Technical Reports Series No. 444
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Technical Reports SeriEs No. 444 Redevelopment of Nuclear Facilities after Decommissioning REDEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES AFTER DECOMMISSIONING The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GREECE PANAMA ALBANIA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ALGERIA HAITI PERU ANGOLA HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA HONDURAS POLAND ARMENIA HUNGARY PORTUGAL AUSTRALIA ICELAND QATAR AUSTRIA INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA ROMANIA BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BELGIUM IRELAND SENEGAL BENIN ISRAEL SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO BOLIVIA ITALY SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAMAICA SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA JAPAN BRAZIL JORDAN SINGAPORE BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KENYA SLOVENIA CAMEROON KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CANADA KUWAIT SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN KYRGYZSTAN SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LATVIA SUDAN CHAD LEBANON SWEDEN CHILE LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA LITHUANIA THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE LUXEMBOURG THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALAYSIA TUNISIA CYPRUS MALI TURKEY CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONACO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOROCCO ERITREA MYANMAR OF TANZANIA ESTONIA NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FINLAND NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GABON NIGER VIETNAM GEORGIA NIGERIA YEMEN GERMANY NORWAY ZAMBIA GHANA PAKISTAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 444 REDEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES AFTER DECOMMISSIONING INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2006 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and will be considered on a case by case basis. Enquiries should be addressed by email to the Publishing Section, IAEA, at [email protected] or by post to: Sales and Promotion Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2006 Printed by the IAEA in Austria May 2006 STI/DOC/010/444 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Redevelopment of nuclear facilities after decommissioning. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006. p. ; 24 cm. — (Technical reports series, ISSN 0074–1914 ; no. 444) STI/DOC/010/444 ISBN 92–0–105505–6 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Nuclear facilities — Decommissioning. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Technical reports series (International Atomic Energy Agency) ; 444. IAEAL 06–00435 FOREWORD Being aware of reuse options for decommissioned sites is an important aspect of the decommissioning process. Early planning for site reuse can facilitate the transition from operation to decommissioning, possibly reduce the financial burden associated with decommissioning, re-employ workers and specialist staff, and alleviate the overall impact of decommissioning on the local community. Conversely, the lack of early planning for site reuse after completion of the decommissioning process can become a hindrance to implementing decommissioning in a cost effective and optimized manner. This strategic inadequacy may be caused by insufficient knowledge of experience with redevelopment opportunities that were exploited successfully in industries elsewhere. This report provides an overview of decommissioning projects implemented worldwide with reuse of the decommissioned sites for new purposes after delicensing. Lessons learned from these projects and practical guidance on factors creating reuse opportunities are highlighted. Operators of nuclear facilities, decision makers at government level, regulators/authorities and elected officials at all levels, environmental planners and the general public are all important stakeholders in the site redevelopment process. The subject area addressed in this report has not previously been addressed in IAEA publications on decommissioning except in only a marginal fashion. This report is intended to contribute to the systematic coverage of the entire range of decommissioning aspects within the IAEA’s decommissioning programme. Three consultants meetings on the present subject were held in Vienna in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The initial draft was prepared by D. Hicks of the University of Bath, United Kingdom, in cooperation with the IAEA Scientific Secretary, M. Laraia of the Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology. Other experts provided further contributions to the drafting and review of this report. Special thanks are due to L. Boing, United States of America, who chaired all three meetings and contributed many of the examples quoted in the report. EDITORIAL NOTE Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 2. PURPOSE AND SCOPE . 4 3. STRUCTURE . 5 4. CONSIDERATION OF DECOMMISSIONING ALTERNATIVES . 7 4.1. Decommissioning options . 7 4.1.1. Immediate dismantling . 7 4.1.2. Deferred dismantling . 7 4.1.3. Entombment . 8 4.2. Decommissioning objectives . 8 4.3. Decommissioning and reuse . 8 4.4. Integration of decommissioning and redevelopment . 10 4.5. Redevelopment phases . 18 5. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES . 19 5.1. Policy issues in planning for redevelopment . 20 5.1.1. Evaluating sites . 20 5.1.2. Relationships with outside stakeholders . 23 5.1.3. Social factors . 25 5.1.4. Nuclear reuse . 26 5.1.5. Long term site use/mission . 28 5.1.6. Facility ownership . 30 5.2. Management issues . 31 5.2.1. Staff reduction strategy . 31 5.2.2. Management complexity . 33 5.2.3. Stewardship . 34 5.3. Technical issues . 35 5.3.1. Continuity of site services . 36 5.3.2. Construction sequence . 36 5.3.3. Redevelopment of buffer areas . 37 5.3.4. Interim reuse . 37 5.4. Property value issues . 38 5.4.1. Radiological release criteria . 38 5.4.2. Waste volumes . 40 5.4.3. Site characterization data . 41 5.4.4. Age and condition of structures . 42 5.4.5. Trees and other natural features . 42 5.4.6. Underground features . 43 5.5. Key development assets . 44 5.5.1. Standard of living . 44 5.5.2. Electricity grid connection . 45 5.5.3. Site accessibility . 45 5.5.4. Infrastructure network . 45 5.5.5. Skilled workforce . 46 5.5.6. Accommodations for administration . 46 5.5.7. Support services . 46 5.5.8. Machine shops . 47 5.5.9. Suitable terrain . 47 5.5.10. Leisure facilities . 47 6. REDEVELOPMENT: ORGANIZATION, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES . 48 6.1. Need for early planning for redevelopment . 48 6.2. Key players in planning for redevelopment . 48 6.3. Roles and responsibilities . 50 6.3.1. Current owner . 50 6.3.2. Authorities . 53 6.3.3. Developers and investors . 54 6.3.4. Other stakeholders . 55 7. OPERATING EXPERIENCE IN REUSE OF DECOMMISSIONED SITES . 56 7.1. Experience in the USA . 57 7.1.1. United Nuclear Corporation Naval Products . 57 7.1.2. Luminous Processes site . 57 7.1.3. South Carolina Advanced Technology Park . 57 7.1.4. Bergstrom Air Force Base . 58 7.1.5. Pinellas plant . 59 7.1.6. Santa Susana Field Laboratory facilities . 59 7.1.7. Idaho National Laboratory facilities . 60 7.1.8. Argonne National Laboratory facilities . 60 7.1.9. Oak Ridge Reservation . 61 7.1.10. Other USDOE sites . 62 7.1.11. Superfund sites . 62 7.1.12. Nuclear power plant sites . 64 7.2. Experience in the United Kingdom . 67 7.2.1. Winfrith site . 67 7.2.2. Harwell site . 71 7.2.3. Dounreay site . 72 7.2.4. Other United Kingdom sites . 72 7.3. Experience in other countries . 73 7.3.1. Russian Federation . 73 7.3.2. Germany . 75 7.3.3. France . 75 7.3.4. Italy . 76 7.4. Reuse of cancelled nuclear projects . ..