Etude De L'utilisation De L'espace Et Du Régime

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Etude De L'utilisation De L'espace Et Du Régime UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (DEA) Option : «BIOLOGIE, ECOLOGIE ET CONSERVATION ANIMALES» Présenté par ANDRIAMBOAVONJY RAKOTOARIVAO Finiavana Etude de l’utilisation de l’espace et du régime alimentaire chez Myzopoda aurita (Edwards et Grandidier, 1878) Kianjavato, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar Soutenu publiquement le 09 octobre 2009 Devant le Jury composé de : Président : Madame RAMINOSOA RASOAMAMPIONONA Noromalala, Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Madame RAMILIJAONA RAVOAHANGIMALALA Olga, Professeur Titulaire Monsieur le Pr RACEY Paul, Professeur de l’Université d’Aberdeen, Angleterre Examinateurs: Monsieur le Dr RAKOTONDRAVONY Daniel, Maître de Conférences Monsieur le Dr ANDRIANARIMISA Aristide, Maître de Conférences REMERCIEMENTS Si nombreuses sont les sources ayant permis l’élaboration de ce mémoire, je tiens à remercier tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail. Je citerais entre autres : - Madame RAMILIJAONA RAVOAHANGIMALALA Olga , Professeur Titulaire Responsable de la Formation en troisième cycle au Département de Biologie Animale à la Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antanarivo, encadreur de ce mémoire. Vos lourdes tâches et multiples responsabilités ne vous ont pas empêché de m’encadrer tout au long de mon stage. Malgré les petits moments de faiblesse, vous ne m’avez jamais retiré votre confiance. Mes plus profondes reconnaissances ; - Monsieur le Professeur RACEY Paul , qui a été la source de l’obtention de ce sujet et a accepté d’être Rapporteur dans notre jury. Jamais avare de conseils et de suggestions, vous êtes pour beaucoup dans la réalisation de ce mémoire. Mes sincères remerciements ; - Madame RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA Noromalala , Professeur d’ESR Enseignant-Chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale, à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antanarivo et Chef de Laboratoire de Biologie des Populations Aquatiques, qui a bien voulu présider la soutenance de ce présent mémoire ; - Monsieur le Docteur Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY, Maître de Conférences, Chef du Département de Biologie Animale à la Faculté des Sciences et Chef du Laboratoire de Biologie des Populations Terrestres, Université d’Antananarivo qui a accepté à la fois d’être parmi les membres de la commission de lecture et membres du jury de ce mémoire. Qu’il trouve ici mes chaleureuses affections et mes vifs remerciements ; - Monsieur le Docteur ANDRIANARIMISA Aristide , Maître de Conférences au Département de Biologie Animale, à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo qui m’a apporté des bonnes critiques durant mon travail de mémoire et a accepté à la fois d’être parmi les membres de la commission de lecture et membres du jury. Tous mes sincères remerciements ; - Madame le Dr RAZAFINDRAIBE Hanta , Maître de Conférences au Département de Biologie Animale, à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui a accepté d’être parmi les membres de la commission de lecture. Veuillez recevoir ici l’expression de ma profonde gratitude ; - Tout le personnel enseignant, administratif ainsi que les techniciens du Département de Biologie Animale à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo ; - Monsieur le Docteur JENKINS Richard , Directeur Exécutif de Madagasikara Voakajy, pour m’avoir accueilli dans son institution et donné critiques et suggestions pendant la réalisation de ce mémoire. Veuillez trouver ici l’expression de mes remerciements les plus respectueux ; - Toute l’équipe de Madagasikara Voakajy , particulièrement RALISATA Mahefa, pour son apport précieux pendant la collecte des données, ses conseils et ses i suggestions tout au long de mon stage. Je ne sais comment vous remercier pour cet honneur ; - Toute l’équipe de FOFIFA , qui nous a permis d’accéder dans son site tout au long de cette recherche. Pour les innombrables coopérations, je lui dédie mes sincères remerciements ; - Le Ministère de l’Environnement et des Forêts, qui nous a donné l’autorisation d’effectuer les travaux de recherche ; - National Geographic Society, qui a contribué au financement de ce travail ; - Tous mes collègues et amis pour leur soutien moral et amical. Qu’ils trouvent ici mes chaleureuses amitiés ; - Toute ma famille , qui m’a beaucoup soutenu moralement et financièrement durant mes années d’études. Qu’elle récolte ici le fruit de ses efforts. Finalement, mais non pas des moindres, je remercie Dieu pour les grâces dont Il m’a comblé jusqu’à ce jour. ii RESUME Myzopodidae est une famille de chauves-souris endémique de Madagascar. Elle comporte deux espèces dont Myzopoda aurita endémique de la partie Est et M. schliemani , endémique de l’Ouest qui est récemment décrite (Goodman et al , 2007). Cette recherche se focalise sur l’étude écologique de M. aurita à Kianjavato (FOFIFA), district de Mananjary au Sud-Est de Madagascar. Les principaux objectifs sont de localiser les gîtes et d’étudier la structure sociale de M. aurita , de déterminer son régime alimentaire et d’étudier la relation d’abondance et de la disponibilité des insectes sur sa bio-écologie et enfin de délimiter son domaine vital et de décrire l’utilisation de son habitat. L’investigation a été repartie en quatre descente sur terrain : en octobre-novembre 2007, en février-mars 2008, en juillet-août 2008 et en octobre-novembre 2008. Cent trente six individus ont été capturés à l’aide du filet japonais parmi lesquels 18 sont ensuite suivis par radio-télémétrie. Les 109 gîtes localisés ont montré que les jeunes feuilles enroulées de Ravenala madagascariensis ont été l’unique dortoir de M. aurita . La technique de capture mise au point par l’équipe au niveau de ces gîtes a permis d’avancer que vit en groupe de 9 à 51 individus mâles dans le cône de Ravenala tandis qu’aucune femelle n’a été observée ni capturée. Le régime alimentaire a été évalué à partir de l’analyse des échantillons de fèces collectés. Ainsi, il a été constaté que les Lépidoptères forment les principaux composants de l’alimentation de M. aurita . Après le piégeage des insectes, la forte abondance des Lépidoptères par rapport aux autres ordres d’Insectes disponibles va de paire avec leur forte consommation par M. aurita . Le domaine vital est constitué par une surface moyenne de 55,9 ha ± 10,8 ha (n= 18). Parmi les huit types d’habitats disponibles et recensés dans le site d’étude, les champs de caféier et les savanes arborés sont les plus utilisés par M. aurita . Mots-clés : Chauve-souris, Myzopoda aurita, régime alimentaire, radio-télémétrie, domaine vital, Kianjavato, Madagascar iii ABSTRACT The Myzopodidae is a Malagasy family of bats that is endemic to Madagasar which consists of two, Myzopoda aurita in the east and M. schliemanni in the west. The main objectives of my study was to describe the ecology of M. aurita at Kianjavato Research Station , focusing day roosting behaviour, and to social structure of, diet and foraging and habitat use. I mist netted 136 individuals and radio tracked 18bats. All of the 109 day roost locations were in the unfurled leaves of Ravenala madagascariensis where the bats lived in colonies consisting of 9 to 51 males. No females were netted. Fecal analysis revealed a diet of mainly Lepidoptera which were consumed in proportion to their availability. Mean home range size was 55.9±10.8 ha (n=18) and bats foraged proportionally more in coffee plantation and wooded grassland. Keywords: Bat , Myzopoda aurita, diet, radio télémétry, home range, Kianjavato, Madagascar iv SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………....1 I CADRE GENERAL DE L’ETUDE…….…..…….……………………….…………3 I.1 Généralités sur les Chauves-souris……………………….…...…..……………..3 I.1.1 Caractères généraux……………………..………………………….…..…..3 I.1.2 Gîte ………………………………...……….…………………….……..…3 I.1.3 Régime alimentaire ……………….….……………………….……………4 I.1.4 Habitats et territoires de chasse……….………..……………..………..…..4 I.1.5 Taxonomie des Chiroptères…………...………………………..………..…5 I.1.6 Chiroptères de Madagascar………....…….…………………….……….…6 I.2 Espèce étudiée………………………………………………………..………….6 I.2.1 Particularités biologiques………………..……………….…….…………..6 I.2.2 Taxonomie………………………………….……………………..………..7 I.3 Hypothèses…………………….………………………..……………….……....8 I.4 Période d’étude………………………………………..……….…………..…….9 I.5 Site d’étude………………………………………..……………….……….........9 I.5.1 Situation géographique………………………………………………........10 I.5.2 Historique du site…………………………..…………..………..………...12 I.5.3 Facteurs abiotiques………………………………………………..………12 I.5.3.a Climat…………………………..……………….………..……….12 I.5.3.b Hydrographie…………………………………………….……….13 I.5.4 Facteurs biotiques…………………………………………………..……..13 I.5.4.a Population locale... …………………………………..……..….....13 I.5.4.b Flore………………………………………….…………..….……13 I.5.4.c Faune ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………….14 v II MATERIELS ET METHODES……………………………………….…………..…......16 II.1 Capture et manipulation des chauves-souris………...……….…..…….…….…..16 II.1.1 Filet japonais………………………………...……….…..….….….….…16 II.1.2 Mensuration……………………………………….…….……...……......17 II.1.3 Identification…………………………………….………..……...……....18 II.2 Etude du régime alimentaire………………………..…….………...…..…..….....18 II.2.1 Collecte de fèces…………………………….…....…………..………….18 II.2.2 Capture d’insectes par piège Malaise………………...……..…..……..…19 II.2.3 Identification et analyses des proies ……………………...…...……..…..20 II.3 Radio télémétrie…………………………………………….….….…….…….….20 II.3.1 Principes……………………………………………….....………...…….20 II.3.2 Matériels nécessaires………………………….….….…..……………….21 II.3.3 Fonctionnalités des
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