74 ST AT. Public Law 86-532 Be It
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History of Agricultural Price-Support and Adjustment Programs, 1933-84
legislation covered the 1953 and 1954 crops of basic commodities if the producers had not disapproved marketing quotas and also extended, through 1955, the requirement that the effective parity price for the basic commodities should be the parity price computed under the new or the old formula, whichever was higher. Extra-long staple cotton was made a basic commodity for price support purposes. TOWARD FLEXIBLE PRICE SUPPORTS At the end of the Korean War in 1953, the specter of surpluses once again dominated agricultural policymaking. The debate over levels of support (high and fixed versus a flexible scale) was renewed. The administration of Secretary Ezra Taft Benson increasingly favored flexible supports which would drop as supplies increased. Most Congressmen from agricultural districts, on the other hand, wanted to continue fixed supports. A growing number of agricultural economists moved from their near unanimous preference for flexible supports in the late 1940s to a belief that only strong production controls and high price supports could assure acceptable farm income in a period of growing productivity. For the immediate postwar period, USDA commodity programs continued much as before. Support levels for basic crops remained at 90 percent of parity for 1953 and 1954. Secretary Benson proclaimed marketing quotas for the 1954 wheat and cotton crops on June 1, 1953, and October 9, 1953, respectively. The major types of tobacco and peanuts continued under marketing quotas. Quotas were not imposed on corn but corn acreage allotments were reinstated in 1954 for the first time since before World War II (with the brief exception of 1950). -
56392 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 216 / Wednesday, November 8, 1995 / Rules and Regulations
56392 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 216 / Wednesday, November 8, 1995 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE result of comments that were made, omitted. This authority formerly was revisions were made in the following exercised by the Assistant Secretary for Office of the Secretary sections: Administration. Section 2.7. The term ``administrative Section 2.42(a)(28)(i). This paragraph 7 CFR Part 2 rules and regulations'' is changed to is revised to parallel the revision made ``administrative directives'' to clarify to section 2.16(a)(2)(i)(A). The proposal Revision of Delegations of Authority that the authority delegated is to be exercised in accordance with applicable excepts from the authority delegated to AGENCY: Department of Agriculture. the Administrator, Farm Service ACTION: Final rule. internal directives. The term ``in this part or elsewhere'' is changed to ``in this Agency, the authority to administer SUMMARY: This document revises the part'' to clarify that agency heads section 303(a) (2) and (3) of the Con Act, delegations of authority from the delegated authority in this regulation relating to real estate loans for Secretary of Agriculture and general report to a general officer. recreation and non-farm purposes. It has officers of the Department due to a Section 2.16(a)(2)(i)(A). The proposal been determined that the authority to reorganization. excepts from the authority delegated to administer section 303(a) (2) and (3) of EFFECTIVE DATE: November 8, 1995. the Under Secretary for Farm and the Con Act should have been included in the Administrator's delegation. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Foreign Agricultural Services, the Accordingly, the provision is deleted Robert L. -
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008
PUBLIC LAW 110–161—DEC. 26, 2007 CONSOLIDATED APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2008 VerDate Aug 31 2005 19:56 Jan 31, 2008 Jkt 069139 PO 00161 Frm 00001 Fmt 6579 Sfmt 6579 E:\PUBLAW\PUBL161.110 JEFF PsN: PUBL161 jbridges on POFP91QD1 with PUBLIC LAWS 121 STAT. 1844 PUBLIC LAW 110–161—DEC. 26, 2007 Public Law 110–161 110th Congress An Act Dec. 26, 2007 Making appropriations for the Department of State, foreign operations, and related [H.R. 2764] programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2008, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of Consolidated the United States of America in Congress assembled, Appropriations Act, 2007. SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008’’. SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. The table of contents of this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title. Sec. 2. Table of contents. Sec. 3. References. Sec. 4. Explanatory statement. Sec. 5. Emergency designations. Sec. 6. Statement of appropriations. DIVISION A—AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2008 Title I—Agricultural Programs Title II—Conservation Programs Title III—Rural Development Programs Title IV—Domestic Food Programs Title V—Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Title VI—Related Agencies and Food and Drug Administration Title VII—General Provisions DIVISION B—COMMERCE, JUSTICE, SCIENCE, AND RELATED AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2008 Title I—Department of Commerce Title II—Department of Justice Title III—Science Title -
The American Ideology
University of Arkansas | System Division of Agriculture [email protected] ∙ (479) 575-7646 An Agricultural Law Research Article The American Ideology by Jim Chen Originally published in VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW 48 VAND. L. REV. 809 (1995) www.NationalAgLawCenter.org VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW VOLUME 48 MAy 1995 NUMBER 4 The American Ideology Jim Chen· I. To THE VICTOR Go THE SPOILS.......................................... 810 II. PROPHETS, PROFITS, AND PROFLIGATE PROGRESSIVES ..... 817 III. THE DECLINE OF AGRICULTURE AS AN AUTONOMOUS ENTERPRISE 824 IV. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AS AGRARIAN SELF-DESTRUCTION 830 A. The Dawn ofthe Developmental Agenda............... 830 B. Teach Your Children Well 838 V. CRISIS AND CLASS STRUGGLE IN THE LAND GRANT SYSTEM 844 A. Boilermakers, Treadmill Grinders, and Rural Joyriders 844 B. Adapt and Die 851 C. The Battle Hymn ofthe Post-Agrarian Republic... 859 VI. THE AGROECOLOGICAL OPIUM OF THE MAsSES 863 VII. THE CONSUMERIST MANIFESTO 873 • Associate Professor of Law, University of Minnesota. This Article was originally presented on October I, 1994, in Poitiers, France, at the Third Annual Congress of the Union Mondiale des Agraristes Universitaires. It was also presented on October 21, 1994, at the 1994 convention of the American Agricultural Law Association in Memphis, Tennessee, and on November 14, 1994, at a faculty workshop sponsored by the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy and the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics at the University of Minnesota. I thank the numerous individuals at these presentations who offered helpful suggestions. Neil D. Hamilton was particularly helpful and supportive. I would also like to thank Dale E. Bauman, Daniel J. -
Vol. 83 Monday, No. 93 May 14, 2018 Pages 22177–22346
Vol. 83 Monday, No. 93 May 14, 2018 Pages 22177–22346 OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER VerDate Sep 11 2014 19:10 May 11, 2018 Jkt 244001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4710 Sfmt 4710 E:\FR\FM\14MYWS.LOC 14MYWS amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with FRONT MATTER WS II Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 93 / Monday, May 14, 2018 The FEDERAL REGISTER (ISSN 0097–6326) is published daily, SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES Monday through Friday, except official holidays, by the Office PUBLIC of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Register Subscriptions: Act (44 U.S.C. Ch. 15) and the regulations of the Administrative Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 Committee of the Federal Register (1 CFR Ch. I). The Assistance with public subscriptions 202–512–1806 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402 is the exclusive distributor of the official General online information 202–512–1530; 1–888–293–6498 edition. Periodicals postage is paid at Washington, DC. Single copies/back copies: The FEDERAL REGISTER provides a uniform system for making Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Assistance with public single copies 1–866–512–1800 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and (Toll-Free) Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general FEDERAL AGENCIES applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published Subscriptions: by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest. Assistance with Federal agency subscriptions: Documents are on file for public inspection in the Office of the Email [email protected] Federal Register the day before they are published, unless the Phone 202–741–6000 issuing agency requests earlier filing. -
The 1954 Wool Price Support Program, 39 Marq
Marquette Law Review Volume 39 Article 1 Issue 2 Fall 1955 The 1954 oW ol Price Support Program Abraham C. Weinfeld Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr Part of the Law Commons Repository Citation Abraham C. Weinfeld, The 1954 Wool Price Support Program, 39 Marq. L. Rev. 87 (1955). Available at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol39/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marquette Law Review by an authorized administrator of Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MARQUETTE LAW REVIEW Vol. 39 FALL, 1955 No. 2 THE 1954 WOOL PRICE SUPPORT PROGRAM* ABRAHAM C. WEINFELD The price of the 1954 clip of wool was supported by a loan program in accordance with the Agricultural Act of 1949,1 which directed the Secretary of Agriculture to make available price support to producers for wool (including mohair) through loans, purchases, or other opera- tions at such level, not in excess of 90 percent nor less than 60 percent of the parity price therefore, as the Secretary determines necessary in order to encourage an annual production of approximately 360 million pounds of shorn wool. Loans were made by the U.S. Department of Agriculture on wool under the 1954 Wool Price Support Program if the application for a loan was filed on or before March 31, 1955. Beginning April 1, 1955, there has been in effect a different type of program, a price support program which includes incentive payments on shorn wool pursuant to the National Wool Act of 1954.2 But it may be of interest to take a look at the structure and functioning of the 1954 program. -
Public Law 104–37 104Th Congress An
PUBLIC LAW 104±37ÐOCT. 21, 1995 109 STAT. 299 Public Law 104±37 104th Congress An Act Making appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Adminis- tration, and Related Agencies programs for the fiscal year ending September Oct. 21, 1995 30, 1996, and for other purposes. [H.R. 1976] Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Agriculture, following sums are appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury Rural Development, not otherwise appropriated, for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies programs Administration, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996, and for other pur- and Related poses, namely: Agencies Appropriations Act, 1996. TITLE I AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMS PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, AND MARKETING OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY (INCLUDING TRANSFERS OF FUNDS) For necessary expenses of the Office of the Secretary of Agri- culture, and not to exceed $75,000 for employment under 5 U.S.C. 3109, $10,227,000, of which $7,500,000 to remain available until expended, shall be available for InfoShare: Provided, That not to exceed $11,000 of this amount, along with any unobligated balances of representation funds in the Foreign Agricultural Service shall be available for official reception and representation expenses, not otherwise provided for, as determined by the Secretary. EXECUTIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF ECONOMIST For necessary expenses of the Chief Economist, including eco- nomic analysis, risk assessment, cost benefit analysis, and the functions of the World Agricultural Outlook Board, as authorized by the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (7 U.S.C. -
C§Jlletin3~ Esm 45
C§JLLETIN3~ ESM 45 COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE I THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Even though farm numbers continue to decline rapidly, increasing production from the remaining farms more than adequately supplies the food and fiber needs of our in creasing population. Since farm incomes are lower than the incomes of non-farm workers, cooperative and legislative attempts have been made to improve the farmer's economic position and increase SUMMARY society's standard of living. Farm income from all sources on a per person basis now is about 80 percent that of non-farm people--an improvement over the 50 percent level of 1959. Legislators have provided various programs--price supports (either directly or through surplus purchases and storage), agricultural credit, production controls on acreage and marketings, the s01l bank, and more recently the voluntary partial land retirement programs (feed grains, cotton, wheat)--to impro\e low farm incomes. Wars, depression, diseases, droughts and changes in the Ame rica11 diet ha\e all contributed to a shifting of emphasis concerning farm needs and legislatiYe action. Changes in the future will continue to spur new programs aimed at improving conditions for agriculture and its contribution to our total welfare. CONTENTS Farm Problems. • . 3 Obfective s •........... , ...............•......................... , ..... , . • • 4 Early Agricultural Policy.............. • . • . 4 Education and Research. • . • . 5 Farm Organization and the Cooperative Movement.............. • . • . • . • 5 Credit Smted to Farmers' -
A Short History of Agricultural Adjustment, 1933-75
A SHORT HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT, 1933-75 Wayne D. Rasmussen, Gladys L. Baker, and James S. Ward o — rr en *-;: > - ^ ^ .,.. n r-:. =-™^,.,:t3 ml—- -^^ - CO r-T'» ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION BULLETIN NO. 391 A SHORT HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT, 1933-75. By Wayne D. Rasmussen, Gladys L. Baker, and James S. Ward. National Economic Analysis Division. Economic Research Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 391. ABSTRACT Many programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, particularly those concerned with supporting the prices of farm products and encouraging farmers to adjust production to demand, were initiated by interrelated laws passed by the Congress from 1933 to 1975. This report attempts to provide an overall view, showing how Congress modified legislation to meet changing economic situations, and giving a historical background on program development. It should serve as background for persons concerned with analyzing present farm programs. Key Words: Agricultural adjustment, price support, legislation, agricultural policy. CONTENTS Page Origin of Adjustment Programs 1 The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 2 The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 4 The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 5 The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. 6 Wartime Measures 8 Post-War Price Supports 10 The Korean War 12 Levels of Price Support—Fixed or Flexible? 12 The Soil Bank 13 Farm Programs in the 1960 ' s 14 The Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 16 The Agricultural Act of 1970 17 The Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 19 Washington, D.C. -
History of Agricultural Price-Support and Adjustment Programs, 1933-84
i United States Departmentt History- of Agricultural Economic Re°sicch Price-Support and Bullenformation Adjustment Number 485 Programs, 1933-84 Background for 1985 Farm Legislation * ORIGIN OF ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS * AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT IN THE 1930's * WARTIME MEASURES * POSTWAR PRICE SUPPORTS * FARM PROGRAMS IN THE 1960's AND 1970's * RECENT LEGISLATION HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL PRICE-SUPPORT AND ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS, 1933-84. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 485. ABSTRACT The U.S. Department of Agriculture's concern with price-support and adjustment legislation is carried out under a series of interrelated laws passed by Congress from 1933 to 1984. Beginning with the major proposals of the 1920s for handling and marketing farm surpluses, this history records the establishment of price-support and adjustment programs with the Federal Farm Board in 1929 and the Agricultural Adjustment Acts of 1933 and 1938, and then traces their evolution through 1984. This half century of development is important because it forms the foundation for implementing current and future farm legislation. Key words: Price support, production adjustment, history, Depression. PREFACE Congress will consider new farm legislation in 1985 to replace the expiring Agriculture and Food Act of 1981. In preparation for these deliberations, the Department of Agriculture and many groups throughout the Nation are studying the experience under the 1981 law and preceding legislation to see what lessons can be learned that are applicable to the 1980s. This history of USDA price-support and adjustment programs supplements an earlier series of background papers on the key characteristics of 14 commodities, the farm industries which produce them, and the farm programs under which they are produced. -
188 PUBLIC LAW 86-459-JUNE 13, 1958 Encouragement of the Arts
188 PUBLIC LAW 86-459-JUNE 13, 1958 [72 ST AT. encouragement of the arts, science, or education through broadcasting on a nonprofit basis over a television station owned or operated by any such organization or association or for transfer between or among such organizations and associations for such use on a nonprofit basis, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe." Appiicabuity. SEC. 2. The amendments made by the first section of this Act shall apply only with respect to articles entered for consumption, or with drawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after the date of the enactment of this Act, and, in the case of articles imported under subparagraph (b) of paragraph 1631, prior to July 1, 1960. Approved June 13, 1958. Public Law 85-459 June 13, 1958 .,,,,^ AN ACT [H.R. 11767] Making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture and Farm Credit Administration for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1958, and for other pur poses. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the D e p a r t tn ent of Agriculture and United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following Farm Credit Ad- sums are appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not other minis t ration Ap- propria tion Act, wise appropriated, for the Department of Agriculture and Farm 1959. Credit Administration for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1959, namely: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TITLE I—REGULAR ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE SALARIES AND EXPENSES For -expenses necessary to perform agricultural research relating to production and utilization, to control and eradicate pests and plant and animal diseases, and to perform related inspection, quarantine and regulatory work, and meat inspection: Provided, That not to exceed $75,000 of the appropriations hereunder shall be available for employment pursuant to the second sentence of section 706 (a) of the Organic Act of 1944 (5 U. -
80 Stat. ] Public Law 89-556-Sept. 7,1966 689
80 STAT. ] PUBLIC LAW 89-556-SEPT. 7,1966 689 SEC. 304. No part of any appropriation contained in this Act shall remain available for obligation beyond the current fiscal year unless expressly so provided herein. This Act may be cited as the "Independent Offices Appropriation ^^°''^ ""^• Act, 1967". Approved September 6, 1966. Public Law 89-556 AN ACT September 7, 1966 Milking approprintions for the Department of Agriculture and related agencies [H. R. 14596] for the fiscal year ending June 30,1967. and for other puriK>ses. Be if enacted hy the Senate and Houne of RepreHentat'u'e^ of the United Statefi of America in Congress assembled, That the following A^HCUT*""^"-! d^ sums are appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise R^I" ted "Igen" les appropriated, for the Department of Agriculture and related agencies Appropriation Act, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1967, and for otlier purposes; ^^^^' namely: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTrRE TITLE I—GENERAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE SALARIES AND EXPENSES For expenses necessary to perform agricultural research relating to production, utilization, marketing, nutrition and consumer use, to control and eradicate pests and plant and animal diseases, and to perform related inspection, quarantine and regulatory work: Pro vided,, That appropriations hereunder shall be available for field em ployment pursuant to the second sentence of section 706(a) of the Organic Act of 1944 (5 U.S.C. 574), and not to exceed $75,000 shall ss stat. 742. be available for employment under section 15 of the Act of August 2, 1946 (5 U.S.C.