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Bighead Carp (Hypopthalmichthys Nobilis) Katelin P. Cross Figure 1.1 Abstract: the Bighead Carp, Hypopthalmichthys Nobilis, Is A

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Bighead Carp (Hypopthalmichthys Nobilis) Katelin P. Cross Figure 1.1 Abstract: the Bighead Carp, Hypopthalmichthys Nobilis, Is A Katelin Cross Bighead Carp ( Hypopthalmichthys nobilis) Katelin P. Cross Figure 1.1 Image of non-native Bighead Carp ( Hypopthalmichthys nobilis ) taken from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife website, http://www.fws.gov/. Abstract: The Bighead Carp, Hypopthalmichthys nobilis , is a large cyprinid fish native to China. It has been introduced to areas of Europe and North America as a food fish for human consumption and to control eutrophication processes. It filters the water with its gill rakers removing large algae and zooplankton from the water column. Consumption of zooplankton causes a negative effect on native species that compete for the same resource, and reduction of zooplankton causes an increase of algal blooms that fish farmers want to control. Taxonomy: Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Superclass Gnathostomata, Grade Pisces, Subgrade Teleostomi, Class Osteichthyes, Subclass Actinopterygii, Infraclass Neopterygii, Division Halecostomi, Subdivision Teleostei, Superorder Ostariophysi, Series Otophysi, Order Katelin Cross Cypriniformes, Suborder Cyprinoidei, Subfamily Hypophthalmichthyinae (Jennings 1988), and the Genus and Species Hypopthalmichthys nobilis . Order: Cypriniformes is the largest order of fish. There are more than 3200 species listed in this order. Cyprinids are found in abundance in Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. Cyprinids have pharyngeal dentition, which are tooth-bearing pharyngeal arches located in the throat region, and a highly protrusible upper jaw (Helfman 2009). Family: Cyprinidae is one of the largest vertebrate families with 1700 species. The majority of the Cyprinids are quite small and tend to be prey for piscivorous fishes. Minnows are either insectivorous or herbivores. Minnows produce an alarm substance in their skin that is only released when the skin is broken. It warns other fish of attack and attracts other predators (Ross 2001). Characteristics: Bighead Carp is large, oblong and laterally compressed with a large, terminal mouth (Ross 2001). The head and mouth are large compared to the body. The small eyes are located low on the head close to the angle of the mouth. Lips are thin with no labial fold (Jennings 1988). The gill rakers are long and closely arranged to filter fine food particles (Berry and Low 1970). Bighead Carp has small cycloid scales and a complete lateral line. Lateral line has 85-100 scales with 26-28 scale rows above and 16-19 scale rows below (Ross 2001). Dorsal fin has less than 9 branched rays, and dorsal origin is posterior to pelvic fin base (Jennings 1988). The Bighead Carp has 13-15 anal rays, 16-21 pectoral rays, and 9-10 pelvic rays. The abdominal keels are prominent, and the ventral profile is more convex than the dorsal profile (Berry and Low 1970). Katelin Cross The head and top of the carp are an olive to dark gray switching to silvery to a yellowish-white on the sides and abdomen. The body is mottled with numerous irregular, dark gray to black blotches. The fins are a dusky brown (Ross 2001). Distribution: The Bighead Carp is native to eastern China in the lowland rivers of the north China plain and south China. It has been distributed to at least 32 countries for use in aquaculture and/or human consumption. The species was first introduced to the United States in Arkansas in 1972 by a private fish farmer to improve the water quality of his fish ponds. Bighead Carp can now be found in open waters in the United States (Jennings 1988). It is thought that specimens had escaped the fish ponds and are now well established. In Mississippi, Bighead Carp have been documented in the Pascagoula drainage, the Mississippi River and the Yazoo River. The Bighead Carp is also being raised in at least nine fish farms within Mississippi. Bighead Carp became more abundant in Mississippi’s delta rivers after the flood of 1991 (Ross 2001). Form and Function: Pharyngeal teeth are 0,4-4,0 (Ross 2001). The fifth brachial arch is modified so that each arch bears one or more rows of uniserially arranged, laterally compressed teeth (Berry and Low 1970). Bighead carp uses the gill rakers to filter the water column for large algae and detritus particles (Opuszynski and Shireman 1991). Their diet makes this species desirable for the prevention of intense blooms of blue-green algae and other phytoplankton (Jennings 1988). The gill rakers consist of a pliable and soft supporting skeleton and are covered in a thin layer of mucus. The esophagus is short and more or less cylindrical. Cyprinoid fishes lack a stomach proper, and the pyloric sphincter separates the esophagus from the intestinal swelling, the typical Katelin Cross sac-like region which represents the stomach (Berry and Low 1970). The entire digestive tract is 3.17-5.01 times the total body length. The swim bladder is divided into two chambers and lie between the kidneys and the gut (Jennings 1988). Ontogeny and Reproduction: Spawning occurs from April to June, peaking in late May. Water temperatures must be greater than 18ºC for spawning. Adults migrate out of river channels when the water level rises and into rapidly flowing waters. The promiscuous male will actively chase females and occasionally prod the abdomen of the females with their heads. This prodding action typically occurs at the surface of the water. Like most fish species, the Bighead Carp reproduces by external fertilization. Fertilization is also monospermic and occurs in the egg at the metaphase of the second maturation division. 1 mL of milt contains about 48 million spermatozoa. Spawning can occur more than once a year. After spawning occurs, the adult Bighead carp will then migrate to floodland lakes (Jennings 1988). The fertilized eggs are deposited behind sandbars, among rocks of the rapids in river channels, and at islands formed by junctions of currents. The eggs are nonadhesive and bathypelagic meaning they must float to hatch (Jennings 1988). The current of the water must be at least 80 cm/s to keep them in suspension. Eggs will hatch about one day after fertilization when the water temperature is around 22-26ºC. The larvae and juveniles use the floodplains as a nursery (Ross 2001). Newly fertilized eggs are 1.4-1.5 mm in diameter that will swell to 4.7-5.2 mm in diameter with an uptake of water. Protolarvae at hatching are 5.5-6.0 mm in total length. Protolarvae have 24- 26 preanal and 15-19 postanal myomeres. 3 days after hatching, larvae are about 8.5 mm long, Katelin Cross and a movable gill-jaw apparatus develops and starts to function. A rudimentary swimbladder is functioning and allowing the larvae to actively move in the water column. About 4.5-5 days post-hatching, the swimbladder is fully functioning and respiration occurs exclusively by the gills. The larvae are 8.5 to 9 mm in length at this point. After one week from hatching, the yolk sac is completely resorbed and active feeding occurs. When the juveniles of the Bighead Carp are one month old, small scales will start to develop along the mid-line of the body and will completely cover the body when the juveniles are about 1.5 months old (Jennings 1988). Male Bighead Carp will reach sexual maturity in at least 3 years. The females will reach sexual maturity between 4 to 5 years (Chen et al. 2007). In the United States, the Bighead Carp will reach a maximum weight of 18 to 23 kg in about 4 to 5 years (Jennings 1988). Ecology: Population Characteristics- In a spawning site, there are 2 to 3 male Bighead Carp for every female. Sexual maturity based on age is dependent upon abiotic factors like the environment and climate conditions. Males will reach sexual maturity before the females (Chen et al. 2007). Maximum longevity is at least nine years. The Bighead Carp is becoming more and more common throughout its locations and is being increasingly caught more by fishermen (Jennings 1988). Space Use- Bighead Carp are found in the pools of large rivers. This species has a tolerant of brackish water and can survive in water with salinities up to 12 ppt (Ross 2001). The furthest this species has been successfully acclimatized is 45ºN in the Soviet Union. Bighead carp fry are captured at the surface of the water. Adults are found at a slightly lower depth (Jennings 1988). Katelin Cross Diet- Bighead carp are planktivores. They feed by using their gill rakers to filter zooplankton and phytoplankton from the water (Radke 2005). They also filter detritus particles out of the water column (Opusynski and Shireman 1991). When zooplankton biomass is low, the Bighead Carp will switch to primarily consuming phytoplankton including blue-green algae and detritus. Larvae of Bighead Carp at 7-9 mm long will consume primarily protozoa and small zooplankton including copepodites, rotifer and nauplii. At 10-17 mm, the larvae will start to consume cladocera, and at 18-23 mm, they will start to consume phytoplankton. Once they reach the lengths of 24-30 mm, the larvae form of Bighead Carp will readily consume both zooplankton and phytoplankton (Jennings 1988). Research was conducted to observe the impacts of Chinese carps on plankton communities of channel catfish ponds. The results showed that the carps fail to control algae because they primarily consume zooplankton. The reduction of zooplankton causes an algal bloom that the fish farmers were trying to control when they stocked their ponds with silver and bighead carp (Burke et al. 1986). Not only do they negatively affect ponds that they were distributed to when the zooplankton is abundant, they negatively affect the native species of the water systems they invaded. A study conducted by Schrank, Guy and Fairchild suggested that the Bighead Carp has the potential to negatively affect the growth of the American Paddlefish when competing for food resources (2003).
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