui a bien voulu m’encadrer à Antananarivo durant les identifications entomologiques au laboratoire ; − Les membres du staff et aux étudiants de Madagasikara Voakajy surtout Monsieur Daudet ANDRIAFIDISON et Mademoiselle Hanta Julie RAZAFIMANAHAKA, qui ont bien voulu m’encadrer et aider aussi bien sur terrain qu’ici à Antananarivo ainsi que Monsieur Rado ANDRIAMIHAJA, le chauffeur de Madagasikara Voakajy. De même à toute l’équipe de Madagasikara Voakajy pour leur soutien moral ; − Tous les Enseignants, techniciens de laboratoire et personnels administratifs de la filière Sciences Naturelle de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo pour avoir octroyé les connaissances nécessaires durant tout mon cursus universitaire ; − Le Ministère de l’Environnement, des Eaux et Forêts et la Direction des Eaux et Forêts pour avoir accordé les autorisations de recherche N°012 du 08 Janvier 2004 et N°139 du 05 Juillet 2004 afin que je puisse travailler dans les sites désignés. − Toute ma famille surtout à ma mère, mes sœurs, mon frère, pour leur encouragement durant la réalisation de ce travail ; − Monsieur Angelot KONAHY, mon mari pour son soutien et ses encouragements durant la réalisation de ce travail ; Enfin, et non pas des moindres, je remercie Dieu de m’avoir mené jusqu’à cette étape. Je vous remercie infiniment. RESUME Cette étude concerne les chauves-souris insectivores du Parc National d'Ankarafantsika (PNA) et du Parc National de Namoroka (PNN) localisés dans la partie Ouest de Madagascar situés dans la Région Boeny. Ces parcs sont caractérisés par une forêt dense sèche caducifoliée mais à structure géologique différente (PNA : sableux ; PNN : karstique). La collecte des données a eu lieu au mois d’avril et décembre 2004 dans le PNA et en octobre 2004 dans le PNN. L’objectif principal est de comparer la composition spécifique des chauves-souris, leur activité et leur abondance entre les deux parcs. Pour l'échantillonnage, des filets japonais, des détecteurs ultrasoniques et des observations directes dans les grottes ont été utilisés. La disponibilité des proies a été évaluée en utilisant le piège Malaise. Le taux de capture et la richesse spécifique ont été plus élevés dans le PNN (capture N = 233; richesse spécifique = 14) que dans le PNA (capture N = 69; richesse spécifique = 7). Probablement la présence des grottes fournissant un gîte favorable pour les chauves-souris cavernicoles menant une vie en colonies. L’activité a été également supérieur dans le PNN (passe N = 290, chasse N = 1329) que dans le PNA (passe N = 319, chasse N = 1204). L'abondance des insectes a été plus élevé dans le PNA (N = 1958) que dans le PNN (N = 371) due à la présence des lacs permanents. Les forêts et les grottes dans l’Ouest sont des priorités pour la conservation des chauves-souris de Madagascar. De plus, des études plus approfondies par espèce des chauves-souris présentes dans ces parcs sont encore nécessaires. Mots clés : Chauves-souris, insectivores, détecteur ultrasonique, Parc National, Ankarafantsika, Namoroka, Région Boeny, Madagascar. ABSTRACT This study concerns the insectivorous bats of Ankarafantsika and Namoroka National Parks in western Madagascar and in Boeny region. The data collection took place in april and december 2004 in Ankarafantsika National Park (ANP) and in october 2004 in Namoroka National Park (NNP). The parks share a similar type of forest vegetation (dry deciduous) but have different types of sedimentary geology (ANP: sand; NNP: karst). The main objective was to compare bat species composition, activity and abundance between the two parks. Mist nets and acoustic detectors were used to sample flying bats at night, whilst caves surveys were undertaken during the day for roosting bats. The availability of potential aerial prey was assessed using a malaise trap. Total bat captures, species richness were higher at NNP (captures n = 233; richness = 14) than ANP (captures n = 69; richness = 7). Increased species richness and captures at NNP is probably because of the many caves that provide suitable roosts for colonial, cavernicolous bat species. Bat activity was also higher in NNP (passes n = 290, feeding = 1329) than ANP (passes n = 319, feeding = 1204), but insect abundance was higher at ANP (total = 1958) than NNP (total =371). The forests and caves of NNP are a clear priority for bat conservation in Madagascar and additional surveys at ANP are probably required to fully describe the bats at this site. Cave complexes in western Madagascar that are not currently protected should receive more conservation attention. Keywords: Bats, insectivorous, ultrasonic detection, National Park, Ankarafantsika, Namoroka, Boeny Region, Madagascar. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 I- GENERALITES SUR LES CHIROPTERES ------------------------------------------- 3 II- PERIODE D’ETUDE ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 III- MILIEUX D’ETUDE ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 III-1- DESCRIPTION GENERALE DU PARC NATIONAL D’ANKARAFANTSIKA ------ 6 III-2- DESCRIPTION GENERALE DU PARC NATIONAL DE NAMOROKA -------------- 9 IV- MATERIELS ET METHODES --------------------------------------------------------- 12 IV-1- HABITATS ET SITES D’ETUDE ------------------------------------------------------------- 12 IV-2- MODE DE CAPTURE DES CHAUVES-SOURIS ----------------------------------------- 12 IV-3- IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMATIQUE DES INDIVIDUS CAPTURES ---------------- 13 IV-4- DETERMINATION DU SEXE ET ETAT DE REPRODUCTION
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